{"id":25268257,"url":"https://github.com/amanpatelit/linux-commands-book","last_synced_at":"2026-01-24T12:04:00.884Z","repository":{"id":277002590,"uuid":"931011693","full_name":"amanpatelitofficial/linux-commands-book","owner":"amanpatelitofficial","description":"linux-commands-book","archived":false,"fork":false,"pushed_at":"2025-02-11T15:26:33.000Z","size":1509,"stargazers_count":0,"open_issues_count":0,"forks_count":0,"subscribers_count":1,"default_branch":"main","last_synced_at":"2025-02-11T16:33:15.002Z","etag":null,"topics":["centos","kali-linux","linux","linux-kernel","linux-server","linux-shell","redhat","ubuntu"],"latest_commit_sha":null,"homepage":"https://linux.org","language":"Python","has_issues":true,"has_wiki":null,"has_pages":null,"mirror_url":null,"source_name":null,"license":"mit","status":null,"scm":"git","pull_requests_enabled":true,"icon_url":"https://github.com/amanpatelitofficial.png","metadata":{"files":{"readme":"README.md","changelog":null,"contributing":"CONTRIBUTING.md","funding":null,"license":"LICENSE","code_of_conduct":null,"threat_model":null,"audit":null,"citation":null,"codeowners":null,"security":null,"support":null,"governance":null,"roadmap":null,"authors":null,"dei":null,"publiccode":null,"codemeta":null}},"created_at":"2025-02-11T15:24:25.000Z","updated_at":"2025-02-11T15:40:17.000Z","dependencies_parsed_at":"2025-02-11T16:44:35.130Z","dependency_job_id":null,"html_url":"https://github.com/amanpatelitofficial/linux-commands-book","commit_stats":null,"previous_names":["amanpatelitofficial/linux-commands-book"],"tags_count":0,"template":false,"template_full_name":null,"repository_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/amanpatelitofficial%2Flinux-commands-book","tags_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/amanpatelitofficial%2Flinux-commands-book/tags","releases_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/amanpatelitofficial%2Flinux-commands-book/releases","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/amanpatelitofficial%2Flinux-commands-book/manifests","owner_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/amanpatelitofficial","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/amanpatelitofficial/linux-commands-book/tar.gz/refs/heads/main","host":{"name":"GitHub","url":"https://github.com","kind":"github","repositories_count":238453319,"owners_count":19475056,"icon_url":"https://github.com/github.png","version":null,"created_at":"2022-05-30T11:31:42.601Z","updated_at":"2022-07-04T15:15:14.044Z","host_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub","repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories","repository_names_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repository_names","owners_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners"}},"keywords":["centos","kali-linux","linux","linux-kernel","linux-server","linux-shell","redhat","ubuntu"],"created_at":"2025-02-12T10:24:26.558Z","updated_at":"2025-10-27T06:31:31.256Z","avatar_url":"https://github.com/amanpatelitofficial.png","language":"Python","funding_links":[],"categories":[],"sub_categories":[],"readme":"\u003cp align=\"center\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/main/ebook/en/assets/cover.jpg\" height=\"450\" width=\"auto\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003e\n\t    \u003ca name=\"stars\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/stars/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook?style=for-the-badge\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\t    \u003ca name=\"forks\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/forks/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook?logoColor=green\u0026style=for-the-badge\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\t    \u003ca name=\"contributions\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook?logoColor=green\u0026style=for-the-badge\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n      \u003ca name=\"ebook\" href=\"https://sugatoray.github.io/101-linux-commands-ebook\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=eBook\u0026message=Read%20Online\u0026color=orange\u0026logoColor=green\u0026style=for-the-badge\u0026logo=github\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook?logoColor=yellow\u0026style=for-the-badge\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\t    \u003ca name=\"madeWith\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/Made%20with-Markdown-1f425f.svg?style=for-the-badge\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\t    \u003ca name=\"license\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/license/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook?style=for-the-badge\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n    \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\n## 💻 ++101 Linux commands Open-source eBook\n\nThis is an open-source eBook with 101 Linux commands that everyone should know. No matter if you are a DevOps/SysOps engineer, developer, or just a Linux enthusiast, you will most likely have to use the terminal at some point in your career.\n\n**Make sure to star the repository** ⭐\n\nIf you need a Linux virtual machine to test these commands on, use the following referral link to get a [free $200 Credit For DigitalOcean](https://m.do.co/c/2a9bba940f39)!\n\n## Introduction to Linux eBook\n\nIf you are looking for a comprehensive guide for beginners, check out this eBook: [Introduction to Linux eBook](https://leanpub.com/introduction-to-linux)\n\n## 📙 Online eBook\n\nAn online copy :zap:🌐 of this ebook is available [**here** 📙](https://sugatoray.github.io/101-linux-commands-ebook).\n\n## 🔽 Download links\n\n- [Dark mode](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/export/101-linux-commands-ebook-dark.pdf)\n\n- [Light mode](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/export/101-linux-commands-ebook-light.pdf)\n\n---\n\n# Content \u003c!-- omit in toc --\u003e\n\n- [Basics](#basics)\n  - [File Hierarchy Standard (FHS)](#file-hierarchy-standard-fhs)\n  - [Commands](#commands)\n- [Disk and File System Management](#disk-and-file-system-management)\n  - [General Disk Manipulation (non-LVM)](#general-disk-manipulation-non-lvm)\n  - [Globs (Wildcards)](#globs-wildcards)\n  - [Regex](#regex)\n  - [Stream redirection](#stream-redirection)\n- [Text Readers \u0026 Editors](#text-readers--editors)\n  - [Less](#less)\n  - [VI](#vi)\n- [User and Group Management](#user-and-group-management)\n- [File System Permissions](#file-system-permissions)\n- [SSH](#ssh)\n- [Cronjobs](#cronjobs)\n- [Package Management](#package-management)\n  - [RPM](#rpm)\n  - [YUM](#yum)\n- [📃 List of commands by category:](#-list-of-commands-by-category)\n    - [Directory Navigation](#directory-navigation)\n    - [File Commands](#file-commands)\n    - [File and Directory Manipulation](#file-and-directory-manipulation)\n    - [Package archive and compression tools](#package-archive-and-compression-tools)\n    - [System commands](#system-commands)\n    - [Networking Commands](#networking-commands)\n    - [Package Management](#package-management-1)\n    - [User Information commands](#user-information-commands)\n    - [Session commands](#session-commands)\n    - [Getting Help](#getting-help)\n    - [Applications](#applications)\n- [📃 List of commands by chapter:](#-list-of-commands-by-chapter)\n- [🔗Links](#links)\n- [📖Other eBooks](#other-ebooks)\n- [🤲Contributing](#contributing)\n---\n\n# Basics\n\n## File Hierarchy Standard (FHS)\n\n| Path     | Content                             |\n| -------- | ----------------------------------- |\n| `/bin`   | Binaries (User)                     |\n| `/boot`  | Static boot loader files            |\n| `/etc`   | Host specific configs               |\n| `/lib`   | Shared libraries and kernel modules |\n| `/sbin`  | Binaries (System/root)              |\n| `/var`   | Varying files (e.g. Logs)           |\n| `/usr`   | 3rd party software                  |\n| `/proc`  | Pseudo file system                  |\n| `/sys`   | Pseudo file system                  |\n| `/mnt`   | Mountpoint for internal drives      |\n| `/media` | Mountpoint for external drives      |\n| `/home`  | User homes                          |\n| `/run`   | PID files of running processes      |\n\n---\n\n## Commands\n\n**File System Commands**\n\n| Command | Options            | Description                                       |\n| ------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |\n| [`cd`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/002-the-cd-command.md)    | `-`              | Navigate to last dir                              |\n|         | `~`              | Navigate to home                                  |\n|         | `~username`      | Navigate to home of specified user                |\n| [`pwd`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/006-the-pwd-command.md)   |                  | Print working dir                                 |\n| [`ls`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/001-the-ls-command.md)    |                  | Print dir content                                 |\n|         | `-l`             | Format as list                                    |\n|         | `-a`             | Show hidden items (`-A` without `.` and `..`)     |\n|         | `-r`             | Invert order                                      |\n|         | `-R`             | Recurse                                           |\n|         | `-S`             | Sort by size                                      |\n|         | `-t`             | Sort by date modified                             |\n| [`mkdir`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/014-the-mkdir-command.md) | `-p`             | Create dir with parents                           |\n| [`cp`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/031-the-cp-command.md)    | `-r`             | Copy dir                                          |\n| [`rmdir`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/103-the-rmdir-command.md) | `-p`             | Remove dir and empty parents                      |\n| [`rm`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/040-the-rm-command.md)    | `-rf`            | Remove dir recursively, `-f` without confirmation |\n| [`mv`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/032-the-mv-command.md)    |                  | Move recursively                                  |\n| [`find`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/102-the-find-command.md)  | `-iname pattern` | Search dir/file case-insensitive                  |\n|         | `-mmin n`        | Last modified n minutes ago                       |\n|         | `-mtime n`       | Last modified n days ago                          |\n|         | `-regex pattern` | Path matches pattern                              |\n|         | `-size n[kMG]`   | By file size (`-n` less than; `+n` greater than)  |\n|         | `! searchparams` | Invert search                                     |\n\n---\n\n**File Manipulation**\n\n| Command | Options                                      | Description                                |\n| ------- | ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ |\n| [`cat`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/003-the-cat-tac-command.md)   | `file`                                     | Print content                              |\n| [`tac`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/003-the-cat-tac-command.md)   | `file`                                     | Print content inverted                     |\n| [`sort`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/059-the-sort-command.md)  | `file`                                     | Print sorted                               |\n|         | `file -r -u`                               | Print sorted descending without dublicates |\n| [`head`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/004-the-head-command.md)  | `-n10 file`                            | Print lines 5-10                           |\n| [`tail`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/005-the-tail-command.md)  | `-f file`                                  | Print new lines automatically              |\n| [`cut`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/098-the-cut-command.md)   | `-f -4,7-10,12,15- file`                   | Print selected fields (tab delimited)      |\n|         | `-c -4,7-10,12,15- file`                   | Print selected characters positions        |\n|         | `-f 2,4 -d, --output-delimiter=$'\\t' file` | Change delimiter (but use tab for output)  |\n| [`uniq`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/074-the-uniq-command.md)  | `file`                                     | Hide consecutive identical lines           |\n|         | `file -c`                                  | Show consecutive identical line count      |\n|         | `file -u`                                  | Hide consecutive identical lines           |\n| `file`  | `file`                                     | Get file type                              |\n| `wc`    | `file`                                     | Count Lines, Words, Chars (Bytes)          |\n\n---\n\n**Archiving**\n\n| Command          | Options                          | Description                                              |\n| ---------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |\n| [`tar`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/063-the-tar-command.md)            | `cfv archiv.tar file1 file2`     | Create archive / add or overwrite content  |\n|                  | `tfv archiv.tar`                 | Show content                                             |\n|                  | `xf archiv.tar [-C ~/extracted]` | Extract (and decompress) archive (to ~ / extracted)      |\n|                  | `cfvj archiv.tar.bz2 file`       | Create bzip2 compressed archive                          |\n|                  | `cfvz archiv.tar.gz file`        | Create gzip compressed archive                           |\n|                  | `cfa archiv.tar.[komp] file`     | create compressed archive (auto type based on name)      |\n| [`bzip2`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/069-the-bzip2-command.md) | `file1 file2`                    | Dateien (einzeln) komprimieren                           |\n|                  | `-d file1 file2`                 | Compress files (one at a time)                           |\n| [`gzip`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/015-the-gzip-command.md) | `file1 file2`                    | Dateien (einzeln) komprimieren                           |\n|                  | `-d file1 file2`                 | Decompress files                                   |\n\n---\n\n# Disk and File System Management\n\n## General Disk Manipulation (non-LVM)\n\nCreating physical partitions is **not required**! You can create PVs directly!\n\n| Command        | Options                     | Description                          |\n| ---------------|---------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |\n| `fdisk`        |  `-l`                       | List physical disks and partitions   |\n|         \t |  `/dev/sdb`\u003cbr\u003e`n`          | Create new partition                 |\n|        \t |  `/dev/sdb`\u003cbr\u003e`t`\u003cbr\u003e`8e`  | Change partition type to *Linux LVM* |\n| `mkfs.xfs`     |  `/dev/myVG/myVol`          | Format LV with XFS                   |\n| `mkfs.ext4`    |  `-f /dev/myVG/myVol`       | Format LV with EXT4 (overwrite)      |\n| `blkid`        |  `/dev/myVG/myVol`          | Show UUID and formatting of volume   |\n| `mount`        |                             | Show current mounted file systems    |\n| \t\t |  `-t ext4 /dev/myVG/myVol /mountpoint` | Mount LV to /mountpoint    |\n| \t\t |  `-a`                       | Mount as configured in /etc/fstab    |\n| `umount`       |                             | Unmount a file system\n|       \t |  `/dev/myVG/myVol`          | Unmount LV from /mountpoint          |\n|        \t |  `/mountpoint`              | Unmount LV from /mountpoint          |\n| [`df`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/010-the-df-command.md)|                -    | Show disk usage                      |\n| `xfs_growfs`   | `/dev/myVG/myVol`           | Resize xfs filesystem                |\n| `resize2fs`    | ` /dev/myVG/myVol`          | Resize ext3/4 filesystem             |\n\n---\n\n**Other**\n\n| Command     | Options         | Description                                |\n| ----------- | --------------- | ------------------------------------------ |\n| `\u003ccommand\u003e` | `--help`        | Help of current command (not standardized) |\n|             | `-h`            |                                            |\n|             | `-?`            |                                            |\n| [`man`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/024-the-man-command.md)       | `\u003ccommand\u003e`     | Manual page of command                     |\n|             | `-k keyword`    | Search command by keyword (oder `apropos`) |\n| `alias`     |                 | Show aliases                               |\n|             | `name='befehl'` | Create alias                               |\n\n---\n\n## Globs (Wildcards)\n\nThe dot `.` in front of hidden items is ignored by glob patterns!\n\n| Character | Description             |\n| --------- | ----------------------- |\n| `?`       | Any single character    |\n| `*`       | Any characters          |\n| `[ac-e]`  | 1 character in enum     |\n| `[!ac-e]` | 1 character not in enum |\n\n## Regex\n\nBash itself does not know regex. Use programs like `grep`, `sed`, `awk`.\n\n**Control characters**\n\n| Character      | Description             |\n| -------------- | ----------------------- |\n| `.`            | Any single character    |\n| `[ac-e]`       | 1 character in enum     |\n| `[^ac-e]`      | 1 character not in enum |\n| `^`            | Start of string         |\n| `$`            | End of string           |\n| `\\d`           | Digit                   |\n| `\\D`           | Not a digit             |\n| `\\s`           | Whitespace              |\n| `\\S`           | Not a Whitespace        |\n| `\\\u003c`           | Start of word           |\n| `\\\u003e`           | End of word             |\n| `pattern?`     | Quantifier 0 or 1       |\n| `pattern*`     | Quantifier 0..n         |\n| `pattern+`     | Quantifier 1..n         |\n| `pattern{x}`   | Quantifier exactly x    |\n| `pattern{x,}`  | Quantifier x..n         |\n| `pattern{x,y}` | Quantifier x..y         |\n| `pattern{,y}`  | Quantifier 0..y         |\n\n**Grep**\n\n| Command | Options             | Description    |\n| ------- | ----------------- | -------------- |\n| [`grep`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/107-the-grep-command.md)  | `pattern file`    | Extended Regex |\n|         | `-E pattern file` | Extended Regex |\n|         | `-v pattern file` | Invert match   |\n|         | `-w pattern file` | Word match     |\n|         | `-i pattern file` | Ignore case    |\n\n## Stream redirection\n\n- `\u003e` overwrite\n- `\u003e\u003e` append\n\n| Character             | Description                     |\n| --------------------- | ------------------------------- |\n| `\u003e file` or `1\u003e file` | STDOUT to file                  |\n| `\u003c file`              | Datei to STDIN                  |\n| `2\u003e file`             | STDERR to file                  |\n| `2\u003e\u00261`                | STDERR to same target as STDOUT |\n| `\u003e file 2\u003e\u00261`         | STDOUT and STDERR to file       |\n\n# Text Readers \u0026 Editors\n\n## Less\n\n| Command             | Description                     |\n| ------------------- | ------------------------------- |\n| `q`                 | Quit                            |\n| `R`                 | Refresh content                 |\n| `F`                 | Auto scroll                     |\n| `g number`          | Go to line                      |\n| `m lowercaseLetter` | Mark line                       |\n| `' lowercaseLetter` | Go to mark                      |\n| `/pattern`          | Search forward                  |\n| `?pattern`          | Search backward                 |\n| `n`                 | Next search result              |\n| `N`                 | Last search result              |\n| `ESC u`             | Remove highlighting from search |\n\n## VI\n\n[`VI/VIM`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/100-the-vim-command.md)\n**Editing**\n\nTo leave editing mode press `ESC`.\n\n| Command   | Description           |\n| --------- | --------------------- |\n| `i`       | insert before cursor  |\n| `a`       | insert after cursor   |\n| `A`       | insert at end of line |\n| `o`       | new line below        |\n| `O`       | new line above        |\n| `u`       | undo                  |\n| `.`       | repeat last command   |\n| `yy`      | copy line             |\n| `5yy`     | copy 5 lines          |\n| `p`       | paste below           |\n| `P`       | paste above           |\n| `x`       | delete character      |\n| `5x`      | delete 5 characters   |\n| `dd`      | delete line           |\n| `5dd`     | delete 5 lines        |\n| `:10,20d` | delete lines 10-20    |\n| `d0`      | delete to line begin  |\n| `d$`      | delete to line end    |\n\n**Navigation**\n\nNavigate as usual with `arrow keys`, `home`, `end`, `pg up`, `pg dn`.\n\n| Command | Description            |\n| ------- | ---------------------- |\n| `5G`    | go to line 5           |\n| `H`     | go to top of screen    |\n| `M`     | go to middle of screen |\n| `L`     | go to end of screen    |\n| `5w`    | move over 7 words      |\n| `5b`    | move back 5 words      |\n\n**Other**\n\n| Command     | Description                  |\n| ----------- | ---------------------------- |\n| `/foo`      | search forward               |\n| `?foo`      | search backwards             |\n| `n`         | repeat search                |\n| `:w`        | save                         |\n| `:q`        | close                        |\n| `:wq`       | save and close               |\n| `:q!`       | close without saving         |\n| `:!command` | run bash command             |\n| `:r foo`    | read file foo into this file |\n\n# User and Group Management\n\n**UID**\n\n| UID   | Type           |\n| ----- | -------------- |\n| \u003c1000 | system account |\n| \u003e1000 | user account   |\n\n**User Database**\n\nUser info without passwords is stored in `/etc/passwd`.\n\n| username | PW  | UID  | GID  |  GECOS    | HOME        | SHELL     |\n| -------- | --- | ---- | ---- | --------- | ----------- | --------- |\n| hfict    | x   | 1000 | 1000 |           | /home/hfict | /bin/bash |\n\n**Group Database**\n\nGroup info with secondary group members are stored in `/etc/group`.\nPrimary group members are identified by GID in user database.\n\n| groupname | PW  | GID | Users       |\n| --------- | --- | --- | ----------- |\n| wheel     | x   | 10  | hfict,user2 |\n\n**Password Database**\n\nHashed user passwords are stored in `/etc/shadow`.\nPassword encryption is configured in `/etc/login.defs`.\n\n| username | PW     | Last PW change | Minimum | Maximum | Warn | Inactive | Expire |\n| -------- | ------ | -------------- | ------- | ------- | ---- | -------- | ------ |\n| hfict    | [hash] | 17803          | 0       | 99999   | 7    |          |        |\n\nPW:\n\n- `[hash]` Encrypted test password\n- `! [hash]` Account locked\n- `!!` or `*` Account locked, no password set\n\n**Commands**\n\n| Command    | Param \t\t\t\t\t      | Description \t\t\t\t\t        |\n| ---------- | ---------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |\n| `id` \t     | `username` \t\t\t\t      | Show a user's ID and groups \t\t\t\t|\n| [`who`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/017-the-who-command.md)      | \t\t\t\t\t\t      | Show logged in users \t\t\t\t\t|\n| [`last`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/048-the-last-command.md)     | \t\t\t\t\t\t      | Show last logins \t\t\t\t\t|\n| `lastb`    | \t\t\t\t\t\t      | Show last failed logins \t\t\t\t|\n| [`sudo`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/051-the-sudo-command.md)     | `-u user command` \t\t\t      | Execute command with user rights (default is root) \t|\n|            | `-i` or` su -` \t\t\t\t      | Shell with root rights \t\t\t\t\t|\n| [`su`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/044-the-su-command.md)       | \t\t\t\t\t\t      | Shell as root (non-login shell) \t\t\t|\n|            | `-` \t\t\t\t\t      | Shell as root (login shell) \t\t\t\t|\n| \t     | `- user` \t\t\t\t      | Shell as user \t\t\t\t\t\t|\n| [`useradd`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/080-the-useradd-command.md)  | `-u 2101 -g primarygroup -c comment username`  | Create user (without `-g`, new group will be created)   |\n| [`usermod`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/082-the-usermod-command.md)  | `-G group1, group2` \t\t\t      | Define (overwrite) secondary groups \t\t\t|\n| \t     | `-ag group, group2` \t\t\t      | Add secondary groups \t\t\t\t\t|\n|            | `-l username` \t\t\t\t      | Change username \t\t\t\t\t|\n| \t     | `-L` \t\t\t\t\t      | Lock Account \t\t\t\t\t\t|\n| \t     | `-U` \t\t\t\t\t      | Unlock Account \t\t\t\t\t\t|\n| \t     | `-s shellpath`  \t\t\t\t      | Change shell \t\t\t\t\t\t|\n| [`userdel`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/081-the-userdel-command.md)  | `-r username` \t\t\t\t      | Delete user including home and mail spool \t\t|\n| [`passwd`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/025-the-passwd-command.md)   | `username` \t\t\t\t      | Change password (interactive) \t\t\t\t|\n| `groupadd` | `groupname` \t\t\t\t      | Create group (optionally set GID with `-g`) \t\t|\n| `groupdel` | `groupname` \t\t\t              | Delete group \t\t\t\t\t\t|\n\n# File System Permissions\n\nPermissions can be set on:\n\n- User (owner)\n- Group (owner)\n- Others\n\nOnly root can change *User*. *User* can change *Group*.\n\nBasic permissions (Add binary flags to combine):\n\n| Char | Binary Flag | Permission |\n| ---- | ----------- | ---------- |\n| r    | 4           | read       |\n| w    | 2           | write      |\n| x    | 1           | execute    |\n\nAdvanced permissions (place in front of basic permissions: `chmod 1777 shared`).:\n\n| Char  | Binary Flag | Name       | Description                                                                |\n| ----- | ----------- | ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| t / T | 1           | Sticky Bit | *Others* can't delete content (only applicable for directories)            |\n| s / S | 2           | SGID-Bit   | File: run with permissions of *Group*\u003cbr\u003eDir: New elements inherit *Group* |\n| s / S | 4           | SUID-Bit   | File is run with permissions of *User* (only applicable for files)         |\n\nAdvanced permissions replace the **x** when using `ls -l`. Lower case if **x** is set, upper case if **x** is not set.\n\n*Read* permission on a directory only allows to see the directory itself but not it's contents. Use *execute* permission to show contents.\n\n**Commands**\n\n| Command   | Options                    | Description                                      |\n| --------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------- |\n| [`chmod`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/106-the-chmod-command.md)   | `-R [uog] dirname`       | Set permissions recursively using binary flags    |\n|           | `+[suog] filename`       | Add permissions using binary flags                |\n|           | `-[suog] filename`       | Remove permissions using binary flags             |\n|           | `u+x filename`           | Add *execute* permission for *User*               |\n|           | `g+wx filename`          | Add *write* and *execute* permissions for *Group* |\n|           | `o-r filename`           | Remove *read* permission for *Others*             |\n| [`chown`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/101-the-chown-command.md)   | `-R user:group filename` | Change owner (*User* \u0026 *Group*) recursively       |\n|           | `user filename`          | Change owner (*User*)                             |\n|           | `:group filename`        | Change owner (*Group*)                            |\n| `chgroup` | `group filename`         | Change owner (*Group*)                            |\n\n# SSH\n\n[`SSH`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/089-the-ssh-command.md)\nConfiguration is done in `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`.\n\nReload SSH service with `systemctl reload sshd` to apply changes!\n\nDenyUsers, AllowUsers, DenyGroups, AllowGroups override each other and are applied in the order listed above.\n\n| Config            | Option             | Description                                   |\n| ----------------- | ------------------ | --------------------------------------------- |\n| `PermitRootLogin` | `no`               | Deny root to login via SSH                    |\n|                   | `yes`              | Allow root to login via SSH                   |\n|                   | `without-password` | Allow only with private/public key auth       |\n| `AllowUsers`      | `user1 user2`      | Allow only user1 and user2                    |\n| `DenyUsers`       | `user1 user2`      | Allow all users but user1 and user2           |\n| `AllowGroups`     | `group1 group2`    | Allow only users from specified groups        |\n| `DenyGroups`      | `group1 group2`    | Allow all users but those in specified groups |\n\n# Cronjobs\n\n**[`Crontab`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/091-the-crontab-command.md)**\n\nCronjobs are configured in crontab files. Do not edit these files directly. Use `crontab -e` instead. This runs all required actions to activate a cronjob after saving the edited crontab. The locations are as follows:\n\n- `/var/spool/cron/username` user specific\n- `/etc/crontab` system wide crontab\n\nThe format of the files is (user specific crontabs **do not** have the column *user-name*):\n\n```\nExample of job definition:\n.---------------- minute (0 - 59 | */5 [every 5 minutes])\n|  .------------- hour (0 - 23)\n|  |  .---------- day of month (1 - 31)\n|  |  |  .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...\n|  |  |  |  .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat\n|  |  |  |  |\n*  *  *  *  * user-name  command to be executed\n```\n\n| Command                          | Description                   |\n| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |\n| `rpm -q cronie`                  | Check if package is installed |\n| `systemctl status crond.service` | Check if service is running   |\n| `crontab -l`                     | List current users crontab    |\n| `crontab -e`                     | Edit current users crontab    |\n| `crontab -e -u username`         | Edit specific users crontab   |\n| `crontab -r`                     | Remove current users crontab  |\n\n**Script folders**\n\nScripts in one of the following directories will be executed at the interval specified by the directory's name:\n\n- `/etc/cron.hourly`\n- `/etc/cron.daily`\n- `/etc/cron.weekly`\n- `/etc/cron.monthly`\n\n**Allow / Deny usage**\n\nAdd user names one per line to the following files:\n\n- `/etc/cron.allow` Whitelist\n- `/etc/cron.deny` Blacklist\n\nIf none of the files exists, all users are allowed.\n\n**Logs and Results**\n\nExecution of cronjobs is logged in `/var/log/cron`.\nResults are sent to the users mail `/var/spool/mail/username`.\n\n# Package Management\n\n## RPM\n\n[`RPM`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/075-the-rpm-command.md)\n\n| Command                  | Description                               |\n| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------- |\n| `rpm -i rpmfile\\|rpmurl`  | Install package                           |\n| `rpm -e packagename`     | Uninstall package                         |\n| `rpm -q packagename`     | Check if package is installed             |\n| `rpm -ql packagename`    | List files in a package                   |\n| `rpm -qa`                | List all installed packages               |\n| `rpm -qf /path/to/file`  | Get package that installed the file       |\n| `rpm -qf $(which \u003cexe\u003e)` | Get package that installed the executable |\n| `rpm -V packagename`     | Validate installed package                |\n\n## YUM\n\n[`YUM`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/053-the-yum-command.md) is configured in `/etc/yum.conf`\n\nRepos are configured in `/etc/yum.repos.d/`\n\nLog is in `/var/log/yum.log`\n\n| Command                               | Description                               |\n| ------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |\n| `yum install packagename [-y]`        | Install package (`-y` no confirm message) |\n| `yum remove packagename`              | Uninstall package                         |\n| `yum update`                          | Update all installed packages             |\n| `yum update packagename`              | Update specific package                   |\n| `yum update pattern*`                 | Update packages using wildcard            |\n| `yum info packagename`                | Get detailed info about package           |\n| `yum list packagename`                | List installed and available packages     |\n| `yum search searchstring`             | search for a package (name \u0026 summary)     |\n| `yum search all searchstring`         | search for a package (all infos)          |\n| `yum deplist packagename`             | List dependencies of a package            |\n| `yum reinstall packagename`           | Reinstall (corrupted) package             |\n| `yumdownloader --resolve packagename` | Download rpm package with dependencies    |\n\n---\n\n# 📃 List of commands by category:\n\nIf you want to contribute, feel free to pick up a topic marked as `TODO` and submit a pull request 🙌\n\nFeel free to add new topics in case that you don't find one that you like from the current list.\n\n---\n### Directory Navigation\n\n- [cd](ebook/en/content/002-the-cd-command.md) - change working directory\n- [ls](ebook/en/content/001-the-ls-command.md) - list directory contents\n- [dir](ebook/en/content/057-the-dir-command.md) - directory listing, columnar format\n- [pwd](ebook/en/content/006-the-pwd-command.md) - return working directory name\n- [tree](ebook/en/content/095-the-tree-command.md) - list subdirectories in a tree structure\n\n\n### File Commands\n\n- [cat/tac](ebook/en/content/003-the-cat-tac-command.md) - concatenate and print files\n- [diff/sdiff](ebook/en/content/062-the-diff-sdiff-command.md) - compare files line by line\n- [find](ebook/en/content/102-the-find-command.md) - search for files\n- [grep](ebook/en/content/107-the-grep-command.md) - file pattern matcher\n- [head](ebook/en/content/004-the-head-command.md) - display the first lines of a file\n- [locate](ebook/en/content/049-the-locate-command.md) - find files and directories\n- [stat](ebook/en/content/079-the-stat-command.md) - display file status\n- [tail](ebook/en/content/005-the-tail-command.md) - display the last lines of a file\n- [uniq](ebook/en/content/074-the-uniq-command.md) -  report or filter out repeated lines in a file\n\n### File and Directory Manipulation\n\n- [awk](ebook/en/content/090-the-awk-command.md) - pattern-directed scanning and processing language\n- [chmod](ebook/en/content/106-the-chmod-command.md) - change permissions\n- [chown](ebook/en/content/101-the-chown-command.md) - change file owner and group\n- [cp](ebook/en/content/031-the-cp-command.md) - copy files and directories\n- [cut](ebook/en/content/098-the-cut-command.md) - remove sections from files\n- [mkdir](ebook/en/content/014-the-mkdir-command.md) - make a new directory\n- [mv](ebook/en/content/032-the-mv-command.md) - move files and directories\n- [nano](ebook/en/content/039-the-nano-command.md) - text editor\n- [rm](ebook/en/content/040-the-rm-command.md) - delete files and directories\n- [rmdir](ebook/en/content/103-the-rmdir-command.md) - remove directory\n- [paste](ebook/en/content/060-the-paste-command.md) - merge corresponding or subsequent lines of file\n- [rsync](ebook/en/content/086-the-rsync-command.md) - remote copy files\n- [scp](ebook/en/content/076-the-scp-command.md) - secure copy\n- [basename](ebook/en/content/111-the-basename-command.md) - strips directory information and suffixes from file path\n- [sed](ebook/en/content/099-the-sed-command.md) - text transformation tool\n- [sort](ebook/en/content/059-the-sort-command.md) - arrange or merge lines of files\n- [split](ebook/en/content/078-the-split-command.md) - split a file into pieces\n- [touch](ebook/en/content/007-the-touch-command.md) - change file access and modification times\n- [vim](ebook/en/content/100-the-vim-command.md) - text editor\n\n### Package archive and compression tools\n\n- [bzip2](ebook/en/content/069-the-bzip2-command.md) - block-sorting file compressor\n- [gzip](ebook/en/content/015-the-gzip-command.md) - compression tool\n- [gunzip](ebook/en/content/064-the-gunzip-command.md) - decompression tool\n- [tar](ebook/en/content/063-the-tar-command.md) - create, extract and manipulate archives\n- [zip](ebook/en/content/054-the-zip-command.md) - package and compress files\n- [unzip](ebook/en/content/055-the-unzip-command.md) - list, test, extract compressed ZIP files\n\n### System commands\n\n- [crontab](ebook/en/content/091-the-crontab-command.md) - maintain individual tables used to drive the cron daemon\n- [df](ebook/en/content/010-the-df-command.md) - display free disk space\n- [du](ebook/en/content/084-the-du-command.md) - display disk usage statistics\n- [free](ebook/en/content/018-the-free-command.md) - show memory usage information\n- [hostname](ebook/en/content/038-the-hostname-command.md) - set or print name of current host system\n- [hostnamectl](ebook/en/content/065-the-hostnamectl-command.md) - change hostname settings\n- [ionice](ebook/en/content/083-the-ionice-command.md) - get/set I/O process priority\n- [iostat](ebook/en/content/050-the-iostat-command.md) - I/O statistics\n- [kill](ebook/en/content/034-the-kill-command.md) - terminate or signal a process by id\n- [killall](ebook/en/content/035-the-killall-command.md) - kill processes by name\n- [lsblk](ebook/en/content/104-the-lsblk-command.md) - display block and loop devices\n- [lsof](ebook/en/content/068-the-lsof-command.md) - list open files\n- [mpstat](ebook/en/content/072-the-mpstat-command.md) - CPU statistics\n- [ncdu](ebook/en/content/073-the-ncdu-command.md) - curses-based disk usage\n- [ps](ebook/en/content/033-the-ps-command.md) - display process status\n- [pstree](ebook/en/content/094-the-pstree-command.md) - show processes in tree format\n- [reboot](ebook/en/content/058-the-reboot-command.md) - restart the system\n- [service](ebook/en/content/070-the-service-command.md) - run an init script\n- [shutdown](ebook/en/content/056-the-shutdown-command.md) - close down the system at a specific time\n- [top/htop](ebook/en/content/019-the-top-htop-command.md) - display process information\n- [uname](ebook/en/content/013-the-uname-command.md) - prints operating system details\n- [useradd](ebook/en/content/080-the-useradd-command.md) - add/update user accounts\n- [userdel](ebook/en/content/081-the-userdel-command.md) - delete user account\n- [usermod](ebook/en/content/082-the-usermod-command.md) - modify user properties\n- [vmstat](ebook/en/content/071-the-vmstat-command.md) - virtual memory statistics\n- [whereis](ebook/en/content/096-the-whereis-command.md) - locate programs\n\n### Networking Commands\n\n- [dig](ebook/en/content/087-the-dig-command.md) - DNS lookup utility\n- [ifconfig](ebook/en/content/041-the-ifconfig-command.md) - configure network interface parameters\n- [ip](ebook/en/content/042-the-ip-command.md) - perform network administration tasks\n- [iptable](ebook/en/content/066-the-iptable-command.md) - configure IPv4 network firewall\n- [lscpu](ebook/en/content/030-the-lscpu-command.md) - display CPU architecture information\n- [netstat](ebook/en/content/067-the-netstat-command.md) - show network status\n- [ping](ebook/en/content/085-the-ping-command.md) - check network connectivity\n- [whois](ebook/en/content/088-the-whois-command.md) - information about Internet domain names and network numbers\n\n\n### Package Management\n\n- [apt](ebook/en/content/052-the-apt-command.md) - Debian package management\n- [rpm](ebook/en/content/075-the-rpm-command.md) - RPM package manager (RedHat)\n- [yum](ebook/en/content/053-the-yum-command.md) - package manager for RedHat Linux\n\n### User Information commands\nFor user modification, see useradd, userdel, usermod under System commands\n\n- [groups](ebook/en/content/023-the-groups-command.md) - show group memberships\n- [finger](ebook/en/content/022-the-finger-command.md) - shows information about users\n- [last](ebook/en/content/048-the-last-command.md) - displays most recent user logins\n- [passwd](ebook/en/content/025-the-passwd-command.md) - modify a user's password\n- [w](ebook/en/content/026-the-w-command.md) - display who is logged in and what they are doing\n- [who](ebook/en/content/017-the-who-command.md) - display who is logged in\n- [whoami](ebook/en/content/027-the-whoami-command.md) - display effective user id\n\n### Session commands\n\n- [clear](ebook/en/content/043-the-clear-command.md) - clear terminal screen\n- [env](ebook/en/content/036-the-env-command.md) - display environment variables, or set variables for command execution\n- [exit](ebook/en/content/061-the-exit-command.md) - close the active session/shell\n- [printenv](ebook/en/content/037-the-printenv-command.md) - print specified environment variables\n- [history](ebook/en/content/028-the-history-command.md) - display the command history\n- [login](ebook/en/content/029-the-login-command.md) - login and initiate a user session\n- [nohup](ebook/en/content/093-the-nohup-command.md) - invoke a utility immune to hangups\n- [sleep](ebook/en/content/077-the-sleep-command.md) - suspend execution for a time interval\n- [ssh](ebook/en/content/089-the-ssh-command.md) - secure shell login\n- [su](ebook/en/content/044-the-su-command.md) - substitute user identity\n- [sudo](ebook/en/content/051-the-sudo-command.md) - execute a command as another user\n- [screen](ebook/en/content/108-the-screen-command.md) - start a screen session\n\n### Getting Help\n\n- [man](ebook/en/content/024-the-man-command.md) - format and display online manual pages\n- [help](ebook/en/content/011-the-help-command.md) - displays help about basic commands not covered by 'man'\n- [whatis](ebook/en/content/016-the-whatis-command.md) - display one-line command descriptions\n\n### Applications\n\n- [bc](ebook/en/content/009-the-bc-command.md) - basic calculator\n- [cal](ebook/en/content/008-the-cal-command.md) - displays a calendar\n- [cmatrix](ebook/en/content/105-the-cmatrix-command.md) - enter the Matrix\n- [curl](ebook/en/content/046-the-curl-command.md) - transfer data to or from a server\n- [echo](ebook/en/content/021-the-echo-command.md) - display interpreted arguments\n- [factor](ebook/en/content/012-the-factor-command.md) - prints prime factors of numbers\n- [printf](ebook/en/content/097-the-printf-command.md) - format output\n- [sl](ebook/en/content/020-the-sl-command.md) - runs a steam locomotive across your terminal\n- [wget](ebook/en/content/045-the-wget-command.md) - non-interactive web file download\n- [xargs](ebook/en/content/092-the-xargs-command.md) - construct argument lists and execute utility\n- [yes](ebook/en/content/047-the-yes-command.md) - print continous output stream\n- [banner](ebook/en/content/112-the-banner-command.md) - Writes ASCII character strings in large letters to standard output.\n- [aplay](ebook/en/content/125-the-aplay-command.md) - aplay is a command-line to play audio files.\n- [spd-say](ebook/en/content/126-the-spd-say-command.md) - plays the given text as the sound from the command line.\n\n---\n# 📃 List of commands by chapter:\n\nIf you want to contribute, feel free to pick up a topic, update it with `New Examples | [Options]`and submit a pull request 🙌\n\nFeel free to add new topics in case that you don't find one that you like from the current list.\n\n- [001-the-ls-command.md](ebook/en/content/001-the-ls-command.md)\n- [002-the-cd-command.md](ebook/en/content/002-the-cd-command.md)\n- [003-the-cat-tac-command.md](ebook/en/content/003-the-cat-tac-command.md)\n- [004-the-head-command.md](ebook/en/content/004-the-head-command.md)\n- [005-the-tail-command.md](ebook/en/content/005-the-tail-command.md)\n- [006-the-pwd-command.md](ebook/en/content/006-the-pwd-command.md)\n- [007-the-touch-command.md](ebook/en/content/007-the-touch-command.md)\n- [008-the-cal-command.md](ebook/en/content/008-the-cal-command.md)\n- [009-the-bc-command.md](ebook/en/content/009-the-bc-command.md)\n- [010-the-df-command.md](ebook/en/content/010-the-df-command.md)\n- [011-the-help-command.md](ebook/en/content/011-the-help-command.md)\n- [012-the-factor-command.md](ebook/en/content/012-the-factor-command.md)\n- [013-the-uname-command.md](ebook/en/content/013-the-uname-command.md)\n- [014-the-mkdir-command.md](ebook/en/content/014-the-mkdir-command.md)\n- [015-the-gzip-command.md](ebook/en/content/015-the-gzip-command.md)\n- [016-the-whatis-command.md](ebook/en/content/016-the-whatis-command.md)\n- [017-the-who-command.md](ebook/en/content/017-the-who-command.md)\n- [018-the-free-command.md](ebook/en/content/018-the-free-command.md)\n- [019-the-top-htop-command.md](ebook/en/content/019-the-top-htop-command.md)\n- [020-the-sl-command.md](ebook/en/content/020-the-sl-command.md)\n- [021-the-echo-command.md](ebook/en/content/021-the-echo-command.md)\n- [022-the-finger-command.md](ebook/en/content/022-the-finger-command.md)\n- [023-the-groups-command.md](ebook/en/content/023-the-groups-command.md)\n- [024-the-man-command.md](ebook/en/content/024-the-man-command.md)\n- [025-the-passwd-command.md](ebook/en/content/025-the-passwd-command.md)\n- [026-the-w-command.md](ebook/en/content/026-the-w-command.md)\n- [027-the-whoami-command.md](ebook/en/content/027-the-whoami-command.md)\n- [028-the-history-command.md](ebook/en/content/028-the-history-command.md)\n- [029-the-login-command.md](ebook/en/content/029-the-login-command.md)\n- [030-the-lscpu-command.md](ebook/en/content/030-the-lscpu-command.md)\n- [031-the-cp-command.md](ebook/en/content/031-the-cp-command.md)\n- [032-the-mv-command.md](ebook/en/content/032-the-mv-command.md)\n- [033-the-ps-command.md](ebook/en/content/033-the-ps-command.md)\n- [034-the-kill-command.md](ebook/en/content/034-the-kill-command.md)\n- [035-the-killall-command.md](ebook/en/content/035-the-killall-command.md)\n- [036-the-env-command.md](ebook/en/content/036-the-env-command.md)\n- [037-the-printenv-command.md](ebook/en/content/037-the-printenv-command.md)\n- [038-the-hostname-command.md](ebook/en/content/038-the-hostname-command.md)\n- [039-the-nano-command.md](ebook/en/content/039-the-nano-command.md)\n- [040-the-rm-command.md](ebook/en/content/040-the-rm-command.md)\n- [041-the-ifconfig-command.md](ebook/en/content/041-the-ifconfig-command.md)\n- [042-the-ip-command.md](ebook/en/content/042-the-ip-command.md)\n- [043-the-clear-command.md](ebook/en/content/043-the-clear-command.md)\n- [044-the-su-command.md](ebook/en/content/044-the-su-command.md)\n- [045-the-wget-command.md](ebook/en/content/045-the-wget-command.md)\n- [046-the-curl-command.md](ebook/en/content/046-the-curl-command.md)\n- [047-the-yes-command.md](ebook/en/content/047-the-yes-command.md)\n- [048-the-last-command.md](ebook/en/content/048-the-last-command.md)\n- [049-the-locate-command.md](ebook/en/content/049-the-locate-command.md)\n- [050-the-iostat-command.md](ebook/en/content/050-the-iostat-command.md)\n- [051-the-sudo-command.md](ebook/en/content/051-the-sudo-command.md)\n- [052-the-apt-command.md](ebook/en/content/052-the-apt-command.md)\n- [053-the-yum-command.md](ebook/en/content/053-the-yum-command.md)\n- [054-the-zip-command.md](ebook/en/content/054-the-zip-command.md)\n- [055-the-unzip-command.md](ebook/en/content/055-the-unzip-command.md)\n- [056-the-shutdown-command.md](ebook/en/content/056-the-shutdown-command.md)\n- [057-the-dir-command.md](ebook/en/content/057-the-dir-command.md)\n- [058-the-reboot-command.md](ebook/en/content/058-the-reboot-command.md)\n- [059-the-sort-command.md](ebook/en/content/059-the-sort-command.md)\n- [060-the-paste-command.md](ebook/en/content/060-the-paste-command.md)\n- [061-the-exit-command.md](ebook/en/content/061-the-exit-command.md)\n- [062-the-diff-sdiff-command.md](ebook/en/content/062-the-diff-sdiff-command.md)\n- [063-the-tar-command.md](ebook/en/content/063-the-tar-command.md)\n- [064-the-gunzip-command.md](ebook/en/content/064-the-gunzip-command.md)\n- [065-the-hostnamectl-command.md](ebook/en/content/065-the-hostnamectl-command.md)\n- [066-the-iptable-command.md](ebook/en/content/066-the-iptable-command.md)\n- [067-the-netstat-command.md](ebook/en/content/067-the-netstat-command.md)\n- [068-the-lsof-command.md](ebook/en/content/068-the-lsof-command.md)\n- [069-the-bzip2-command.md](ebook/en/content/069-the-bzip2-command.md)\n- [070-the-service-command.md](ebook/en/content/070-the-service-command.md)\n- [071-the-vmstat-command.md](ebook/en/content/071-the-vmstat-command.md)\n- [072-the-mpstat-command.md](ebook/en/content/072-the-mpstat-command.md)\n- [073-the-ncdu-command.md](ebook/en/content/073-the-ncdu-command.md)\n- [074-the-uniq-command.md](ebook/en/content/074-the-uniq-command.md)\n- [075-the-rpm-command.md](ebook/en/content/075-the-rpm-command.md)\n- [076-the-scp-command.md](ebook/en/content/076-the-scp-command.md)\n- [077-the-sleep-command.md](ebook/en/content/077-the-sleep-command.md)\n- [078-the-split-command.md](ebook/en/content/078-the-split-command.md)\n- [079-the-stat-command.md](ebook/en/content/079-the-stat-command.md)\n- [080-the-useradd-command.md](ebook/en/content/080-the-useradd-command.md)\n- [081-the-userdel-command.md](ebook/en/content/081-the-userdel-command.md)\n- [082-the-usermod-command.md](ebook/en/content/082-the-usermod-command.md)\n- [083-the-ionice-command.md](ebook/en/content/083-the-ionice-command.md)\n- [084-the-du-command.md](ebook/en/content/084-the-du-command.md)\n- [085-the-ping-command.md](ebook/en/content/085-the-ping-command.md)\n- [086-the-rsync-command.md](ebook/en/content/086-the-rsync-command.md)\n- [087-the-dig-command.md](ebook/en/content/087-the-dig-command.md)\n- [088-the-whois-command.md](ebook/en/content/088-the-whois-command.md)\n- [089-the-ssh-command.md](ebook/en/content/089-the-ssh-command.md)\n- [090-the-awk-command.md](ebook/en/content/090-the-awk-command.md)\n- [091-the-crontab-command.md](ebook/en/content/091-the-crontab-command.md)\n- [092-the-xargs-command.md](ebook/en/content/092-the-xargs-command.md)\n- [093-the-nohup-command.md](ebook/en/content/093-the-nohup-command.md)\n- [094-the-pstree-command.md](ebook/en/content/094-the-pstree-command.md)\n- [095-the-tree-command.md](ebook/en/content/095-the-tree-command.md)\n- [096-the-whereis-command.md](ebook/en/content/096-the-whereis-command.md)\n- [097-the-printf-command.md](ebook/en/content/097-the-printf-command.md)\n- [098-the-cut-command.md](ebook/en/content/098-the-cut-command.md)\n- [099-the-sed-command.md](ebook/en/content/099-the-sed-command.md)\n- [100-the-vim-command.md](ebook/en/content/100-the-vim-command.md)\n- [101-the-chown-command.md](ebook/en/content/101-the-chown-command.md)\n- [102-the-find-command.md](ebook/en/content/102-the-find-command.md)\n- [103-the-rmdir-command.md](ebook/en/content/103-the-rmdir-command.md)\n- [104-the-lsblk-command.md](ebook/en/content/104-the-lsblk-command.md)\n- [105-the-cmatrix-command.md](ebook/en/content/105-the-cmatrix-command.md)\n- [106-the-chmod-command.md](ebook/en/content/106-the-chmod-command.md)\n- [107-the-grep-command.md](ebook/en/content/107-the-grep-command.md)\n- [108-the-screen-command.md](ebook/en/content/108-the-screen-command.md)\n- [109-the-nc-command.md](ebook/en/content/109-the-nc-command.md)\n- [110-the-make-command.md](ebook/en/content/110-the-make-command.md)\n- [111-the-basename-command.md](ebook/en/content/111-the-basename-command.md)\n- [112-the-banner-command.md](ebook/en/content/112-the-banner-command.md)\n- [113-the-alias-command.md](ebook/en/content/113-the-alias-command.md)\n- [114-the-which-command.md](ebook/en/content/114-the-which-command.md)\n- [115-the-date-command.md](ebook/en/content/115-the-date-command.md)\n- [116-the-mount-command.md](ebook/en/content/116-the-mount-command.md)\n- [117-the-nice-command.md](ebook/en/content/117-the-nice-command.md)\n- [118-the-wc-command.md](ebook/en/content/118-the-wc-command.md)\n- [119-the-tr-command.md](ebook/en/content/119-the-tr-command.md)\n- [120-the-fdisk-command.md](ebook/en/content/120-the-fdisk-command.md)\n- [121-the-wait-command.md](ebook/en/content/121-the-wait-command.md)\n- [122-the-zcat-command.md](ebook/en/content/122-the-zcat-command.md)\n- [123-the-fold-command.md](ebook/en/content/123-the-fold-command.md)\n- [124-the-quota-command.md](ebook/en/content/124-the-quota-command.md)\n- [125-the-aplay-command.md](ebook/en/content/125-the-aplay-command.md)\n- [126-the-spd-say-command.md](ebook/en/content/126-the-spd-say-command.md)\n- [127-the-xeyes-command.md](ebook/en/content/127-the-xeyes-command.md)\n- [128-the-parted-command.md](ebook/en/content/128-the-parted-command.md)\n- [129-the-nl-command.md](ebook/en/content/129-the-nl-command.md)\n- [130-the-pidof-command.md](ebook/en/content/130-the-pidof-command.md)\n- [131-the-shuf-command.md](ebook/en/content/131-the-shuf-command.md)\n- [132-the-less-command.md](ebook/en/content/132-the-less-command.md)\n- [133-the-nslookup-command.md](ebook/en/content/133-the-nslookup-command.md)\n- [134-the-cmp-command.md](ebook/en/content/134-the-cmp-command.md)\n- [135-the-expr-command.md](ebook/en/content/135-the-expr-command.md)\n\n# 🔗Links\n\n- [Free $200 Credit For DigitalOcean](https://m.do.co/c/2a9bba940f39)\n- [Join DevDojo](https://devdojo.com?ref=bobbyiliev)\n- [Ibis](https://github.com/themsaid/ibis/)\n- [Canva](https://www.canva.com/join/determined-cork-learn)\n- [Tails](http://devdojo.com/tails)\n\n# 📖Other eBooks\n\n- [Introduction to SQL](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/introduction-to-sql)\n- [Introduction to Git and GitHub](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/introduction-to-git-and-github-ebook)\n- [Introduction to Bash Scripting](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/introduction-to-bash-scripting)\n- [Laravel tips and tricks](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/laravel-tips-and-tricks-ebook)\n\n# 🤲Contributing\n\nIf you are contributing 🍿 please read the [contributing file](CONTRIBUTING.md) before submitting your pull requests.\n","project_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Famanpatelit%2Flinux-commands-book","html_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/projects/github.com%2Famanpatelit%2Flinux-commands-book","lists_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Famanpatelit%2Flinux-commands-book/lists"}