{"id":19303192,"url":"https://github.com/argentini/argentini.benford","last_synced_at":"2025-04-22T11:32:01.579Z","repository":{"id":155427931,"uuid":"497039434","full_name":"argentini/Argentini.Benford","owner":"argentini","description":"Experiment with Benford's Law to find data anomalies in number lists and images (Windows, macOS, Linux, .NET 8.0, x64, Arm64, Apple Silicon)","archived":false,"fork":false,"pushed_at":"2024-09-03T15:38:42.000Z","size":1937,"stargazers_count":8,"open_issues_count":0,"forks_count":2,"subscribers_count":2,"default_branch":"main","last_synced_at":"2025-04-01T22:46:51.944Z","etag":null,"topics":["analytics","anomalous-numbers","benfords-law","dotnet","fake","fraud","normal-distribution","numbers","patterns"],"latest_commit_sha":null,"homepage":"https://nonsequiturs.com/","language":"C#","has_issues":true,"has_wiki":null,"has_pages":null,"mirror_url":null,"source_name":null,"license":"mit","status":null,"scm":"git","pull_requests_enabled":true,"icon_url":"https://github.com/argentini.png","metadata":{"files":{"readme":"README.md","changelog":null,"contributing":"CONTRIBUTING.md","funding":null,"license":"LICENSE","code_of_conduct":"CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md","threat_model":null,"audit":null,"citation":null,"codeowners":null,"security":null,"support":null,"governance":null,"roadmap":null,"authors":null,"dei":null,"publiccode":null,"codemeta":null}},"created_at":"2022-05-27T15:03:27.000Z","updated_at":"2024-09-03T15:42:27.000Z","dependencies_parsed_at":"2024-11-09T23:25:49.608Z","dependency_job_id":"9352e2c3-816c-44c6-a71b-f36d3d836e28","html_url":"https://github.com/argentini/Argentini.Benford","commit_stats":null,"previous_names":[],"tags_count":0,"template":false,"template_full_name":null,"repository_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/argentini%2FArgentini.Benford","tags_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/argentini%2FArgentini.Benford/tags","releases_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/argentini%2FArgentini.Benford/releases","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/argentini%2FArgentini.Benford/manifests","owner_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/argentini","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/argentini/Argentini.Benford/tar.gz/refs/heads/main","host":{"name":"GitHub","url":"https://github.com","kind":"github","repositories_count":250232163,"owners_count":21396583,"icon_url":"https://github.com/github.png","version":null,"created_at":"2022-05-30T11:31:42.601Z","updated_at":"2022-07-04T15:15:14.044Z","host_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub","repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories","repository_names_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repository_names","owners_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners"}},"keywords":["analytics","anomalous-numbers","benfords-law","dotnet","fake","fraud","normal-distribution","numbers","patterns"],"created_at":"2024-11-09T23:25:24.762Z","updated_at":"2025-04-22T11:32:00.166Z","avatar_url":"https://github.com/argentini.png","language":"C#","funding_links":[],"categories":[],"sub_categories":[],"readme":"# What is Benford’s Law?\n\nWe all know about the [Normal distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution) and its ubiquity in all kind of natural phenomena or observations. But there is another law of numbers which does not get much attention but pops up everywhere — from nations’ population to stock market volumes to the domain of universal physical constants.\n\n**Benford’s Law**, also known as the **Law of First Digits**, the **Phenomenon of Significant Digits**, or the **Law of Anomalous Numbers** is the finding that the first digits (or numerals to be exact) of the numbers found in series of records of the most varied sources do not display a uniform distribution, but rather are arranged in such a way that the digit “1” is the most frequent, followed by “2”, “3”, and so in a successively decreasing manner down to “9”.\n\nThe distribution of first digits should follow the pattern in the image below:\n\n![Benford's Law Chart](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rozklad_benforda.svg/440px-Rozklad_benforda.svg.png)\n\nThis distribution is specifically:\n\n```\nDigit   Benford [%]\n=====   ===========\n1       30.10\n2       17.61\n3       12.49\n4       09.69\n5       07.92\n6       06.69\n7       05.80\n8       05.12\n9       04.58\n```\n\n## Project\n\nThis project is a .NET console app project to play with Benford's Law on images and a text file with numeric values. You can fill the text file with a large, random data set from most any source to see if the data follows this law and if not, implying the data has been artificially altered. Likewise you can put a set of images (*.jpg, *.tiff) into the *images* folder to analyze the pixel values in them. If the image results deviate from the law it could mean the image has been processed or altered.\n","project_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fargentini%2Fargentini.benford","html_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/projects/github.com%2Fargentini%2Fargentini.benford","lists_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fargentini%2Fargentini.benford/lists"}