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Tools","Swift Tools and Frameworks","Java Tools, Libraries, and Frameworks","Kubernetes Learning Resources","C# Tools, Libraries and Frameworks","Python Frameworks and Tools","C/C++ Tools, Libraries and Frameworks","Networking Tools \u0026 Concepts","License","Go Learning Resources","C/C++ Learning Resources","Java Learning Resources","MATLAB Tools, Libraries, Frameworks","Network Learning Resources","Network Protocols","Kubernetes Tools, Frameworks, and Projects","Docker Learning Resources","Models of FPGA Boards","FPGA Learning Resources","Verilog/SystemVerilog Learning Resources","FPGA Tools","Verilog/SystemVerilog Tools","Go Tools and Frameworks","CUDA Learning Resources","CUDA Tools Libraries, and Frameworks","C# Learning Resources","MATLAB Learning Resources","Rust Learning Resources","Rust Tools, Libraries, and Frameworks","Rust-based Operating Systems","Python Learning Resources","Swift Learning Resources"],"sub_categories":["Interfaces"],"readme":"\u003ch1 align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/139736405-f98ea7e6-899c-4140-ba16-efd8caa1d856.png\"\u003e\n  \u003cbr /\u003e\n  Virtualization/Emulation Guide\n\u003c/h1\u003e\n\n#### A guide covering  including the applications, libraries and tools that will make you a better and more efficient with your  powered device.\n\n**Note: You can easily convert this markdown file to a PDF in [VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/) using this handy extension [Markdown PDF](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yzane.markdown-pdf).**\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/139736422-7a09000d-eef7-44d5-a632-162ea4f3cb53.png\"\u003e\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/139736438-2808d4d3-7fed-4f9a-a2c6-41153afbdf2f.png\"\u003e\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\nVirtualization Technology Under the Hood. Source: [NI](https://www.ni.com/white-paper/8709/en/)\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/139736445-9e9c14dd-f101-47b4-b830-9224ab30f1a7.png\"\u003e\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\nArchitecture of Para-Virtualization. Source: [ResearchGate](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Architecture-of-Para-Virtualization_fig5_340601749)\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/139736456-03e7eebb-b9e7-4b0a-8782-462cd80aba7b.png\"\u003e\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\nMonolithic (VMware vSphere) and Microkernelized (Microsoft Hyper-V) Hypervisors. Source: [ResearchGate](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Monolithic-and-microkernelized-hypervisors_fig3_335866538)\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/139736454-4e6b9ad9-9ffd-4661-8266-11db9e904ae7.png\"\u003e\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\nHypervisor-based vs Container-based Virtualization. Source: [ResearchGate](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Hypervisor-based-vs-Container-based-Virtualization_fig2_320223370)\n\n# Table of Contents\n\n1. [Virtualization/Emulation Learning Resources](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#virtualizationemulation-learning-resources)\n\n2. [Virtualization Tools](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#virtualization-tools)\n\n3. [Emulation Tools](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#emulation-tools)\n\n4. [File systems \u0026 Storage](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#file-systems--storage)\n\n5. [Networking](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#networking)\n\n6. [Kubernetes](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#kubernetes)\n\n7. [Docker](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#docker)\n\n8. [FPGA Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#fpga-development)\n\n9. [Verilog/SystemVerilog Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#VerilogSystemVerilog-development)\n\n10. [CUDA Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#cuda-development)\n\n11. [MATLAB Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#matlab-development)\n\n12. [C/C++ Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#cc-development)\n\n13. [C# Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#c-development)\n\n14. [Python Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#python-development)\n\n15. [Rust Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#rust-development)\n\n16. [Go Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#go-development)\n\n17. [Java Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#java-development)\n\n18. [Swift Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#swift-development)\n\n# Virtualization/Emulation Learning Resources\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n[Virtualization](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/overview/what-is-virtualization/) is a process that creates a simulated, or virtual, computing environment as opposed to a physical environment. Virtualization often includes computer-generated versions of hardware, operating systems, storage devices, and more. This allows organizations to partition a single physical computer or server into several virtual machines.\n\n[Emulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator) is the process of using hardware or software that enables one computer system to behave like another computer system.\n\n[Simulation](https://www.simul8.com/what-is-simulation) is an animated model that mimics the operation of a real-world process or proposed system over time.\n\n[Hypervisor](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/hypervisor) is a software that creates and runs virtual machines (VMs). This allows one host computer to support multiple guest VMs by virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing.\n\n[Monolithic Hypervisor](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/hypervisor) is a bare-metal hypervisor, where virtualization software is installed directly on the hardware where the operating system is normally installed. Because bare-metal hypervisors are isolated from the attack-prone operating system, they are extremely secure. In addition, they generally perform better and more efficiently than hosted hypervisors. For these reasons, most enterprise companies choose bare-metal hypervisors for data center computing needs.\n\n[Microkernelized Hypervisor](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/hypervisor) is a hosted hypervisor that acts as a software layer running on top of the operating system (OS) of the host machine. Although hosted hypervisors run within the OS, additional operating systems (Windows, macOS, and Linux) can be installed on top of the hypervisor. The downside of hosted hypervisors is that latency is higher than bare-metal hypervisors. This is caused by communication between the hardware and the hypervisor must pass through the extra layer of the OS.\n\n[virtual Dedicated Graphics Accelerator (vDGA)](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/hypervisor) is a type of hardware accelerator that takes care of sending and refreshing high-end 3D graphics. This frees up the main system for other tasks and greatly increases the display speed of images. For industries where there is a need to quickly visualize complex data, this technology can be very useful.\n\n[Ethernet Speed Bridges](https://www.microchip.com/en-us/products/high-speed-networking-and-video/ethernet/ethernet-bridges) are devices that enable you to implement Ethernet connectivity to a host processor via USB, High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI™) or PCI Express ® (PCIe ®) interfaces. In the case of USB, these solutions enable fanning out the local bus, providing flexibility towards additional downstream ports.\n\n[Remote Access Service (RAS)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/rras/about-remote-access-service) is a tool that provides remote access capabilities to client applications on computers running Windows.\n\n[Register-Transfer Level (RTL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register-transfer_level) is a design abstraction which models a synchronous digital circuit in terms of the flow of digital signals (data) between hardware registers, and the logical operations performed on those signals. It's used in hardware description languages (HDLs) like Verilog and VHDL to create high-level representations of a circuit, from which lower-level representations and ultimately actual wiring can be derived. Design at the RTL level is typical practice in modern digital design.\n\n[Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit) is a circuit that's composed of hundreds of cores that can handle thousands of threads simultaneously. GPUS can rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. They are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, professional workstations, and game consoles.\n\n[Random Access Memory (RAM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. A random access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage media.\n\n[Video Random Access Memory (VRAM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRAM) is the RAM allocated to store image or graphics related data. It functions in the same way as RAM, storing specific data for easier access and performance. Image data is first read by the processor and written on the VRAM. It is then converted by a [RAMDAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMDAC) or a RAM digital-to-analog converter and display as graphics output.\n\n[Graphics Double Data Rate (GDDR) SDRAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDDR6_SDRAM#GDDR6X) is a type of synchronous graphics random-access memory (SGRAM) with a high bandwidth (\"double data rate\") interface designed for use in graphics cards, game consoles, and high-performance computing.\n\n[Integrated Graphics Processing Unit (IGPU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit#Integrated_graphics_processing_unit) is a component built on the same die (integrated circuit) with the CPU ([AMD Ryzen APU](https://www.amd.com/en/processors/ryzen-with-graphics) or [Intel HD Graphics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology)) that utilizes a portion of the computer's system RAM rather than dedicated graphics memory.\n\n[Central Processing Unit (CPU)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit) is a circuit that's composed of multiple cores that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. This is different from other external components such as main memory, I/O circuitry, and graphics processing units (GPUs).\n\n[Vector Processor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_processor) is a central processing unit (CPU) that implements an instruction set where its instructions are designed to operate efficiently and effectively on large one-dimensional arrays of data called vectors.\n\n[Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit) is an integrated circuit (IC) chip customized for a particular use in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, professional workstations, rather than intended for general use.\n\n[Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD) is a type of parallel processing that describes computers with multiple processing elements that perform the same operation on multiple data points simultaneously.\n\n[Cloud and Virtualization Concepts Course | VMware](https://www.netdevgroup.com/online/courses/cloud/cloud-and-virtualization-concepts)\n\n[Network Virtualization Concepts Course | VMware](https://www.netdevgroup.com/online/courses/networking/network-virtualization-concepts)\n\n[Software Defined Storage Concepts Course | VMware](https://www.netdevgroup.com/online/courses/storage/software-defined-storage-concepts)\n\n[Azure Virtual Desktop | Microsoft Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/virtual-desktop/)\n\n[Virtual Machines (VMs) for Linux and Windows | Microsoft Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/virtual-machines/)\n\n[Azure Compute—Virtualization and Scalability | Microsoft Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/product-categories/compute/)\n\n[Device identity and desktop virtualization | Azure Active Directory](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/devices/howto-device-identity-virtual-desktop-infrastructure)\n\n[Amazon Virtual Private Cloud | AWS Documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/vpc-ug.pdf)\n\n[Linux AMI virtualization types | Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/virtualization_types.html)\n\n[Compute Engine: Virtual Machines (VMs) | Google Cloud](https://cloud.google.com/compute/)\n\n[Nested virtualization | Google Cloud](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/zone-virtualization)\n\n[Zone virtualization | Google Cloud](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instances/nested-virtualization/overview)\n\n[Red Hat Certified Specialist in Virtualization](https://www.redhat.com/en/services/certification/rhcs-virtualization)\n\n[Oracle Virtualization Training and Certification](https://education.oracle.com/en/oracle-certification-path/pPillar_8)\n\n[Citrix Certified Associate – Networking(CCA-N)](http://training.citrix.com/cms/index.php/certification/networking/)\n\n[Citrix Certified Professional – Virtualization(CCP-V)](https://www.globalknowledge.com/us-en/training/certification-prep/brands/citrix/section/virtualization/citrix-certified-professional-virtualization-ccp-v/)\n\n[CCNP Routing and Switching](https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/s/ccnp-enterprise)\n\n[Virtualizing Enterprise Desktops and Apps Course | Microsoft Learn](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/certifications/courses/20694)\n\n[Top Virtualization Courses Online | Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/topic/virtualization/)\n\n[Top Virtualization Courses Online | Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/search?query=virtualization\u0026)\n\n[Virtualization Training | Pluralsight](https://www.pluralsight.com/browse/it-ops/virtualization)\n\n[Virtualization Training Courses | Global Knowledge](https://www.globalknowledge.com/us-en/training/course-catalog/topics/virtualization/)\n\n[Introduction to Virtualization Technologies Course | Cloud Academy](https://cloudacademy.com/course/introduction-to-virtualization-technologies/introduction-11/)\n\n# Virtualization Tools\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n[HVM (Hardware Virtual Machine)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/virtualization_types.html) is a virtualization type that provides the ability to run an operating system directly on top of a virtual machine without any modification, as if it were run on the bare-metal hardware.\n\n[PV(ParaVirtualization)](https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Paravirtualization_(PV)) is an efficient and lightweight virtualization technique introduced by the Xen Project team, later adopted by other virtualization solutions. PV does not require virtualization extensions from the host CPU and thus enables virtualization on hardware architectures that do not support Hardware-assisted virtualization.\n\n[Network functions virtualization (NFV)](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/network-functions-virtualization-nfv) is the replacement of network appliance hardware with virtual machines. The virtual machines use a hypervisor to run networking software and processes such as routing and load balancing. NFV allows for the separation of communication services from dedicated hardware, such as routers and firewalls. This separation means network operations can provide new services dynamically and without installing new hardware. Deploying network components with network functions virtualization only takes hours compared to months like with traditional networking solutions.\n\n[Software Defined Networking (SDN)](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/software-defined-networking) is an approach to networking that uses software-based controllers or application programming interfaces (APIs) to communicate with underlying hardware infrastructure and direct traffic on a network. This model differs from that of traditional networks, which use dedicated hardware devices (routers and switches) to control network traffic.\n\n[Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM)](https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/net_mgmt/network_function_virtualization_Infrastructure/3_2_2/install_guide/Cisco_VIM_Install_Guide_3_2_2/Cisco_VIM_Install_Guide_3_2_2_chapter_00.html) is a service delivery and reduce costs with high performance lifecycle management Manage the full lifecycle of the software and hardware comprising your NFV infrastructure (NFVI), and maintaining a live inventory and allocation plan of both physical and virtual resources.\n\n[Management and Orchestration(MANO)](https://www.etsi.org/technologies/open-source-mano) is an ETSI-hosted initiative to develop an Open Source NFV Management and Orchestration (MANO) software stack aligned with ETSI NFV. Two of the key components of the ETSI NFV architectural framework are the NFV Orchestrator and VNF Manager, known as NFV MANO.\n\n[Magma](https://www.magmacore.org/) is an open source software platform that gives network operators an open, flexible and extendable mobile core network solution. Their mission is to connect the world to a faster network by enabling service providers to build cost-effective and extensible carrier-grade networks. Magma is 3GPP generation (2G, 3G, 4G or upcoming 5G networks) and access network agnostic (cellular or WiFi). It can flexibly support a radio access network with minimal development and deployment effort.\n\n[OpenRAN](https://open-ran.org/) is an intelligent Radio Access Network(RAN) integrated on general purpose platforms with open interface between software defined functions. Open RANecosystem enables enormous flexibility and interoperability with a complete openess to multi-vendor deployments.\n\n[Open vSwitch(OVS)](https://www.openvswitch.org/)is an open source production quality, multilayer virtual switch licensed under the open source Apache 2.0 license. It is designed to enable massive network automation through programmatic extension, while still supporting standard management interfaces and protocols (NetFlow, sFlow, IPFIX, RSPAN, CLI, LACP, 802.1ag).\n\n[Edge](https://www.ibm.com/cloud/what-is-edge-computing) is a distributed computing framework that brings enterprise applications closer to data sources such as IoT devices or local edge servers. This proximity to data at its source can deliver strong business benefits, including faster insights, improved response times and better bandwidth availability.\n\n[Multi-access edge computing (MEC)](https://www.etsi.org/technologies/multi-access-edge-computing) is an Industry Specification Group (ISG) within ETSI to create a standardized, open environment which will allow the efficient and seamless integration of applications from vendors, service providers, and third-parties across multi-vendor Multi-access Edge Computing platforms.\n\n[Virtualized network functions(VNFs)](https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/cso4.1/topics/concept/nsd-vnf-overview.html) is a software application used in a Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) implementation that has well defined interfaces, and provides one or more component networking functions in a defined way. For example, a security VNF provides Network Address Translation (NAT) and firewall component functions.\n\n[Cloud-Native Network Functions(CNF)](https://www.cncf.io/announcements/2020/11/18/cloud-native-network-functions-conformance-launched-by-cncf/) is a network function designed and implemented to run inside containers. CNFs inherit all the cloud native architectural and operational principles including Kubernetes(K8s) lifecycle management, agility, resilience, and observability.\n\n[Physical Network Function(PNF)](https://www.mpirical.com/glossary/pnf-physical-network-function) is a physical network node which has not undergone virtualization. Both PNFs and VNFs (Virtualized Network Functions) can be used to form an overall Network Service.\n\n[Network functions virtualization infrastructure(NFVI)](https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-vCloud-NFV/2.0/vmware-vcloud-nfv-reference-architecture-20/GUID-FBEA6C6B-54D8-4A37-87B1-D825F9E0DBC7.html) is the foundation of the overall NFV architecture. It provides the physical compute, storage, and networking hardware that hosts the VNFs. Each NFVI block can be thought of as an NFVI node and many nodes can be deployed and controlled geographically.\n\n[Virtualization-based Security (VBS)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-vbs) is a hardware virtualization feature to create and isolate a secure region of memory from the normal operating system.\n\n[Hypervisor-Enforced Code Integrity (HVCI)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bringup/device-guard-and-credential-guard) is a mechanism whereby a hypervisor, such as Hyper-V, uses hardware virtualization to protect kernel-mode processes against the injection and execution of malicious or unverified code. Code integrity validation is performed in a secure environment that is resistant to attack from malicious software, and page permissions for kernel mode are set and maintained by the hypervisor.\n\n[NVIDIA virtual GPU (vGPU)](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/virtual-solutions/) is a software enables powerful GPU performance for workloads ranging from graphics-rich virtual workstations to data science and AI, enabling IT to leverage the management and security benefits of virtualization as well as the performance of NVIDIA GPUs required for modern workloads.\n\n[AMD MxGPU](https://www.amd.com/en/graphics/workstation-virtual-graphics) is a hardware-based virtualized GPU solution, is built on industry standard SR-IOV (Single-Root I/O Virtualization) technology and allows multiple virtualized users per physical GPU to work remotely.\n\n[Proxmox Virtual Environment(VE)](https://www.proxmox.com/en/) is a complete open-source platform for enterprise virtualization. It inlcudes a built-in web interface that you can easily manage VMs and containers, software-defined storage and networking, high-availability clustering, and multiple out-of-the-box tools on a single solution.\n\n[KVM (for Kernel-based Virtual Machine)](https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or AMD-V). It consists of a loadable kernel module, kvm.ko, that provides the core virtualization infrastructure and a processor specific module, kvm-intel.ko or kvm-amd.ko.\n\n[QEMU](https://www.qemu.org) is a fast processor emulator using a portable dynamic translator. QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor and various peripherals. It can be used to launch a different Operating System without rebooting the PC or to debug system code.\n\n[Quickemu](https://github.com/wimpysworld/quickemu) is a program that quickly create and run optimised Windows, macOS and Linux desktop virtual machines.\n\n[AWS ECS](https://aws.amazon.com/ecs/) is a highly scalable, high-performance container orchestration service that supports Docker containers and allows you to easily run and scale containerized applications on AWS. Amazon ECS eliminates the need for you to install and operate your own container orchestration software, manage and scale a cluster of virtual machines, or schedule containers on those virtual machines.\n\n[Hyper-V](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/) enables running virtualized computer systems on top of a physical host. These virtualized systems can be used and managed just as if they were physical computer systems, however they exist in virtualized and isolated environment. Special software called a hypervisor manages access between the virtual systems and the physical hardware resources. Virtualization enables quick deployment of computer systems, a way to quickly restore systems to a previously known good state, and the ability to migrate systems between physical hosts.\n\n[InsightVM](https://www.rapid7.com/products/insightvm/) is a data-rich resource that can amplify the other solutions in your tech stack, from SIEMs and firewalls to ticketing systems. Only InsightVM integrates with 40+ other leading technologies, and with an open RESTful API, your vulnerability data makes your other tools more valuable.\n\n[VMware vSphere Hypervisor](https://www.vmware.com/products/vsphere-hypervisor.html) is a bare-metal hypervisor that virtualizes servers; allowing you to consolidate your applications while saving time and money managing your IT infrastructure.\n\n[VMware vSphere](https://www.vmware.com/products/vsphere.html) is the industry-leading compute virtualization platform, and your first step to application modernization. It has been rearchitected with native Kubernetes to allow customers to modernize the 70 million+ workloads now running on vSphere.\n\n[Cloud Hypervisor](https://github.com/cloud-hypervisor/cloud-hypervisor) is an open source Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) that runs on top of [KVM](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/virtual/kvm/api.txt). The project focuses on exclusively running modern, cloud workloads, on top of a limited set of hardware architectures and platforms. Cloud workloads refers to those that are usually run by customers inside a cloud provider. Cloud Hypervisor is implemented in [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) and is based on the [rust-vmm](https://github.com/rust-vmm) crates.\n\n[VirtManager](https://github.com/virt-manager/virt-manager) is a graphical tool for managing virtual machines via libvirt. Most usage is with QEMU/KVM virtual machines, but Xen and libvirt LXC containers are well supported. Common operations for any libvirt driver should work.\n\n[oVirt](https://www.ovirt.org) is an open-source distributed virtualization solution, designed to manage your entire enterprise infrastructure. oVirt uses the trusted KVM hypervisor and is built upon several other community projects, including libvirt, Gluster, PatternFly, and Ansible. Founded by Red Hat as a community project on which Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization is based allowing for centralized management of virtual machines, compute, storage and networking resources, from an easy-to-use web-based front-end with platform independent access.\n\n[Firecracker](http://firecracker-microvm.io/) is an open source virtualization technology that is purpose-built for creating and managing secure, multi-tenant container and function-based services that provide serverless operational models. It runs workloads in lightweight virtual machines, called microVMs, which combine the security and isolation properties provided by hardware virtualization technology with the speed and flexibility of containers.\n\n[Foreman](https://theforeman.org/) is a free open source project that gives you the power to easily automate repetitive tasks, quickly deploy applications, and proactively manage your servers life cycle, on-premises or in the cloud.\n\n[Harvester](https://harvesterhci.io/) is an open source hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI) software built on Kubernetes.\n\n[Anthos](https://cloud.google.com/anthos/docs/concepts/overview) is a modern application management platform that provides a consistent development and operations experience for cloud and on-premises environments.\n\n[HyperKit](https://github.com/moby/hyperkit) is a toolkit for embedding hypervisor capabilities in your application. It includes a complete hypervisor, based on [xhyve](https://github.com/mist64/xhyve)/[bhyve](https://bhyve.org/), which is optimized for lightweight virtual machines and container deployment. It is designed to be interfaced with higher-level components such as the [VPNKit](https://github.com/moby/vpnkit) and [DataKit](https://github.com/moby/datakit). HyperKit currently only supports macOS using the [Hypervisor.framework](https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/DriversKernelHardware/Reference/Hypervisor/index.html) making it a core component of Docker Desktop for Mac.\n\n[Intel® Graphics Virtualization Technology (Intel® GVT)](https://github.com/intel/gvt-linux) is a full GPU virtualization solution with mediated pass-through, starting from 4th generation Intel Core (TM) processors with Intel processor graphics(Broadwell and newer). It can be used to virtualize the GPU for multiple guest virtual machines, effectively providing near-native graphics performance in the virtual machine and still letting your host use the virtualized GPU normally.\n\n[Apple Hypervisor](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/hypervisor) is a frameowrk that builds virtualization solutions on top of a lightweight hypervisor, without third-party kernel extensions. Hypervisor provides C APIs so you can interact with virtualization technologies in user space, without writing kernel extensions (KEXTs). As a result, the apps you create using this framework are suitable for distribution on the [Mac App Store](https://www.appstore.com/).\n\n[Apple Virtualization Framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/virtualization) is a framework that provides high-level APIs for creating and managing virtual machines on Apple silicon and Intel-based Mac computers. This framework is used to boot and run a Linux-based operating system in a custom environment that you define. It also supports the [Virtio specification](https://www.redhat.com/en/virtio-networking-series), which defines standard interfaces for many device types, including network, socket, serial port, storage, entropy, and memory-balloon devices.\n\n[Apple Paravirtualized Graphics Framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/paravirtualizedgraphics) is a framework that implements hardware-accelerated graphics for macOS running in a virtual machine, hereafter known as the guest. The operating system provides a graphics driver that runs inside the guest, communicating with the framework in the host operating system to take advantage of Metal-accelerated graphics.\n\n[Xen](https://github.com/xen-project/xen) is focused on advancing virtualization in a number of different commercial and open source applications, including server virtualization, Infrastructure as a Services (IaaS), desktop virtualization, security applications, embedded and hardware appliances, and automotive/aviation.\n\n[Ganeti](https://github.com/ganeti/ganeti) is a virtual machine cluster management tool built on top of existing virtualization technologies such as Xen or KVM and other open source software. Once installed, the tool assumes management of the virtual instances (Xen DomU).\n\n[Packer](https://www.packer.io/) is an open source tool for creating identical machine images for multiple platforms from a single source configuration. Packer is lightweight, runs on every major operating system, and is highly performant, creating machine images for multiple platforms in parallel. Packer does not replace configuration management like Chef or Puppet. In fact, when building images, Packer is able to use tools like Chef or Puppet to install software onto the image.\n\n[Vagrant](https://www.vagrantup.com/) is a tool for building and managing virtual machine environments in a single workflow. With an easy-to-use workflow and focus on automation, Vagrant lowers development environment setup time, increases production parity, and makes the \"works on my machine\" excuse a relic of the past. It provides easy to configure, reproducible, and portable work environments built on top of industry-standard technology and controlled by a single consistent workflow to help maximize the productivity and flexibility of you and your team.\n\n[Parallels Desktop](https://www.parallels.com) is a Desktop Hypervisor that delivers the fastest, easiest and most powerful application for running Windows/Linux on Mac (including the new [Apple M1 chip](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/11/apple-unleashes-m1/)) and ChromeOS.\n\n[VMware Fusion](https://www.vmware.com/products/fusion.html) is a Desktop Hypervisor that deliver desktop and ‘server’ virtual machines, containers and [Kubernetes clusters](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/kubernetes-cluster) to developers, and IT professionals on the Mac.\n\n[VMware Workstation](https://www.vmware.com/products/workstation-pro.html) is a hosted hypervisor that runs on x64 versions of Windows and Linux operating systems; it enables users to set up virtual machines on a single physical machine, and use them simultaneously along with the actual machine.\n\n# Emulation Tools\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n[Verdi® Protocol Analyzer](https://www.synopsys.com/verification/debug/verdi-protocol-analyzer.html) is a simulator independent, protocol and memory aware debug environment that enables users to quickly debug with any verification environment and easily share simulation results across teams. It gives users a graphical view of the transfers, transaction, packets and handshaking of a protocol. It highlights relationships across the hierarchy, visually unraveling the complex behavior of highly interleaved traffic. Also, enables engineers to quickly understand protocol activity, identify bottlenecks and debug unexpected behavior. Errors, warnings and messages are annotated to rapidly identify problems in the simulation.\n\n[Synopsys’ Verdi® HW SW Debug](https://www.synopsys.com/verification/debug/verdi-hw-sw-debug.html) is a simulator tool that enables embedded software-driven SoC verification by providing a synchronized multi-window view of the design’s behavior of both hardware and software. It combines an instruction accurate embedded processor, RTL, C and assembly visibility for a comprehensive SoC debug solution.\n\n[Synopsys Euclide](https://www.synopsys.com/verification/ide/euclide.html) is a Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that enables engineers to find bugs earlier and optimize code for design and verification flows by identifying complex design and testbench compliance checks during SystemVerilog and Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) development. Euclide accelerates correct-by-construction code development through context specific autocompletion and content assistance that is tuned for Synopsys VCS® simulation, Verdi® debug, and ZeBu® emulation, helping engineers to improve code quality during the entire project development cycle.\n\n[Simvision](https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/system-design-and-verification/debug-analysis/simvision-debug.html) is unified graphical debugging environment within Cadence® Xcelium™ Parallel Logic Simulation, Cadence SimVision™ Debug supports signal-level and transaction-based flows across all IEEE-standard design, testbench, and assertion languages. It also supports concurrent visualization of hardware, software, and analog domains. It can be used to debug digital, analog, or mixed-signal designs written in Verilog, SystemVerilog, VHDL, and SystemC® languages or a combination thereof.\n\n[Cadence® Palladium®](https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/system-design-and-verification/emulation-and-prototyping/palladium.html) is a set of emulation platforms that provides early software development, hardware/software verification and debug, and in circuit emulation.  It provides the highest debug productivity early in the design cycle when the RTL is still changing.\n\n[Veloce Hardware-assisted Verification System](https://eda.sw.siemens.com/en-US/ic/veloce/) is a simulator tool that's used for the rapid verification of highly sophisticated, next-generation integrated circuit (IC) designs. It is the first complete, integrated offering that combines best-in-class virtual platform, hardware emulation, and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) prototyping technologies and paves the way to leverage the latest powerful hardware-assisted verification methodologies.\n\n[Synopsys ZeBu® EP1](https://www.synopsys.com/verification/emulation.html) is the industry’s fastest billion gates emulation system. It delivers 10 MHz emulation performance using Synopsys’ proven direct connect architecture to optimize design communication to accelerate the hardware and software verification for SoC designs of up to 2 billion gates. With ZeBu EP1 users can achieve unmatched performance while supporting all familiar emulation use cases, including early software bring-up, hybrid, hardware/software debug, simulation acceleration, performance validation and in-circuit emulation.\n\n[SystemVerilog DPI (Direct Programming Interface)](https://verificationguide.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-dpi/) is an interface which can be used to interface SystemVerilog with foreign languages. These Foreign languages can be C, C++, SystemC as well as others. DPI allows the user to easily call functions of other language from SystemVerilog and to export SystemVerilog functions, so that they can be called in other languages.\n\n[SystemVerilog Assertions](https://verificationguide.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-assertions/) is primarily used to validate the behavior of a design. An assertion is a check embedded in design or bound to a design unit during the simulation. Where warnings or errors are generated on the failure of a specific condition or sequence of events.\n\n[SystemVerilog Functional Coverage](https://www.chipverify.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-functional-coverage) is a measure of what functionalities/features of the design have been exercised by the tests. This can be useful in constrained random verification (CRV) to know what features have been covered by a set of tests in a regression.\n\n[Verilog-to-Routing (VTR) project](https://docs.verilogtorouting.org/en/latest/vtr/) is a world-wide collaborative effort to provide a open-source framework for conducting FPGA architecture and CAD research and development. The VTR design flow takes as input a Verilog description of a digital circuit, and a description of the target FPGA architecture.\n\n[Verilog Power Estimation](https://docs.verilogtorouting.org/en/latest/vtr/power_estimation/) is performed within the VPR executable; however, additional files must be provided. In addition to the circuit and architecture files, power estimation requires files detailing the signal activities and technology properties.\n\n[Cadence® SpeedBridge® Adapters](https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/system-design-and-verification/emulation-and-prototyping.html) is a tool that provides efficient driver and application-level testing. It's designed for pre-silicon RTL and integration of ASICs and systems on chip (SoCs), the solution can reproduce post-silicon bugs, as the design runs in the actual target system. The solution verifies emulated designs with the actual ASIC/SoC software/hardware, driver development, and application development, and runs with existing software and software test programs.\n\n[Universal Verification Methodology (UVM)](https://verificationguide.com/uvm/) is a consists of class libraries needed for the development of well constructed, reusable SystemVerilog based Verification environment. In simple words, UVM consists of a set of base classes with methods defined in it, the SystemVerilog verification environment can be developed by extending these base classes. It will refer the UVM base classes as UVM Classes. [Accelerated UVM Testbenches](https://verificationacademy.com/courses/systemverilog-testbench-acceleration).\n\n# File systems \u0026 Storage\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n[NAS (Network Attached Storage)](https://www.synology.com/en-us/solution/what_is_nas) is an intelligent storage device connected to your home or office network. You can store all your family and colleagues' files on the NAS, from important documents to precious photos, music and video collections.\n\n[GlusterFS](https://www.gluster.org/) is a free and open source scalable network filesystem. Gluster is a scalable network filesystem. Using common off-the-shelf hardware, you can create large, distributed storage solutions for media streaming, data analysis, and other data- and bandwidth-intensive tasks.\n\n[Ceph](https://ceph.io/) is a software-defined storage solution designed to address the object, block, and file storage needs of data centers adopting open source as the new norm for high-growth block storage, object stores and data lakes. Ceph provides enterprise scalable storage while keeping [CAPEX](https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/modeling/how-to-calculate-capex-formula/) and [OPEX](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/operating_expense.asp) costs in line with underlying bulk commodity disk prices.\n\n[Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)](https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/hdfs) is a distributed file system that handles large data sets running on commodity hardware. It is used to scale a single Apache Hadoop cluster to hundreds (and even thousands) of nodes. HDFS is one of the major components of Apache Hadoop, the others being [MapReduce](https://www.ibm.com/analytics/hadoop/mapreduce) and [YARN](https://hadoop.apache.org/docs/current/hadoop-yarn/hadoop-yarn-site/YARN.html).\n\n[ZFS](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/819-5461/zfsover-2/) is an enterprise-ready open source file system and volume manager with unprecedented flexibility and an uncompromising commitment to data integrity.\n\n[OpenZFS](https://openzfs.org/wiki/Main_Page ) is an open-source storage platform. It includes the functionality of both traditional file systems and volume manager. It has many advanced features including:\n\n  - Protection against data corruption.\n  - Integrity checking for both data and metadata.\n  - Continuous integrity verification and automatic \"self-healing\" repair.\n\n[Btrfs](https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page) is a modern copy on write (CoW) filesystem for Linux aimed at implementing advanced features while also focusing on fault tolerance, repair and easy administration. Its main features and benefits are:\n\n  - Snapshots which do not make the full copy of files\n  - RAID - support for software-based RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10\n  - Self-healing - checksums for data and metadata, automatic detection of silent data corruptions\n\n[Apple File System (APFS)](https://support.apple.com/guide/disk-utility/file-system-formats-available-in-disk-utility-dsku19ed921c/mac) is  the default file system for Mac computers using macOS 10.13 or later, features strong encryption, space sharing, snapshots, fast directory sizing, and improved file system fundamentals.\n\n[NTFS(New Technology File System)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/storage/file-server/ntfs-overview) is the primary file system for recent versions of Windows and Windows Server—provides a full set of features including security descriptors, encryption, disk quotas, and rich metadata, and can be used with Cluster Shared Volumes (CSV) to provide continuously available volumes that can be accessed simultaneously from multiple nodes of a failover cluster.\n\n[exFAT(Extended File Allocation Table )](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/exfat-specification) is the file system that was the successor to FAT32 in the FAT family of file systems. It was optimized for flash memory such as USB flash drives and SD cards.\n\n# Networking\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n## Network Learning Resources\n\n[AWS Certified Security - Specialty Certification](https://aws.amazon.com/certification/certified-security-specialty/)\n\n[Microsoft Certified: Azure Security Engineer Associate](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/certifications/azure-security-engineer)\n\n[Google Cloud Certified Professional Cloud Security Engineer](https://cloud.google.com/certification/cloud-security-engineer)\n\n[Cisco Security Certifications](https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/training-events/training-certifications/certifications/security.html)\n\n[The Red Hat Certified Specialist in Security: Linux](https://www.redhat.com/en/services/training/ex415-red-hat-certified-specialist-security-linux-exam)\n\n[Linux Professional Institute LPIC-3 Enterprise Security Certification](https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-303-overview)\n\n[Cybersecurity Training and Courses from IBM Skills](https://www.ibm.com/skills/topics/cybersecurity/)\n\n[Cybersecurity Courses and Certifications by Offensive Security](https://www.offensive-security.com/courses-and-certifications/)\n\n[Citrix Certified Associate – Networking(CCA-N)](http://training.citrix.com/cms/index.php/certification/networking/)\n\n[Citrix Certified Professional – Virtualization(CCP-V)](https://www.globalknowledge.com/us-en/training/certification-prep/brands/citrix/section/virtualization/citrix-certified-professional-virtualization-ccp-v/)\n\n[CCNP Routing and Switching](https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/s/ccnp-enterprise)\n\n[Certified Information Security Manager(CISM)](https://www.isaca.org/credentialing/cism)\n\n[Wireshark Certified Network Analyst (WCNA)](https://www.wiresharktraining.com/certification.html)\n\n[Juniper Networks Certification Program Enterprise (JNCP)](https://www.juniper.net/us/en/training/certification/)\n\n[Networking courses and specializations from Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/browse/information-technology/networking)\n\n[Network \u0026 Security Courses from Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/courses/it-and-software/network-and-security/)\n\n[Network \u0026 Security Courses from edX](https://www.edx.org/learn/cybersecurity)\n\n## Networking Tools \u0026 Concepts\n\n[cURL](https://curl.se/) is a computer software project providing a library and command-line tool for transferring data using various network protocols(HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP, DICT, TELNET, LDAP LDAPS, MQTT, POP3, POP3S, RTMP, RTMPS, RTSP, SCP, SFTP, SMB, SMBS, SMTP or SMTPS). cURL is also used in cars, television sets, routers, printers, audio equipment, mobile phones, tablets, settop boxes, media players and is the Internet transfer engine for thousands of software applications in over ten billion installations.\n\n[cURL Fuzzer](https://github.com/curl/curl-fuzzer) is a quality assurance testing for the curl project.\n\n[DoH](https://github.com/curl/doh) is a stand-alone application for DoH (DNS-over-HTTPS) name resolves and lookups.\n\n[Authelia](https://www.authelia.com/) is an open-source highly-available authentication server providing single sign-on capability and two-factor authentication to applications running behind [NGINX](https://nginx.org/en/).\n\n[nginx(engine x)](https://nginx.org/en/) is an HTTP and reverse proxy server, a mail proxy server, and a generic TCP/UDP proxy server, originally written by Igor Sysoev.\n\n[Proxmox Virtual Environment(VE)](https://www.proxmox.com/en/) is a complete open-source platform for enterprise virtualization. It inlcudes a built-in web interface that you can easily manage VMs and containers, software-defined storage and networking, high-availability clustering, and multiple out-of-the-box tools on a single solution.\n\n[Wireshark](https://www.wireshark.org/) is a very popular network protocol analyzer that is commonly used for network troubleshooting, analysis, and communications protocol development. Learn more about the other useful [Wireshark Tools](https://wiki.wireshark.org/Tools) available.\n\n[HTTPie](https://github.com/httpie/httpie) is a command-line HTTP client. Its goal is to make CLI interaction with web services as human-friendly as possible. HTTPie is designed for testing, debugging, and generally interacting with APIs \u0026 HTTP servers.\n\n[HTTPStat](https://github.com/reorx/httpstat) is a tool that visualizes curl statistics in a simple layout.\n\n[Wuzz](https://github.com/asciimoo/wuzz) is an interactive cli tool for HTTP inspection. It can be used to inspect/modify requests copied from the browser's network inspector with the \"copy as cURL\" feature.\n\n[Websocat](https://github.com/vi/websocat) is a ommand-line client for WebSockets, like netcat (or curl) for ws:// with advanced socat-like functions.\n\n    • Connection: In networking, a connection refers to pieces of related information that are transferred through a network. This generally infers that a connection is built before the data transfer (by following the procedures laid out in a protocol) and then is deconstructed at the at the end of the data transfer.\n\n    • Packet: A packet is, generally speaking, the most basic unit that is transferred over a network. When communicating over a network, packets are the envelopes that carry your data (in pieces) from one end point to the other.\n\nPackets have a header portion that contains information about the packet including the source and destination, timestamps, network hops. The main portion of a packet contains the actual data being transferred. It is sometimes called the body or the payload.\n\n    • Network Interface: A network interface can refer to any kind of software interface to networking hardware. For instance, if you have two network cards in your computer, you can control and configure each network interface associated with them individually.\n\nA network interface may be associated with a physical device, or it may be a representation of a virtual interface. The \"loop-back\" device, which is a virtual interface to the local machine, is an example of this.\n\n    • LAN: LAN stands for \"local area network\". It refers to a network or a portion of a network that is not publicly accessible to the greater internet. A home or office network is an example of a LAN.\n\n    • WAN: WAN stands for \"wide area network\". It means a network that is much more extensive than a LAN. While WAN is the relevant term to use to describe large, dispersed networks in general, it is usually meant to mean the internet, as a whole.\nIf an interface is connected to the WAN, it is generally assumed that it is reachable through the internet.\n\n    • Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and standards that basically define a language that devices can use to communicate. There are a great number of protocols in use extensively in networking, and they are often implemented in different layers.\n\nSome low level protocols are TCP, UDP, IP, and ICMP. Some familiar examples of application layer protocols, built on these lower protocols, are HTTP (for accessing web content), SSH, TLS/SSL, and FTP.\n\n    • Port: A port is an address on a single machine that can be tied to a specific piece of software. It is not a physical interface or location, but it allows your server to be able to communicate using more than one application.\n\n    • Firewall: A firewall is a program that decides whether traffic coming into a server or going out should be allowed. A firewall usually works by creating rules for which type of traffic is acceptable on which ports. Generally, firewalls block ports that are not used by a specific application on a server.\n\n    • NAT: Network address translation is a way to translate requests that are incoming into a routing server to the relevant devices or servers that it knows about in the LAN. This is usually implemented in physical LANs as a way to route requests through one IP address to the necessary backend servers.\n\n    • VPN: Virtual private network is a means of connecting separate LANs through the internet, while maintaining privacy. This is used as a means of connecting remote systems as if they were on a local network, often for security reasons.\n\n## Network Layers\n\n\tWhile networking is often discussed in terms of topology in a horizontal way, between hosts, its implementation is layered in a vertical fashion throughout a computer or network. This means is that there are multiple technologies and protocols that are built on top of each other in order for communication to function more easily. Each successive, higher layer abstracts the raw data a little bit more, and makes it simpler to use for applications and users. It also allows you to leverage lower layers in new ways without having to invest the time and energy to develop the protocols and applications that handle those types of traffic.\n\n\tAs data is sent out of one machine, it begins at the top of the stack and filters downwards. At the lowest level, actual transmission to another machine takes place. At this point, the data travels back up through the layers of the other computer. Each layer has the ability to add its own \"wrapper\" around the data that it receives from the adjacent layer, which will help the layers that come after decide what to do with the data when it is passed off.\n\n\tOne method of talking about the different layers of network communication is the OSI model. OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnect.This model defines seven separate layers. The layers in this model are:\n\n    • Application: The application layer is the layer that the users and user-applications most often interact with. Network communication is discussed in terms of availability of resources, partners to communicate with, and data synchronization.\n\n    • Presentation: The presentation layer is responsible for mapping resources and creating context. It is used to translate lower level networking data into data that applications expect to see.\n\n    • Session: The session layer is a connection handler. It creates, maintains, and destroys connections between nodes in a persistent way.\n\n    • Transport: The transport layer is responsible for handing the layers above it a reliable connection. In this context, reliable refers to the ability to verify that a piece of data was received intact at the other end of the connection. This layer can resend information that has been dropped or corrupted and can acknowledge the receipt of data to remote computers.\n\n    • Network: The network layer is used to route data between different nodes on the network. It uses addresses to be able to tell which computer to send information to. This layer can also break apart larger messages into smaller chunks to be reassembled on the opposite end.\n\n    • Data Link: This layer is implemented as a method of establishing and maintaining reliable links between different nodes or devices on a network using existing physical connections.\n\n    • Physical: The physical layer is responsible for handling the actual physical devices that are used to make a connection. This layer involves the bare software that manages physical connections as well as the hardware itself (like Ethernet).\n\nThe TCP/IP model, more commonly known as the Internet protocol suite, is another layering model that is simpler and has been widely adopted.It defines the four separate layers, some of which overlap with the OSI model:\n\n    • Application: In this model, the application layer is responsible for creating and transmitting user data between applications. The applications can be on remote systems, and should appear to operate as if locally to the end user.\nThe communication takes place between peers network.\n\n    • Transport: The transport layer is responsible for communication between processes. This level of networking utilizes ports to address different services. It can build up unreliable or reliable connections depending on the type of protocol used.\n\n    • Internet: The internet layer is used to transport data from node to node in a network. This layer is aware of the endpoints of the connections, but does not worry about the actual connection needed to get from one place to another. IP addresses are defined in this layer as a way of reaching remote systems in an addressable manner.\n\n    • Link: The link layer implements the actual topology of the local network that allows the internet layer to present an addressable interface. It establishes connections between neighboring nodes to send data.\n\n### Interfaces\n**Interfaces** are networking communication points for your computer. Each interface is associated with a physical or virtual networking device. Typically, your server will have one configurable network interface for each Ethernet or wireless internet card you have. In addition, it will define a virtual network interface called the \"loopback\" or localhost interface. This is used as an interface to connect applications and processes on a single computer to other applications and processes. You can see this referenced as the \"lo\" interface in many tools.\n\n## Network Protocols\n\nNetworking works by piggybacks on a number of different protocols on top of each other. In this way, one piece of data can be transmitted using multiple protocols encapsulated within one another.\n\n**Media Access Control(MAC)** is a communications protocol that is used to distinguish specific devices. Each device is supposed to get a unique MAC address during the manufacturing process that differentiates it from every other device on the internet. Addressing hardware by the MAC address allows you to reference a device by a unique value even when the software on top may change the name for that specific device during operation. Media access control is one of the only protocols from the link layer that you are likely to interact with on a regular basis.\n\n**The IP protocol** is one of the fundamental protocols that allow the internet to work. IP addresses are unique on each network and they allow machines to address each other across a network. It is implemented on the internet layer in the IP/TCP model. Networks can be linked together, but traffic must be routed when crossing network boundaries. This protocol assumes an unreliable network and multiple paths to the same destination that it can dynamically change between. There are a number of different implementations of the protocol. The most common implementation today is IPv4, although IPv6 is growing in popularity as an alternative due to the scarcity of IPv4 addresses available and improvements in the protocols capabilities.\n\n**ICMP: internet control message protocol** is used to send messages between devices to indicate the availability or error conditions. These packets are used in a variety of network diagnostic tools, such as ping and traceroute. Usually ICMP packets are transmitted when a packet of a different kind meets some kind of a problem. Basically, they are used as a feedback mechanism for network communications.\n\n**TCP: Transmission control protocol** is implemented in the transport layer of the IP/TCP model and is used to establish reliable connections. TCP is one of the protocols that encapsulates data into packets. It then transfers these to the remote end of the connection using the methods available on the lower layers. On the other end, it can check for errors, request certain pieces to be resent, and reassemble the information into one logical piece to send to the application layer. The protocol builds up a connection prior to data transfer using a system called a three-way handshake. This is a way for the two ends of the communication to acknowledge the request and agree upon a method of ensuring data reliability. After the data has been sent, the connection is torn down using a similar four-way handshake. TCP is the protocol of choice for many of the most popular uses for the internet, including WWW, FTP, SSH, and email. It is safe to say that the internet we know today would not be here without TCP.\n\n**UDP: User datagram protocol** is a popular companion protocol to TCP and is also implemented in the transport layer. The fundamental difference between UDP and TCP is that UDP offers unreliable data transfer. It does not verify that data has been received on the other end of the connection. This might sound like a bad thing, and for many purposes, it is. However, it is also extremely important for some functions. It’s not required to wait for confirmation that the data was received and forced to resend data, UDP is much faster than TCP. It does not establish a connection with the remote host, it simply fires off the data to that host and doesn't care if it is accepted or not. Since UDP is a simple transaction, it is useful for simple communications like querying for network resources. It also doesn't maintain a state, which makes it great for transmitting data from one machine to many real-time clients. This makes it ideal for VOIP, games, and other applications that cannot afford delays.\n\n**HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol** is a protocol defined in the application layer that forms the basis for communication on the web. HTTP defines a number of functions that tell the remote system what you are requesting. For instance, GET, POST, and DELETE all interact with the requested data in a different way.\n\n**FTP: File transfer protocol** is in the application layer and provides a way of transferring complete files from one host to another. It is inherently insecure, so it is not recommended for any externally facing network unless it is implemented as a public, download-only resource.\n\n**DNS: Domain name system** is an application layer protocol used to provide a human-friendly naming mechanism for internet resources. It is what ties a domain name to an IP address and allows you to access sites by name in your browser.\n\n**SSH: Secure shell** is an encrypted protocol implemented in the application layer that can be used to communicate with a remote server in a secure way. Many additional technologies are built around this protocol because of its end-to-end encryption and ubiquity. There are many other protocols that we haven't covered that are equally important. However, this should give you a good overview of some of the fundamental technologies that make the internet and networking possible.\n\n[REST(REpresentational State Transfer)](https://www.codecademy.com/articles/what-is-rest) is an architectural style for providing standards between computer systems on the web, making it easier for systems to communicate with each other.\n\n[JSON Web Token (JWT)](https://jwt.io) is a compact URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. The claims in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object that is digitally signed using JSON Web Signature (JWS).\n\n[OAuth 2.0](https://oauth.net/2/) is an open source authorization framework that enables applications to obtain limited access to user accounts on an HTTP service, such as Amazon, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter GitHub, and DigitalOcean. It works by delegating user authentication to the service that hosts the user account, and authorizing third-party applications to access the user account.\n\n# Kubernetes\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/95383873-a884d800-08a0-11eb-8eaf-57af5b119f56.png\"\u003e\n  \u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/105645195-db9ea780-5e4e-11eb-8357-fb38b2f06d74.png\"\u003e\n\n**Building Highly-Availability(HA) Clusters with kubeadm. Source: [Kubernetes.io](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/production-environment/tools/kubeadm/high-availability/)**\n\n## Kubernetes Learning Resources\n\n[Kubernetes (K8s)](https://kubernetes.io/) is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.\n\n[Getting Kubernetes Certifications](https://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification/catalog/?_sft_technology=kubernetes)\n\n[Getting started with Kubernetes on AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/kubernetes/)\n\n[Kubernetes on Microsoft Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/what-is-kubernetes/)\n\n[Intro to Azure Kubernetes Service](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/kubernetes-dashboard)\n\n[Azure Red Hat OpenShift ](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/openshift/)\n\n[Getting started with Google Cloud](https://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-kubernetes)\n\n[Getting started with Kubernetes on Red Hat](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/containers/what-is-kubernetes)\n\n[Getting started with Kubernetes on IBM](https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/kubernetes)\n\n[Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Cloud](https://www.ibm.com/cloud/openshift)\n\n[Enable OpenShift Virtualization on Red Hat OpenShift](https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2020/08/28/enable-openshift-virtualization-on-red-hat-openshift/)\n\n[YAML basics in Kubernetes](https://developer.ibm.com/technologies/containers/tutorials/yaml-basics-and-usage-in-kubernetes/)\n\n[Elastic Cloud on Kubernetes](https://www.elastic.co/elastic-cloud-kubernetes)\n\n[Docker and Kubernetes](https://www.docker.com/products/kubernetes)\n\n[Running Apache Spark on Kubernetes](http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/running-on-kubernetes.html)\n\n[Kubernetes Across VMware vRealize Automation](https://blogs.vmware.com/management/2019/06/kubernetes-across-vmware-cloud-automation-services.html)\n\n[VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid](https://tanzu.vmware.com/kubernetes-grid)\n\n[All the Ways VMware Tanzu Works with AWS](https://tanzu.vmware.com/content/blog/all-the-ways-vmware-tanzutm-works-with-aws)\n\n[VMware Tanzu Education](https://tanzu.vmware.com/education)\n\n[Using Ansible in a Cloud-Native Kubernetes Environment](https://www.ansible.com/blog/how-useful-is-ansible-in-a-cloud-native-kubernetes-environment)\n\n[Managing Kubernetes (K8s) objects with Ansible](https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/collections/community/kubernetes/k8s_module.html)\n\n[Setting up a Kubernetes cluster using Vagrant and Ansible](https://kubernetes.io/blog/2019/03/15/kubernetes-setup-using-ansible-and-vagrant/)\n\n[Running MongoDB with Kubernetes](https://www.mongodb.com/kubernetes)\n\n[Kubernetes Fluentd](https://docs.fluentd.org/v/0.12/articles/kubernetes-fluentd)\n\n[Understanding the new GitLab Kubernetes Agent](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2020/09/22/introducing-the-gitlab-kubernetes-agent/)\n\n[Intro Local Process with Kubernetes for Visual Studio 2019](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/visualstudio/introducing-local-process-with-kubernetes-for-visual-studio%E2%80%AF2019/)\n\n[Kubernetes Contributors](https://www.kubernetes.dev/)\n\n[KubeAcademy from VMware](https://kube.academy/)\n\n[Kubernetes Tutorials from Pulumi](https://www.pulumi.com/docs/tutorials/kubernetes/)\n\n[Kubernetes Playground by Katacoda](https://www.katacoda.com/courses/kubernetes/playground)\n\n[Scalable Microservices with Kubernetes course from Udacity ](https://www.udacity.com/course/scalable-microservices-with-kubernetes--ud615)\n\n## Kubernetes Tools, Frameworks, and Projects\n\n[Open Container Initiative](https://opencontainers.org/about/overview/) is an open governance structure for the express purpose of creating open industry standards around container formats and runtimes.\n\n[Buildah](https://buildah.io/) is a command line tool to build Open Container Initiative (OCI) images. It can be used with Docker, Podman, Kubernetes.\n\n[Podman](https://podman.io/) is a daemonless, open source, Linux native tool designed to make it easy to find, run, build, share and deploy applications using Open Containers Initiative (OCI) Containers and Container Images. Podman provides a command line interface (CLI) familiar to anyone who has used the Docker Container Engine.\n\n[Containerd](https://containerd.io) is a daemon that manages the complete container lifecycle of its host system, from image transfer and storage to container execution and supervision to low-level storage to network attachments and beyond. It is available for Linux and Windows.\n\n[Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)](https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/) is a managed, production-ready environment for running containerized applications.\n\n[Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/kubernetes-service/) is serverless Kubernetes, with a integrated continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) experience, and enterprise-grade security and governance. Unite your development and operations teams on a single platform to rapidly build, deliver, and scale applications with confidence.\n\n[Amazon EKS](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/what-is-eks.html) is a tool that runs Kubernetes control plane instances across multiple Availability Zones to ensure high availability.\n\n[AWS Controllers for Kubernetes (ACK)](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/containers/aws-controllers-for-kubernetes-ack/) is a new tool that lets you directly manage AWS services from Kubernetes. ACK makes it simple to build scalable and highly-available Kubernetes applications that utilize AWS services.\n\n[Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE)](https://www.oracle.com/cloud-native/container-engine-kubernetes/) is an Oracle-managed container orchestration service that can reduce the time and cost to build modern cloud native applications. Unlike most other vendors, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure provides Container Engine for Kubernetes as a free service that runs on higher-performance, lower-cost compute.\n\n[Anthos](https://cloud.google.com/anthos/docs/concepts/overview) is a modern application management platform that provides a consistent development and operations experience for cloud and on-premises environments.\n\n[Red Hat Openshift](https://www.openshift.com/) is a fully managed Kubernetes platform that provides a foundation for on-premises, hybrid, and multicloud deployments.\n\n[OKD](https://okd.io/) is a community distribution of Kubernetes optimized for continuous application development and multi-tenant deployment. OKD adds developer and operations-centric tools on top of Kubernetes to enable rapid application development, easy deployment and scaling, and long-term lifecycle maintenance for small and large teams.\n\n[Odo](https://odo.dev/) is a fast, iterative, and straightforward CLI tool for developers who write, build, and deploy applications on Kubernetes and OpenShift.\n\n[Kata Operator](https://github.com/openshift/kata-operator) is an operator to perform lifecycle management (install/upgrade/uninstall) of [Kata Runtime](https://katacontainers.io/) on Openshift as well as Kubernetes cluster.\n\n[Thanos](https://thanos.io/) is a set of components that can be composed into a highly available metric system with unlimited storage capacity, which can be added seamlessly on top of existing Prometheus deployments.\n\n[OpenShift Hive](https://github.com/openshift/hive) is an operator which runs as a service on top of Kubernetes/OpenShift. The Hive service can be used to provision and perform initial configuration of OpenShift 4 clusters.\n\n[Rook](https://rook.io/) is a tool that turns distributed storage systems into self-managing, self-scaling, self-healing storage services. It automates the tasks of a storage administrator: deployment, bootstrapping, configuration, provisioning, scaling, upgrading, migration, disaster recovery, monitoring, and resource management.\n\n[VMware Tanzu](https://tanzu.vmware.com/tanzu) is a centralized management platform for consistently operating and securing your Kubernetes infrastructure and modern applications across multiple teams and private/public clouds.\n\n[Kubespray](https://kubespray.io/) is a tool that combines Kubernetes and Ansible to easily install Kubernetes clusters that can be deployed on [AWS](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/blob/master/docs/aws.md), GCE, [Azure](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/blob/master/docs/azure.md), [OpenStack](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/blob/master/docs/openstack.md), [vSphere](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/blob/master/docs/vsphere.md), [Packet](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kubespray/blob/master/docs/packet.md) (bare metal), Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (Experimental), or Baremetal.\n\n[KubeInit](https://github.com/kubeinit/kubeinit) provides Ansible playbooks and roles for the deployment and configuration of multiple Kubernetes distributions.\n\n[Rancher](https://rancher.com/) is a complete software stack for teams adopting containers. It addresses the operational and security challenges of managing multiple Kubernetes clusters, while providing DevOps teams with integrated tools for running containerized workloads.\n\n[K3s](https://github.com/rancher/k3s) is a highly available, certified Kubernetes distribution designed for production workloads in unattended, resource-constrained, remote locations or inside IoT appliances.\n\n[Helm](https://helm.sh/) is a Kubernetes Package Manager tool that makes it easier to install and manage Kubernetes applications.\n\n[Knative](https://knative.dev/) is a Kubernetes-based platform to build, deploy, and manage modern serverless workloads. Knative takes care of the operational overhead details of networking, autoscaling (even to zero), and revision tracking.\n\n[KubeFlow](https://www.kubeflow.org/) is a tool dedicated to making deployments of machine learning (ML) workflows on Kubernetes simple, portable and scalable.\n\n[Etcd](https://etcd.io/) is a distributed key-value store that provides a reliable way to store data that needs to be accessed by a distributed system or cluster of machines. Etcd is used as the backend for service discovery and stores cluster state and configuration for Kubernetes.\n\n[OpenEBS](https://openebs.io/) is a Kubernetes-based tool to create stateful applications using Container Attached Storage.\n\n[Container Storage Interface (CSI)](https://www.architecting.it/blog/container-storage-interface/) is an API that lets container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes seamlessly communicate with stored data via a plug-in.\n\n[MicroK8s](https://microk8s.io/) is a tool that delivers the full Kubernetes experience. In a Fully containerized deployment with compressed over-the-air updates for ultra-reliable operations. It is supported on Linux, Windows, and MacOS.\n\n[Charmed Kubernetes](https://ubuntu.com/kubernetes/features) is a well integrated, turn-key, conformant Kubernetes platform, optimized for your multi-cloud environments developed by Canonical.\n\n[Grafana Kubernetes App](https://grafana.com/grafana/plugins/grafana-kubernetes-app) is a toll that allows you to monitor your Kubernetes cluster's performance. It includes 4 dashboards, Cluster, Node, Pod/Container and Deployment. It allows for the automatic deployment of the required Prometheus exporters and a default scrape config to use with your in cluster Prometheus deployment.\n\n[KubeEdge](https://kubeedge.io/en/) is an open source system for extending native containerized application orchestration capabilities to hosts at Edge.It is built upon kubernetes and provides fundamental infrastructure support for network, app. deployment and metadata synchronization between cloud and edge.\n\n[Lens](https://k8slens.dev/)  is the most powerful IDE for people who need to deal with Kubernetes clusters on a daily basis. It has support for MacOS, Windows and Linux operating systems.\n\n[kind](https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/) is a tool for running local Kubernetes clusters using Docker container “nodes”. It was primarily designed for testing Kubernetes itself, but may be used for local development or CI.\n\n[Flux CD](https://fluxcd.io/) is a tool that automatically ensures that the state of your Kubernetes cluster matches the configuration you've supplied in Git. It uses an operator in the cluster to trigger deployments inside Kubernetes, which means that you don't need a separate continuous delivery tool.\n\n[Platform9 Managed Kubernetes (PMK)](https://platform9.com/managed-kubernetes/) is a Kubernetes as a service that ensures fully automated Day-2 operations with 99.9% SLA on any environment, whether in data-centers, public clouds, or at the edge.\n\n# Docker\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/113521410-2e32c900-954e-11eb-8311-065fa0099546.png\"\u003e\n  \u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/113521413-2ffc8c80-954e-11eb-9d19-b9c996bc524b.png\"\u003e\n  \u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n**Container Architecture. Source: [Containerd.io](https://containerd.io)**\n\n## Docker Learning Resources\n\n[Docker Training Program](https://www.docker.com/dockercon/training)\n\n[Docker Certified Associate (DCA) certification](https://training.mirantis.com/dca-certification-exam/)\n\n[Docker Documentation | Docker Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/)\n\n[The Docker Workshop](https://courses.packtpub.com/courses/docker)\n\n[Docker Courses on Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/topic/docker/)\n\n[Docker Courses on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=docker)\n\n[Docker Courses on edX](https://www.edx.org/learn/docker)\n\n[Docker Courses on Linkedin Learning](https://www.linkedin.com/learning/topics/docker)\n\n## Docker Tools\n\n[Docker](https://www.docker.com/) is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications. Docker enables you to separate your applications from your infrastructure so you can deliver software quickly working in collaboration with cloud, Linux, and Windows vendors, including Microsoft.\n\n[Docker Enterprise](https://www.mirantis.com/software/docker/docker-enterprise/) is a subscription including software, supported and certified container platform for CentOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), Ubuntu, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES), Oracle Linux, and Windows Server 2016, as well as for cloud providers AWS and Azure. In [November 2019 Docker's Enterprise Platform business was acquired by Mirantis](https://www.mirantis.com/company/press-center/company-news/mirantis-acquires-docker-enterprise/).\n\n[Docker Desktop](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) is an application for MacOS and Windows machines for the building and sharing of containerized applications and microservices. Docker Desktop delivers the speed, choice and security you need for designing and delivering containerized applications on your desktop. Docker Desktop includes Docker App, developer tools, Kubernetes and version synchronization to production Docker Engines.\n\n[Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/) is the world's largest library and community for container images Browse over 100,000 container images from software vendors, open-source projects, and the community.\n\n[Docker Compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/) is a tool that was developed to help define and share multi-container applications. With Docker Compose, you can create a YAML file to define the services and with a single command, can spin everything up or tear it all down.\n\n[Docker Swarm](https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/) is a Docker-native clustering system swarm is a simple tool which controls a cluster of Docker hosts and exposes it as a single \"virtual\" host.\n\n[Dockerfile](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/) is a text document that contains all the commands a user could call on the command line to assemble an image. Using docker build users can create an automated build that executes several command-line instructions in succession.\n\n[Docker Containers](https://www.docker.com/resources/what-container) is a standard unit of software that packages up code and all its dependencies so the application runs quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another.\n\n[Docker Engine](https://www.docker.com/products/container-runtime) is a container runtime that runs on various Linux (CentOS, Debian, Fedora, Oracle Linux, RHEL, SUSE, and Ubuntu) and Windows Server operating systems. Docker creates simple tooling and a universal packaging approach that bundles up all application dependencies inside a container which is then run on Docker Engine.\n\n[Docker Images](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/images/) is a lightweight, standalone, executable package of software that includes everything needed to run an application: code, runtime, system tools, system libraries and settings. Images have intermediate layers that increase reusability, decrease disk usage, and speed up docker build by allowing each step to be cached. These intermediate layers are not shown by default. The SIZE is the cumulative space taken up by the image and all its parent images.\n\n[Docker Network](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/network/) is a that displays detailed information on one or more networks.\n\n[Docker Daemon](https://docs.docker.com/config/daemon/) is a service started by a system utility, not manually by a user. This makes it easier to automatically start Docker when the machine reboots. The command to start Docker depends on your operating system. Currently, it only runs on Linux because it depends on a number of Linux kernel features, but there are a few ways to run Docker on MacOS and Windows as well by configuring the operating system utilities.\n\n[Docker Storage](https://docs.docker.com/storage/storagedriver/select-storage-driver/) is a driver controls how images and containers are stored and managed on your Docker host.\n\n[Kitematic](https://kitematic.com/) is a simple application for managing Docker containers on Mac, Linux and Windows letting you control your app containers from a graphical user interface (GUI).\n\n[Open Container Initiative](https://opencontainers.org/about/overview/) is an open governance structure for the express purpose of creating open industry standards around container formats and runtimes.\n\n[Buildah](https://buildah.io/) is a command line tool to build Open Container Initiative (OCI) images. It can be used with Docker, Podman, Kubernetes.\n\n[Podman](https://podman.io/) is a daemonless, open source, Linux native tool designed to make it easy to find, run, build, share and deploy applications using Open Containers Initiative (OCI) Containers and Container Images. Podman provides a command line interface (CLI) familiar to anyone who has used the Docker Container Engine.\n\n[Containerd](https://containerd.io) is a daemon that manages the complete container lifecycle of its host system, from image transfer and storage to container execution and supervision to low-level storage to network attachments and beyond. It is available for Linux and Windows.\n\n# FPGA Development\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/104069966-ab060f00-51ba-11eb-8295-d3479b485c86.png\"\u003e\n  \u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n## Models of FPGA Boards\n\n[Checkout the PolarFire® FPGA Development Kits](https://www.microsemi.com/product-directory/dev-kits-solutions/3864-polarfire-kits)\n\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/104068349-97a67400-51b9-11eb-82b5-d06f804400ee.png\"\u003e\n\n\n[Checkout the Artix 7 FPGA Development board](https://store.digilentinc.com/basys-3-artix-7-fpga-trainer-board-recommended-for-introductory-users/)\n\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/104068359-9d03be80-51b9-11eb-9bd2-0045e8f45eb9.png\"\u003e\n\n\n[Checkout the Spartan 6 FPGA Development board](https://store.digilentinc.com/anvyl-spartan-6-fpga-trainer-board/)\n\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/104068361-9e34eb80-51b9-11eb-9c68-0b59c5a107e1.png\"\u003e\n\n[Checkout the Zynq-7000 for ARM/FPGA SoC Development board](https://store.digilentinc.com/cora-z7-zynq-7000-single-core-and-dual-core-options-for-arm-fpga-soc-development/)\n\n\u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/104068367-a12fdc00-51b9-11eb-966a-08a0868fcfb7.png\"\u003e\n\n## FPGA Learning Resources\n\n[FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Arrays)](https://www.xilinx.com/products/silicon-devices/fpga/what-is-an-fpga.html) are semiconductor devices that are based around a matrix of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) connected via programmable interconnects. FPGAs can be reprogrammed to desired application or functionality requirements after manufacturing.\n\n[TinyFPGA](https://tinyfpga.com) is a new series of boards that are low-cost, [open source FPGA boards](https://github.com/tinyfpga) in a tiny form factor.\n\n[SiFive FPGA shells](https://github.com/sifive/fpga-shells)\n\n[FPGA \u0026 SoC Design Tools from Microsemi](https://www.microsemi.com/product-directory/fpga-soc/1637-design-resources)\n\n[QuickLogic Embedded FPGA (eFPGA) Intellectual Property (IP) and Software](https://www.quicklogic.com/products/efpga/efpga-ip-software/)\n\n[FPGA for Beginners with Development Boards from Digilent®](https://store.digilentinc.com/fpga-for-beginners/)\n\n[Hundreds of FPGA Projects on Instructables](https://www.instructables.com/circuits/howto/FPGA/)\n\n[FPGA Fundamentals from NI(National Instruments)](https://www.ni.com/en-us/innovations/white-papers/08/fpga-fundamentals.html)\n\n[Getting Started With LabVIEW FPGA from NI(National Instruments)](https://www.ni.com/tutorial/14532/en/)\n\n[Programming and FPGA Basics - INTEL® FPGAS](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable/fpga/new-to-fpgas/resource-center/overview.html)\n\n[Intel FPGA Training Program](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/programmable/support/training/overview.html)\n\n[FPGA Courses on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=fpga)\n\n[FPGA Courses on Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/topic/fpga/)\n\n[FPGA Online Training Courses on LinkedIn Learning](https://www.linkedin.com/learning/topics/fpga)\n\n[UMass Lowell's Graduate Certificate in Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGA)](https://gps.uml.edu/certificates/grad/online-field-programmable-gate-arrays-bae-graduate-certificate.cfm)\n\n[FPGA Design Fundamentals Course (UC San Diego Extension)](https://extension.ucsd.edu/courses-and-programs/fpga-design-fundamentals)\n\n[FPGA II Course (UC San Diego Extension)](https://extension.ucsd.edu/courses-and-programs/fpga-embedded-design)\n\n[FPGAs \u0026 SoCs Training from Microsemi](https://www.microsemi.com/product-directory/training/4244-fpgas-socs-training)\n\n[DSP fundamentals for FPGAs course from MATLAB and Simulink Training](https://www.mathworks.com/training-schedule/dsp-for-fpgas.html)\n\n[Verilog Courses on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=verilog)\n\n## FPGA Tools\n\n[LabVIEW FPGA](https://www.ni.com/en-us/shop/software/products/labview-fpga-module.html) is a software add-on for LabVIEW that you can use to more efficiently and effectively design FPGA-based systems through a highly integrated development environment, IP libraries, a high-fidelity simulator, and debugging features.\n\n[Apio](https://github.com/FPGAwars/apio) is a multiplatform toolbox, with static pre-built packages, project configuration tools and easy command interface to verify, synthesize, simulate and upload your verilog designs.\n\n[IceStorm](https://github.com/YosysHQ/icestorm) is a project that aims at documenting the bitstream format of Lattice iCE40 FPGAs and providing simple tools for analyzing and creating bitstream files.\n\n[Icestudio](https://icestudio.io/) is a visual editor for open FPGA boards. Built on top of the Icestorm project using Apio.\n\n[FuseSoC](https://github.com/olofk/fusesoc) is an award-winning package manager and a set of build tools for HDL (Hardware Description Language) code and FPGA/ASIC development.\n\n[OpenWiFi](https://github.com/open-sdr/openwifi) is an open-source IEEE802.11/Wi-Fi baseband chip/FPGA design.\n\n[PipeCNN](https://github.com/doonny/PipeCNN) is an OpenCL-based FPGA Accelerator for Large-Scale Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Currently, there is a growing trend among developers in the FPGA community to utilize High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools to design and implement customized circuits on FPGAs.\n\n[Verilator](https://verilator.org/) is an open-source SystemVerilog simulator and lint system.\n\n[Verilog to Routing(VTR)](https://verilogtorouting.org/) is a collaborative project to provide a open-source framework for conducting FPGA architecture and CAD Research \u0026 Development. The VTR design flow takes as input a Verilog description of a digital circuit, and a description of the target FPGA architecture.\n\n[PlatformIO](https://platformio.org/) is a professional collaborative platform for embedded development with no vendor lock-in. It provides support for multiplatforms and frameworks such as IoT, Arduino, CMSIS, ESP-IDF, FreeRTOS, libOpenCM3, mbed OS, Pulp OS, SPL, STM32Cube, Zephyr RTOS, ARM, AVR, Espressif (ESP8266/ESP32), FPGA, MCS-51 (8051), MSP430, Nordic (nRF51/nRF52), NXP i.MX RT, PIC32, RISC-V.\n\n[PlatformIO for VSCode](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=platformio.platformio-ide) is a plugin that provides support for the PlatformIO IDE on VSCode.\n\n[Tock](https://www.tockos.org/) is an embedded operating system designed for running multiple concurrent, mutually distrustful applications on Cortex-M and RISC-V based embedded platforms. Tock's design centers around protection, both from potentially malicious applications and from device drivers.\n\n[OpenTimer](https://github.com/OpenTimer/OpenTimer) is a High-Performance Timing Analysis Tool for VLSI Systems.\n\n[LLVM](https://github.com/llvm/) is a library that has collection of modular/reusable compiler and toolchain  components (assemblers, compilers, debuggers, etc.). With these components LLVM can be used as a compiler framework, providing a front-end(parser and lexer) and a back-end (code that converts LLVM's representation to actual machine code).\n\n[TinyGo](https://tinygo.org/) is a Go compiler(based on LLVM) intended for use in small places such as microcontrollers, WebAssembly (Wasm), and command-line tools.\n\n[Chipyard](https://chipyard.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) is an open source framework for agile development of Chisel-based systems-on-chip. It will allow you to leverage the Chisel HDL, Rocket Chip SoC generator, and other [Berkeley](https://berkeley.edu/) projects to produce a RISC-V SoC with everything from MMIO-mapped peripherals to custom accelerators.\n\n[The Eclipse Embedded CDT](https://github.com/eclipse-embed-cdt/eclipse-plugins) is a collection of plug-ins for Arm \u0026 RISC-V C/C++ developers.\n[Unicorn](https://github.com/unicorn-engine/unicorn) is a lightweight, multi-platform, multi-architecture CPU emulator framework(ARM, AArch64, M68K, Mips, Sparc, X86) based on [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/).\n\n[Keystone](https://github.com/keystone-engine/keystone) is a lightweight multi-platform, multi-architecture(Arm, Arm64, Hexagon, Mips, PowerPC, Sparc, SystemZ \u0026 X86) assembler framework.\n\n[Reko](https://github.com/uxmal/reko) is a decompiler for machine code binaries.\n\n[Renode](https://renode.io/) is [Antmicro's](https://antmicro.com) virtual development framework for multinode embedded networks (both wired and wireless) and is intended to enable a scalable workflow for creating effective, tested and secure IoT systems.\n\n[Diosix](https://diosix.org/) is a lightweight, secure, multiprocessor bare-metal hypervisor written in Rust for RISC-V.\n\n# Verilog/SystemVerilog Development\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/102273517-4b785480-3ed7-11eb-910a-113821428f17.png\"\u003e\n  \u003cbr /\u003e\n\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n## Verilog/SystemVerilog Learning Resources\n\n[Verilog](https://verilog.com/) is a Hardware Description Language(HDL) used to design and document electronic systems. Verilog HDL allows designers to design at various levels of abstraction.\n\n[SystemVerilog](https://www.systemverilog.io/) is an extension of Verilog with many of the verification features that allow engineers to verifythe design using complex testbench structures and random stimuli in simulation.\n\n[Verilog Book Shelf](https://verilog.com/v-books.html)\n\n[Verilog HDL Basics training from Intel](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/programmable/support/training/course/ohdl1120.html)\n\n[SystemVerilog for Design and Verification](https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/training/all-courses/82143.html)\n\n[Verilog HDL Programming Courses on Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/topic/verilog-hdl-programming/)\n\n[Top Verilog Programming Courses on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=verilog)\n\n[Verilog course for Engineers on Technobyte](https://technobyte.org/verilog-course-tutorials/)\n\n[Verilog Tutorials and Courses on hackr.io](https://hackr.io/tutorials/learn-verilog)\n\n[Designing With Verilog Certification from the Xilinx Learning Center](https://xilinxprod-catalog.netexam.com/Certification/35916/designing-with-verilog)\n\n[Learning Verilog for FPGA Development on LinkedIn Learning](https://www.linkedin.com/learning/learning-verilog-for-fpga-development)\n\n[SystemVerilog tutorial on ChipVerify](https://www.chipverify.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-tutorial)\n\n## Verilog/SystemVerilog Tools\n\n[Apio](https://github.com/FPGAwars/apio) is a multiplatform toolbox, with static pre-built packages, project configuration tools and easy command interface to verify, synthesize, simulate and upload your verilog designs.\n\n[IceStorm](https://github.com/YosysHQ/icestorm) is a project that aims at documenting the bitstream format of Lattice iCE40 FPGAs and providing simple tools for analyzing and creating bitstream files.\n\n[Icestudio](https://icestudio.io/) is a visual editor for open FPGA boards. Built on top of the Icestorm project using Apio.\n\n[EDA Playground](https://www.edaplayground.com) is a online code for programming your Verilog projects.\n\n[PlatformIO](https://platformio.org/) is a professional collaborative platform for embedded development with no vendor lock-in. It provides support for multiplatforms and frameworks such as IoT, Arduino, CMSIS, ESP-IDF, FreeRTOS, libOpenCM3, mbed OS, Pulp OS, SPL, STM32Cube, Zephyr RTOS, ARM, AVR, Espressif (ESP8266/ESP32), FPGA, MCS-51 (8051), MSP430, Nordic (nRF51/nRF52), NXP i.MX RT, PIC32, RISC-V.\n\n[PlatformIO for VSCode](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=platformio.platformio-ide) is a plugin that provides support for the PlatformIO IDE on VSCode.\n\n[Chisel](https://www.chisel-lang.org/) is a hardware design language that facilitates advanced circuit generation and design reuse for both ASIC and FPGA digital logic designs. Chisel adds hardware construction primitives to the [Scala](https://www.scala-lang.org/) programming language, providing designers with the power of a modern programming language to write complex, parameterizable circuit generators that produce synthesizable Verilog.\n\n[Clash compiler](https://www.clash-lang.org/) is a functional hardware description language that borrows both its syntax and semantics from the functional programming language Haskell. The Clash compiler transforms these high-level descriptions to low-level synthesizable VHDL, Verilog, or SystemVerilog.\n\n[Verilator](https://verilator.org/) is an open-source SystemVerilog simulator and lint system.\n\n[Verilog to Routing(VTR)](https://verilogtorouting.org/) is a collaborative project to provide a open-source framework for conducting FPGA architecture and CAD Research \u0026 Development. The VTR design flow takes as input a Verilog description of a digital circuit, and a description of the target FPGA architecture.\n\n[Cascade](https://github.com/vmware/cascade) is a Just-In-Time Compiler for Verilog from VMware Research. Cascade executes code immediately in a software simulator, and performs compilation in the background. When compilation is finished, the code is moved into hardware, and from the user’s perspective it simply gets faster over time.\n\n[OpenTimer](https://github.com/OpenTimer/OpenTimer) is a High-Performance Timing Analysis Tool for VLSI Systems.\n\n# CUDA Development\n[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/Virtualization-Emulation-Guide#table-of-contents)\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/94306481-e17b8f00-ff27-11ea-832f-c85374acb3b1.png\"\u003e\n  \u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003cimg src=\"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/117718735-55a23480-b191-11eb-874d-e690d09cd490.png\"\u003e\n  \u003cbr /\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\n**CUDA Toolkit. Source: [NVIDIA Developer CUDA](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-zone)**\n\n## CUDA Learning Resources\n\n[CUDA](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-zone) is a parallel computing platform and programming model developed by NVIDIA for general computing on graphical processing units (GPUs). With CUDA, developers are able to dramatically speed up computing applications by harnessing the power of GPUs. In GPU-accelerated applications, the sequential part of the workload runs on the CPU, which is optimized for single-threaded. The compute intensive portion of the application runs on thousands of GPU cores in parallel. When using CUDA, developers can program in popular languages such as C, C++, Fortran, Python and MATLAB.\n\n[CUDA Toolkit Documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/index.html)\n\n[CUDA Quick Start Guide](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-quick-start-guide/index.html)\n\n[CUDA on WSL](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/wsl-user-guide/index.html)\n\n[CUDA GPU support for TensorFlow](https://www.tensorflow.org/install/gpu)\n\n[NVIDIA Deep Learning cuDNN Documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/cudnn/api/index.html)\n\n[NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/ngc/ngc-introduction/index.html)\n\n[NVIDIA NGC](https://ngc.nvidia.com/) is a hub for GPU-optimized software for deep learning, machine learning, and high-performance computing (HPC) workloads.\n\n[NVIDIA NGC Containers](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/gpu-cloud/containers/) is a registry that provides researchers, data scientists, and developers with simple access to a comprehensive catalog of GPU-accelerated software for AI, machine learning and HPC. These containers take full advantage of NVIDIA GPUs on-premises and in the cloud.\n\n## CUDA Tools Libraries, and Frameworks\n\n[CUDA Toolkit](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads) is a collection of tools \u0026 libraries that provide a development environment for creating high performance GPU-accelerated applications. The CUDA Toolkit allows you can develop, optimize, and deploy your applications on GPU-accelerated embedded systems, desktop workstations, enterprise data centers, cloud-based platforms and HPC supercomputers. The toolkit includes GPU-accelerated libraries, debugging and optimization tools, a C/C++ compiler, and a runtime library to build and deploy your application on major architectures including x86, Arm and POWER.\n\n[NVIDIA cuDNN](https://developer.nvidia.com/cudnn) is a GPU-accelerated library of primitives for [deep neural networks](https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning). cuDNN provides highly tuned implementations for standard routines such as forward and backward convolution, pooling, normalization, and activation layers. cuDNN accelerates widely used deep learning frameworks, including [Caffe2](https://caffe2.ai/), [Chainer](https://chainer.org/), [Keras](https://keras.io/), [MATLAB](https://www.mathworks.com/solutions/deep-learning.html), [MxNet](https://mxnet.incubator.apache.org/), [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/), and [TensorFlow](https://www.tensorflow.org/).\n\n[CUDA-X HPC](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/technologies/cuda-x/) is a collection of libraries, tools, compilers and APIs that help developers solve the world's most challenging problems. CUDA-X HPC includes highly tuned kernels essential for high-performance computing (HPC).\n\n[NVIDIA Container Toolkit](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker) is a collection of tools \u0026 libraries that allows users to build and run GPU accelerated Docker containers. The toolkit includes a container runtime [library](https://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container) and utilities to automatically configure containers to leverage NVIDIA GPUs.\n\n[Minkowski Engine](https://nvidia.github.io/MinkowskiEngine) is an auto-differentiation library for sparse tensors. It supports all standard neural network layers such as convolution, pooling, unpooling, and broadcasting operations for sparse tensors.\n\n[CUTLASS](https://github.com/NVIDIA/cutlass) is a collection of CUDA C++ template abstractions for implementing high-performance matrix-multiplication (GEMM) at all levels and scales within CUDA. It incorporates strategies for hierarchical decomposition and data movement similar to those used to implement cuBLAS.\n\n[CUB","projects_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/lists/mikeroyal%2Fvirtualization-emulation-guide/projects"}