{"id":21279206,"url":"https://github.com/medialab/ural","last_synced_at":"2025-04-30T22:14:22.201Z","repository":{"id":32440590,"uuid":"133951636","full_name":"medialab/ural","owner":"medialab","description":"A helper library full of URL-related heuristics.","archived":false,"fork":false,"pushed_at":"2025-03-25T10:15:18.000Z","size":1081,"stargazers_count":69,"open_issues_count":21,"forks_count":12,"subscribers_count":7,"default_branch":"master","last_synced_at":"2025-04-30T22:14:12.053Z","etag":null,"topics":["python","url"],"latest_commit_sha":null,"homepage":"","language":"Python","has_issues":true,"has_wiki":null,"has_pages":null,"mirror_url":null,"source_name":null,"license":"gpl-3.0","status":null,"scm":"git","pull_requests_enabled":true,"icon_url":"https://github.com/medialab.png","metadata":{"files":{"readme":"README.md","changelog":null,"contributing":null,"funding":null,"license":"LICENSE.txt","code_of_conduct":null,"threat_model":null,"audit":null,"citation":null,"codeowners":null,"security":null,"support":null,"governance":null,"roadmap":null,"authors":null,"dei":null,"publiccode":null,"codemeta":null}},"created_at":"2018-05-18T12:31:00.000Z","updated_at":"2025-03-30T19:19:01.000Z","dependencies_parsed_at":"2023-12-22T15:50:01.609Z","dependency_job_id":"8f5d4705-1a89-4022-aba2-d76d988d9901","html_url":"https://github.com/medialab/ural","commit_stats":{"total_commits":508,"total_committers":14,"mean_commits":"36.285714285714285","dds":0.2440944881889764,"last_synced_commit":"284ca9cc435e8114abe6fe04194013a797555549"},"previous_names":[],"tags_count":21,"template":false,"template_full_name":null,"repository_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/medialab%2Fural","tags_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/medialab%2Fural/tags","releases_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/medialab%2Fural/releases","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/medialab%2Fural/manifests","owner_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/medialab","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/medialab/ural/tar.gz/refs/heads/master","host":{"name":"GitHub","url":"https://github.com","kind":"github","repositories_count":251789618,"owners_count":21644086,"icon_url":"https://github.com/github.png","version":null,"created_at":"2022-05-30T11:31:42.601Z","updated_at":"2022-07-04T15:15:14.044Z","host_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub","repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories","repository_names_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repository_names","owners_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners"}},"keywords":["python","url"],"created_at":"2024-11-21T10:21:30.950Z","updated_at":"2025-04-30T22:14:22.194Z","avatar_url":"https://github.com/medialab.png","language":"Python","funding_links":[],"categories":[],"sub_categories":[],"readme":"[![Build Status](https://github.com/medialab/ural/workflows/Tests/badge.svg)](https://github.com/medialab/ural/actions) [![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/133951636.svg)](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/133951636)\n\n# Ural\n\nA python helper library full of URL-related heuristics.\n\n## Installation\n\nYou can install `ural` with pip with the following command:\n\n```\npip install ural\n```\n\n## How to cite?\n\n`ural` is published on [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/) as [![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/133951636.svg)](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/133951636)\n\nYou can cite it thusly:\n\n\u003e Guillaume Plique, Jules Farjas, Oubine Perrin, Benjamin Ooghe-Tabanou, Martin Delabre, Pauline Breteau, Jean Descamps, Béatrice Mazoyer, Amélie Pellé, Laura Miguel, \u0026 César Pichon. Ural, a python helper library full of URL-related heuristics. (2018). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8160139\n\n## Usage\n\n*Generic functions*\n\n* [canonicalize_url](#canonicalize_url)\n* [could_be_html](#could_be_html)\n* [could_be_rss](#could_be_rss)\n* [ensure_protocol](#ensure_protocol)\n* [fingerprint_hostname](#fingerprint_hostname)\n* [fingerprint_url](#fingerprint_url)\n* [force_protocol](#force_protocol)\n* [format_url](#format_url)\n* [get_domain_name](#get_domain_name)\n* [get_hostname](#get_hostname)\n* [get_fingerprinted_hostname](#get_fingerprinted_hostname)\n* [get_normalized_hostname](#get_normalized_hostname)\n* [has_special_host](#has_special_host)\n* [has_valid_suffix](#has_valid_suffix)\n* [has_valid_tld](#has_valid_tld)\n* [infer_redirection](#infer_redirection)\n* [is_homepage](#is_homepage)\n* [is_shortened_url](#is_shortened_url)\n* [is_special_host](#is_special_host)\n* [is_typo_url](#is_typo_url)\n* [is_url](#is_url)\n* [is_valid_tld](#is_valid_tld)\n* [links_from_html](#links_from_html)\n* [normalize_hostname](#normalize_hostname)\n* [normalize_url](#normalize_url)\n* [should_follow_href](#should_follow_href)\n* [should_resolve](#should_resolve)\n* [split_suffix](#split_suffix)\n* [strip_protocol](#strip_protocol)\n* [urlpathsplit](#urlpathsplit)\n* [urls_from_html](#urls_from_html)\n* [urls_from_text](#urls_from_text)\n\n*Utilities*\n\n* [Upgrading suffixes and TLDs](#upgrading-suffixes-and-tlds)\n\n*Classes*\n\n* [HostnameTrieSet](#hostnametrieset)\n  * [#.add](#hostnametrieset-add)\n  * [#.match](#hostnametrieset-match)\n\n*LRU-related functions* ([What on earth is a LRU?](#lru-explanation))\n\n* [lru.url_to_lru](#lruurl_to_lru)\n* [lru.lru_to_url](#lrulru_to_url)\n* [lru.lru_stems](#lrulru_stems)\n* [lru.canonicalized_lru_stems](#lrucanonicalized_lru_stems)\n* [lru.normalized_lru_stems](#lrunormalized_lru_stems)\n* [lru.fingerprinted_lru_stems](#lrufingerprinted_lru_stems)\n* [lru.serialize_lru](#lruserialize_lru)\n* [lru.unserialize_lru](#lruunserialize_lru)\n\n*LRU-related classes*\n\n* [LRUTrie](#lrutrie)\n  * [#.set](#lrutrie-set)\n  * [#.set_lru](#lrutrie-set_lru)\n  * [#.match](#lrutrie-match)\n  * [#.match_lru](#lrutrie-match_lru)\n\n* [CanonicalizedLRUTrie](#canonicalizedlrutrie)\n* [NormalizedLRUTrie](#normalizedlrutrie)\n* [FingerprintedLRUTrie](#fingerprintedlrutrie)\n\n*Platform-specific functions*\n\n* [facebook](#facebook)\n  * [has_facebook_comments](#has_facebook_comments)\n  * [is_facebook_id](#is_facebook_id)\n  * [is_facebook_full_id](#is_facebook_full_id)\n  * [is_facebook_url](#is_facebook_url)\n  * [is_facebook_post_url](#is_facebook_post_url)\n  * [is_facebook_link](#is_facebook_link)\n  * [convert_facebook_url_to_mobile](#convert_facebook_url_to_mobile)\n  * [parse_facebook_url](#parse_facebook_url)\n  * [extract_url_from_facebook_link](#extract_url_from_facebook_link)\n* [google](#google)\n  * [is_amp_url](#is_amp_url)\n  * [is_google_link](#is_google_link)\n  * [extract_url_from_google_link](#extract_url_from_google_link)\n  * [extract_id_from_google_drive_url](#extract_id_from_google_drive_url)\n  * [parse_google_drive_url](#parse_google_drive_url)\n* [instagram](#instagram)\n  * [is_instagram_post_shortcode](#is_instagram_post_shortcode)\n  * [is_instagram_username](#is_instagram_username)\n  * [is_instagram_url](#is_instagram_url)\n  * [extract_username_from_instagram_url](#extract_username_from_instagram_url)\n  * [parse_instagram_url](#parse_instagram_url)\n* [telegram](#telegram)\n  * [is_telegram_message_id](#is_telegram_message_id)\n  * [is_telegram_url](#is_telegram_url)\n  * [convert_telegram_url_to_public](#convert_telegram_url_to_public)\n  * [extract_channel_name_from_telegram_url](#extract_channel_name_from_telegram_url)\n  * [parse_telegram_url](#parse_telegram_url)\n* [twitter](#twitter)\n  * [is_twitter_url](#is_twitter_url)\n  * [extract_screen_name_from_twitter_url](#extract_screen_name_from_twitter_url)\n  * [parse_twitter_url](#parse_twitter_url)\n* [youtube](#youtube)\n  * [is_youtube_url](#is_youtube_url)\n  * [is_youtube_channel_id](#is_youtube_channel_id)\n  * [is_youtube_video_id](#is_youtube_video_id)\n  * [parse_youtube_url](#parse_youtube_url)\n  * [extract_video_id_from_youtube_url](#extract_video_id_from_youtube_url)\n  * [normalize_youtube_url](#normalize_youtube_url)\n\n---\n\n### Differences between canonicalize_url, normalize_url \u0026 fingerprint_url\n\n`ural` comes with three different url deduplication schemes, targeted to different use-cases and ordered hereafter by ascending aggressiveness:\n\n1. [canonicalize_url](#canonicalize_url): we clean the url by performing some light preprocessing usually done by web browsers before hitting them, e.g. lowercasing the hostname, decoding punycode, ensuring we have a protocol, dropping leading and trailing whitespace etc. The clean url is guaranteed to still lead to the same place.\n2. [normalize_url](#normalize_url): we apply more advanced preprocessing that will drop some parts of the url that are irrelevant to where the url leads, such as technical artifacts and SEO tricks. For instance, we will drop typical query items used by marketing campaigns, reorder the query items, infer some redirections, strip trailing slash or fragment when advisable etc. At that point, the url should be clean enough that one can perform meaningful statistical aggregation when counting them, all while ensuring with some good probability that the url still works and still leads to the same place, at least if the target server follows most common conventions.\n3. [fingerprint_url](#fingerprint_url): we go a step further and we perform destructive preprocessing that cannot guarantee that the resulting url will still be valid. But the result might be even more useful for statistical aggregation, especially when counting urls from large platforms having multiple domains (e.g. `facebook.com`, `facebook.fr` etc.)\n\n| Function         | Use-cases                            | Url validity           | Deduplication strength |\n|------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------|------------------------|\n| canonicalize_url | web crawler                          | Technically the same   | +                      |\n| normalize_url    | web crawler, statistical aggregation | Probably the same | ++                     |\n| fingerprint_url  | statistical aggregation              | Potentially invalid    | +++                    |\n\n*Example*\n\n```python\nfrom ural import canonicalize_url, normalize_url, fingerprint_url\n\nurl = 'https://www.FACEBOOK.COM:80/index.html?utc_campaign=3\u0026id=34'\n\ncanonicalize_url(url)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://www.facebook.com/index.html?utc_campaign=3\u0026id=34'\n# The same url, cleaned up a little\n\nnormalize_url(url)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com?id=34'\n# Still a valid url, with implicit protocol, where all the cruft has been discarded\n\nfingerprint_url(url, strip_suffix=True)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook?id=34'\n# Not a valid url anymore, but useful to match more potential\n# candidates such as: http://facebook.co.uk/index.html?id=34\n```\n\n---\n\n### canonicalize_url\n\nFunction returning a clean and safe version of the url by performing the same kind of preprocessing as web browsers.\n\nFor more details about this be sure to read [this](#differences-between-canonicalize_url-normalize_url--fingerprint_url) section of the docs.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import canonicalize_url\n\ncanonicalize_url('www.LEMONDE.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: url to canonicalize.\n* **quoted** *?bool* [`False`]: by default the function will unquote the url as much as possible all while keeping the url safe. If this kwarg is set to `True`, the function will instead quote the url as much as possible all while ensuring nothing will be double-quoted.\n* **default_protocol** *?str* [`https`]: default protocol to add when the url has none.\n* **strip_fragment** *?str* [`False`]: whether to strip the url's fragment.\n\n---\n\n### could_be_html\n\nFunction returning whether the url could return HTML.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import could_be_html\n\ncould_be_html('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\ncould_be_html('https://www.lemonde.fr/articles/page.php')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\ncould_be_html('https://www.lemonde.fr/data.json')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\ncould_be_html('https://www.lemonde.fr/img/figure.jpg')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n---\n\n### could_be_rss\n\nFunction returning whether the given url could be a rss feed url.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import could_be_rss\n\ncould_be_rss('https://www.lemonde.fr/cyclisme/rss_full.xml')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\ncould_be_rss('https://www.lemonde.fr/cyclisme/')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\ncould_be_rss('https://www.ecorce.org/spip.php?page=backend')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\ncould_be_rss('https://feeds.feedburner.com/helloworld')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n---\n\n### ensure_protocol\n\nFunction checking if the url has a protocol, and adding the given one if there is none.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import ensure_protocol\n\nensure_protocol('www.lemonde.fr', protocol='https')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://www.lemonde.fr'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: URL to format.\n* **protocol** *string*: protocol to use if there is none in **url**. Is 'http' by default.\n\n---\n\n### fingerprint_hostname\n\nFunction returning a \"fingerprinted\" version of the given hostname by stripping subdomains irrelevant for statistical aggregation. Be warned that this function is even more aggressive than [normalize_hostname](#normalize_hostname) and that the resulting hostname might not be valid anymore.\n\nFor more details about this be sure to read [this](#differences-between-canonicalize_url-normalize_url--fingerprint_url) section of the docs.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import fingerprint_hostname\n\nfingerprint_hostname('www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'lemonde.fr'\n\nfingerprint_hostname('fr-FR.facebook.com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com'\n\nfingerprint_hostname('fr-FR.facebook.com', strip_suffix=True)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **hostname** *string*: target hostname.\n* **strip_suffix** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to strip the hostname suffix such as `.com` or `.co.uk`. This can be useful to aggegate different domains of the same platform.\n\n---\n\n### fingerprint_url\n\nFunction returning a \"fingerprinted\" version of the given url that can be useful for statistical aggregation. Be warned that this function is even more aggressive than [normalize_url](#normalize_url) and that the resulting url might not be valid anymore.\n\nFor more details about this be sure to read [this](#differences-between-canonicalize_url-normalize_url--fingerprint_url) section of the docs.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import fingerprint_hostname\n\nfingerprint_url('www.lemonde.fr/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'lemonde.fr/article.html'\n\nfingerprint_url('fr-FR.facebook.com/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com/article.html'\n\nfingerprint_url('fr-FR.facebook.com/article.html', strip_suffix=True)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook/article.html'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: target url.\n* **strip_suffix** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to strip the hostname suffix such as `.com` or `.co.uk`. This can be useful to aggegate different domains of the same platform.\n* **platform_aware** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to take some well-known platforms supported by `ural` such as facebook, youtube etc. into account when normalizing the url.\n\n---\n\n### force_protocol\n\nFunction force-replacing the protocol of the given url.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import force_protocol\n\nforce_protocol('https://www2.lemonde.fr', protocol='ftp')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'ftp://www2.lemonde.fr'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: URL to format.\n* **protocol** *string*: protocol wanted in the output url. Is `'http'` by default.\n\n---\n\n### format_url\n\nFunction formatting a url given some typical parameters.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import format_url\n\nformat_url(\n  'https://lemonde.fr',\n  path='/article.html',\n  args={'id': '48675'},\n  fragment='title-2'\n)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr/article.html?id=48675#title-2'\n\n# Path can be given as an iterable\nformat_url('https://lemonde.fr', path=['articles', 'one.html'])\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr/articles/one.html'\n\n# Extension\nformat_url('https://lemonde.fr', path=['article'], ext='html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr/articles/article.html'\n\n# Query args are formatted/quoted and/or skipped if None/False\nformat_url(\n  \"http://lemonde.fr\",\n  path=[\"business\", \"articles\"],\n  args={\n    \"hello\": \"world\",\n    \"number\": 14,\n    \"boolean\": True,\n    \"skipped\": None,\n    \"also-skipped\": False,\n    \"quoted\": \"test=ok\",\n  },\n  fragment=\"#test\",\n)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'http://lemonde.fr/business/articles?boolean\u0026hello=world\u0026number=14\u0026quoted=test%3Dok#test'\n\n# Query args can also be passed as a list of (key, value) pairs\nformat_url(\"http://lemonde.fr\", args=[(\"id\", \"one\"), (\"name\", \"lucy\")])\n\u003e\u003e\u003e \"http://lemonde.fr?id=one\u0026name=lucy\n\n# Custom argument value formatting\ndef format_arg_value(key, value):\n  if key == 'ids':\n    return ','.join(value)\n\n  return key\n\nformat_url(\n  'https://lemonde.fr',\n  args={'ids': [1, 2]},\n  format_arg_value=format_arg_value\n)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr?ids=1%2C2'\n\n# Formatter class\nfrom ural import URLFormatter\n\nformatter = URLFormatter('https://lemonde.fr', args={'id': 'one'})\n\nformatter(path='/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr/article.html?id=one'\n\n# same as:\nformatter.format(path='/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr/article.html?id=one'\n\n# Query arguments are merged\nformatter(path='/article.html', args={\"user_id\": \"two\"})\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr/article.html?id=one\u0026user_id=two'\n\n# Easy subclassing\nclass MyCustomFormatter(URLFormatter):\n  BASE_URL = 'https://lemonde.fr/api'\n\n  def format_api_call(self, token):\n    return self.format(args={'token': token})\n\nformatter = MyCustomFormatter()\n\nformatter.format_api_call('2764753')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://lemonde.fr/api?token=2764753'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **base_url** *str*: Base url.\n* **path** *?str|list*: the url's path.\n* **args** *?dict|list*: query arguments as a dictionary or a list of (key, value) pairs.\n* **format_arg_value** *?callable*: function taking a query argument key and value and returning the formatted value.\n* **fragment** *?str*: the url's fragment.\n* **ext** *?str*: path extension such as `.html`.\n\n---\n\n### get_domain_name\n\nFunction returning an url's domain name. This function is of course tld-aware and will return `None` if no valid domain name can be found.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import get_domain_name\n\nget_domain_name('https://facebook.com/path')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com'\n```\n\n---\n\n### get_hostname\n\nFunction returning the given url's full hostname. It can work on scheme-less urls.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import get_hostname\n\nget_hostname('http://www.facebook.com/path')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'www.facebook.com'\n```\n\n---\n\n### get_fingerprinted_hostname\n\nFunction returning the \"fingerprinted\" hostname of the given url by stripping subdomains irrelevant for statistical aggregation. Be warned that this function is even more aggressive than [get_normalized_hostname](#get_normalized_hostname) and that the resulting hostname might not be valid anymore.\n\nFor more details about this be sure to read [this](#differences-between-canonicalize_url-normalize_url--fingerprint_url) section of the docs.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import get_normalized_hostname\n\nget_normalized_hostname('https://www.lemonde.fr/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'lemonde.fr'\n\nget_normalized_hostname('https://fr-FR.facebook.com/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com'\n\nget_normalized_hostname('https://fr-FR.facebook.com/article.html', strip_suffix=True)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: target url.\n* **strip_suffix** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to strip the hostname suffix such as `.com` or `.co.uk`. This can be useful to aggegate different domains of the same platform.\n\n---\n\n### get_normalized_hostname\n\nFunction returning the given url's normalized hostname, i.e. without usually irrelevant subdomains etc. Works a lot like [normalize_url](#normalize_url).\n\nFor more details about this be sure to read [this](#differences-between-canonicalize_url-normalize_url--fingerprint_url) section of the docs.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import get_normalized_hostname\n\nget_normalized_hostname('http://www.facebook.com/path')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com'\n\nget_normalized_hostname('http://fr-FR.facebook.com/path')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *str*: Target url.\n* **infer_redirection** *bool* [`True`]: whether to attempt resolving common redirects by leveraging well-known GET parameters.\n* **normalize_amp** *?bool* [`True`]: Whether to attempt to normalize Google AMP subdomains.\n\n---\n\n### has_special_host\n\nFunction returning whether the given url looks like it has a special host.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import has_special_host\n\nhas_special_host('http://104.19.154.83')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nhas_special_host('http://youtube.com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n---\n\n### has_valid_suffix\n\nFunction returning whether the given url has a valid suffix as per [Mozzila's Public Suffix List](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Public_Suffix_List).\n\n```python\nfrom ural import has_valid_suffix\n\nhas_valid_suffix('http://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nhas_valid_suffix('http://lemonde.doesnotexist')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\n# Also works with hostnames\nhas_valid_suffix('lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n---\n\n### has_valid_tld\n\nFunction returning whether the given url has a valid Top Level Domain (TLD) as per [IANA's list](https://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt).\n\n```python\nfrom ural import has_valid_tld\n\nhas_valid_tld('http://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nhas_valid_tld('http://lemonde.doesnotexist')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\n# Also works with hostnames\nhas_valid_tld('lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n---\n\n### infer_redirection\n\nFunction attempting to find obvious clues in the given url that it is in fact a redirection and resolving the redirection automatically without firing any HTTP request. If nothing is found, the given url will be returned as-is.\n\nThe function is by default recursive and will attempt to infer redirections until none is found, but you can disable this behavior if you need to.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import infer_redirection\n\ninfer_redirection('https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\u0026source=web\u0026rct=j\u0026url=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4iJBsjHMviQ\u0026ved=2ahUKEwiBm-TO3OvkAhUnA2MBHQRPAR4QwqsBMAB6BAgDEAQ\u0026usg=AOvVaw0i7y2_fEy3nwwdIZyo_qug')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4iJBsjHMviQ'\n\ninfer_redirection('https://test.com?url=http%3A%2F%2Flemonde.fr%3Fnext%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Ftarget.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'http://target.fr'\n\ninfer_redirection(\n  'https://test.com?url=http%3A%2F%2Flemonde.fr%3Fnext%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Ftarget.fr',\n  recursive=False\n)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'http://lemonde.fr?next=http%3A%2F%2Ftarget.fr'\n```\n\n---\n\n### is_homepage\n\nFunction returning whether the given url is *probably* a website's homepage, based on its path.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import is_homepage\n\nis_homepage('http://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_homepage('http://lemonde.fr/index.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_homepage('http://lemonde.fr/business/article5.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n---\n\n### is_shortened_url\n\nFunction returning whether the given url is *probably* a shortened url. It works by matching the given url domain against most prominent shortener domains. So the result could be a false negative.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import is_shortened_url\n\nis_shortened_url('http://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nis_shortened_url('http://bit.ly/1sNZMwL')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n---\n\n### is_special_host\n\nFunction returning whether the given hostname looks like a special host.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import is_special_host\n\nis_special_host('104.19.154.83')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_special_host('youtube.com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n---\n\n### is_typo_url\n\nFunction returning whether the given string is *probably* a typo error. This function doesn't test if the given string is a valid url. It works by matching the given url tld against most prominent typo-like tlds or by matching the given string against most prominent inclusive language terminations. So the result could be a false negative.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import is_typo_url\n\nis_typo_url('http://dirigeants.es')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_typo_url('https://www.instagram.com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n---\n\n### is_url\n\nFunction returning whether the given string is a valid url.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import is_url\n\nis_url('https://www2.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_url('lemonde.fr/economie/article.php', require_protocol=False)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_url('lemonde.falsetld/whatever.html', tld_aware=True)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **string** *string*: string to test.\n* **require_protocol** *bool* [`True`]: whether the argument has to have a protocol to be considered a url.\n* **tld_aware** *bool* [`False`]: whether to check if the url's tld actually exists or not.\n* **allow_spaces_in_path** *bool* [`False`]: whether the allow spaces in URL paths.\n* **only_http_https** *bool* [`True`]: whether to only allow the `http` and `https` protocols.\n\n---\n\n### is_valid_tld\n\nFunction returning whether the given Top Level Domain (TLD) is valid as per [IANA's list](https://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt).\n\n```python\nfrom ural import is_valid_tld\n\nis_valid_tld('.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_valid_tld('com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_valid_tld('.doesnotexist')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n---\n\n### links_from_html\n\nFunction returning an iterator over the valid outgoing links present in given HTML text.\n\nThis is a variant of [urls_from_html](#urls_from_html) suited to web crawlers. It can deduplicate the urls, canonicalize them, join them with a base url and filter out things that should not be followed such as `mailto:` or `javascript:` href links etc. It will also skip any url equivalent to the given base url.\n\nNote this function is able to work both on string and bytes seamlessly.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import links_from_html\n\nhtml = b\"\"\"\n\u003cp\u003e\n  Hey! Check this site:\n  \u003ca href=\"https://medialab.sciencespo.fr/\"\u003emédialab\u003c/a\u003e\n  And also this page:\n  \u003ca href=\"article.html\"\u003earticle\u003c/a\u003e\n  Or click on this:\n  \u003ca href=\"javascript:alert('hello');\"\u003elink\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\"\"\"\n\nfor link in links_from_html('http://lemonde.fr', html):\n    print(link)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://medialab.sciencespo.fr/'\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'http://lemonde.fr/article.html'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **base_url** *string*: the HTML's url.\n* **string** *string|bytes*: html string or bytes.\n* **encoding** *?string* [`utf-8`]: if given binary, this encoding will be used to decode the found urls.\n* **canonicalize** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to canonicalize the urls using [canonicalize_url](#canonicalize_url).\n* **strip_fragment** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to strip the url fragments when using `canonicalize`.\n* **unique** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to deduplicate the urls.\n\n---\n\n### normalize_hostname\n\nFunction normalizing the given hostname, i.e. without usually irrelevant subdomains etc. Works a lot like [normalize_url](#normalize_url).\n\nFor more details about this be sure to read [this](#differences-between-canonicalize_url-normalize_url--fingerprint_url) section of the docs.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import normalize_hostname\n\nnormalize_hostname('www.facebook.com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com'\n\nnormalize_hostname('fr-FR.facebook.com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'facebook.com'\n```\n\n---\n\n### normalize_url\n\nFunction normalizing the given url by stripping it of usually non-discriminant parts such as irrelevant query items or sub-domains etc.\n\nThis is a very useful utility when attempting to match similar urls written slightly differently when shared on social media etc.\n\nFor more details about this be sure to read [this](#differences-between-canonicalize_url-normalize_url--fingerprint_url) section of the docs.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import normalize_url\n\nnormalize_url('https://www2.lemonde.fr/index.php?utm_source=google')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'lemonde.fr'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: URL to normalize.\n* **infer_redirection** *?bool* [`True`]: whether to attempt resolving common redirects by leveraging well-known GET parameters.\n* **fix_common_mistakes** *?bool* [`True`]: whether to attempt to fix common URL mistakes.\n* **normalize_amp** *?bool* [`True`]: whether to attempt to normalize Google AMP urls.\n* **sort_query** *?bool* [`True`]: whether to sort query items.\n* **strip_authentication** *?bool* [`True`]: whether to strip authentication.\n* **strip_fragment** *?bool|str* [`'except-routing'`]: whether to strip the url's fragment. If set to `except-routing`, will only strip the fragment if the fragment is not deemed to be js routing (i.e. if it contains a `/`).\n* **strip_index** *?bool* [`True`]: whether to strip trailing index.\n* **strip_irrelevant_subdomains** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to strip irrelevant subdomains such as `www` etc.\n* **strip_protocol** *?bool* [`True`]: whether to strip the url's protocol.\n* **strip_trailing_slash** *?bool* [`True`]: whether to strip trailing slash.\n* **quoted** *?bool* [`False`]: by default the function will unquote the url as much as possible all while keeping the url safe. If this kwarg is set to `True`, the function will instead quote the url as much as possible all while ensuring nothing will be double-quoted.\n* **platform_aware** *?bool* [`False`]: whether to take some well-known platforms supported by `ural` such as facebook, youtube etc. into account when normalizing the url.\n\n---\n\n### should_follow_href\n\nFunction returning whether the given href should be followed (usually from a crawler's context). This means it will filter out anchors, and url having a scheme which is not http/https.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import should_follow_href\n\nshould_follow_href('#top')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nshould_follow_href('http://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nshould_follow_href('/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n---\n\n### should_resolve\n\nFunction returning whether the given function looks like something you would want to resolve because the url will *probably* lead to some redirection.\n\nIt is quite similar to [is_shortened_url](#is_shortened_url) but covers more ground since it also deal with url patterns which are not shortened per se.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import should_resolve\n\nshould_resolve('http://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nshould_resolve('http://bit.ly/1sNZMwL')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nshould_resolve('https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.26405')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n---\n\n### split_suffix\n\nFunction splitting a hostname or a url's hostname into the domain part and the suffix part (while respecting [Mozzila's Public Suffix List](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Public_Suffix_List)).\n\n```python\nfrom ural import split_suffix\n\nsplit_suffix('http://www.bbc.co.uk/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ('www.bbc', 'co.uk')\n\nsplit_suffix('http://www.bbc.idontexist')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n\nsplit_suffix('lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ('lemonde', 'fr')\n```\n\n---\n\n### strip_protocol\n\nFunction removing the protocol from the url.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import strip_protocol\n\nstrip_protocol('https://www2.lemonde.fr/index.php')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'www2.lemonde.fr/index.php'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: URL to format.\n\n---\n\n### urlpathsplit\n\nFunction taking a url and returning its path, tokenized as a list.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import urlpathsplit\n\nurlpathsplit('http://lemonde.fr/section/article.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ['section', 'article.html']\n\nurlpathsplit('http://lemonde.fr/')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e []\n\n# If you want to split a path directly\nfrom ural import pathsplit\n\npathsplit('/section/articles/')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ['section', 'articles']\n```\n\n---\n\n### urls_from_html\n\nFunction returning an iterator over the urls present in the links of given HTML text.\n\nNote this function is able to work both on string and bytes seamlessly.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import urls_from_html\n\nhtml = \"\"\"\u003cp\u003eHey! Check this site: \u003ca href=\"https://medialab.sciencespo.fr/\"\u003emédialab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\"\"\"\n\nfor url in urls_from_html(html):\n    print(url)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://medialab.sciencespo.fr/'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **string** *string|bytes*: html string or bytes.\n* **encoding** *?string* [`utf-8`]: if given binary, this encoding will be used to decode the found urls.\n* **errors** *?string* [`strict`]: policy on decode errors.\n\n---\n\n### urls_from_text\n\nFunction returning an iterator over the urls present in the string argument. Extracts only urls having a protocol.\n\nNote that this function is somewhat markdown-aware, and punctuation-aware.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import urls_from_text\n\ntext = \"Hey! Check this site: https://medialab.sciencespo.fr/, it looks really cool. They're developing many tools on https://github.com/\"\n\nfor url in urls_from_text(text):\n    print(url)\n\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://medialab.sciencespo.fr/'\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://github.com/'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **string** *string*: source string.\n\n---\n\n### Upgrading suffixes and TLDs\n\nIf you want to upgrade the package's data wrt Mozilla suffixes and IANA TLDs, you can do so either by running the following command:\n\n```bash\npython -m ural upgrade\n```\n\nor directly in your python code:\n\n```python\nfrom ural.tld import upgrade\n\nupgrade()\n\n# Or if you want to patch runtime only this time, or regularly\n# (for long running programs or to avoid rights issues etc.):\nupgrade(transient=True)\n```\n\n---\n\n### HostnameTrieSet\n\nClass implementing a hierarchic set of hostnames so you can efficiently query whether urls match hostnames in the set.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import HostnameTrieSet\n\ntrie = HostnameTrieSet()\n\ntrie.add('lemonde.fr')\ntrie.add('business.lefigaro.fr')\n\ntrie.match('https://liberation.fr/article1.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\ntrie.match('https://lemonde.fr/article1.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\ntrie.match('https://www.lemonde.fr/article1.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\ntrie.match('https://lefigaro.fr/article1.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\ntrie.match('https://business.lefigaro.fr/article1.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n\u003ch4 id=\"hostnametrieset-add\"\u003e#.add\u003c/h4\u003e\n\nMethod add a single hostname to the set.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import HostnameTrieSet\n\ntrie = HostnameTrieSet()\ntrie.add('lemonde.fr')\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **hostname** *string*: hostname to add to the set.\n\n\u003ch4 id=\"hostnametrieset-match\"\u003e#.match\u003c/h4\u003e\n\nMethod returning whether the given url matches any of the set's hostnames.\n\n```python\nfrom ural import HostnameTrieSet\n\ntrie = HostnameTrieSet()\ntrie.add('lemonde.fr')\n\ntrie.match('https://liberation.fr/article1.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\ntrie.match('https://lemonde.fr/article1.html')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string|urllib.parse.SplitResult*: url to match.\n\n---\n\n### lru.url_to_lru\n\nFunction converting the given url to a serialized lru.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import url_to_lru\n\nurl_to_lru('http://www.lemonde.fr:8000/article/1234/index.html?field=value#2')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 's:http|t:8000|h:fr|h:lemonde|h:www|p:article|p:1234|p:index.html|q:field=value|f:2|'\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: url to convert.\n* **suffix_aware** *?bool*: whether to be mindful of suffixes when converting (e.g. considering \"co.uk\" as a single token).\n\n---\n\n### lru.lru_to_url\n\nFunction converting the given serialized lru or lru stems to a proper url.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import lru_to_url\n\nlru_to_url('s:http|t:8000|h:fr|h:lemonde|h:www|p:article|p:1234|p:index.html|')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'http://www.lemonde.fr:8000/article/1234/index.html'\n\nlru_to_url(['s:http', 'h:fr', 'h:lemonde', 'h:www', 'p:article', 'p:1234', 'p:index.html'])\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'http://www.lemonde.fr:8000/article/1234/index.html'\n```\n\n---\n\n### lru.lru_stems\n\nFunction returning url parts in hierarchical order.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import lru_stems\n\nlru_stems('http://www.lemonde.fr:8000/article/1234/index.html?field=value#2')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ['s:http', 't:8000', 'h:fr', 'h:lemonde', 'h:www', 'p:article', 'p:1234', 'p:index.html', 'q:field=value', 'f:2']\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: URL to parse.\n* **suffix_aware** *?bool*: whether to be mindful of suffixes when converting (e.g. considering \"co.uk\" as a single token).\n\n---\n\n### lru.canonicalized_lru_stems\n\nFunction canonicalizing the url and returning its parts in hierarchical order.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import canonicalized_lru_stems\n\ncanonicalized_lru_stems('http://www.lemonde.fr/article/1234/index.html?field=value#2')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ['s:http', 'h:fr', 'h:lemonde', 'p:article', 'p:1234', 'q:field=value', 'f:2']\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\nThis function accepts the same arguments as [canonicalize_url](#canonicalize_url).\n\n---\n\n### lru.normalized_lru_stems\n\nFunction normalizing the url and returning its parts in hierarchical order.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import normalized_lru_stems\n\nnormalized_lru_stems('http://www.lemonde.fr/article/1234/index.html?field=value#2')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ['h:fr', 'h:lemonde', 'p:article', 'p:1234', 'q:field=value']\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\nThis function accepts the same arguments as [normalize_url](#normalize_url).\n\n---\n\n### lru.fingerprinted_lru_stems\n\nFunction fingerprinting the url and returning its parts in hierarchical order.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import fingerprinted_lru_stems\n\nfingerprinted_lru_stems('http://www.lemonde.fr/article/1234/index.html?field=value#2', strip_suffix=True)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ['h:lemonde', 'p:article', 'p:1234', 'q:field=value']\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\nThis function accepts the same arguments as [fingerprint_url](#fingerprint_url).\n\n---\n\n### lru.serialize_lru\n\nFunction serializing lru stems to a string.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import serialize_lru\n\nserialize_lru(['s:https', 'h:fr', 'h:lemonde'])\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 's:https|h:fr|h:lemonde|'\n```\n\n---\n\n### lru.unserialize_lru\n\nFunction unserializing stringified lru to a list of stems.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import unserialize_lru\n\nunserialize_lru('s:https|h:fr|h:lemonde|')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e ['s:https', 'h:fr', 'h:lemonde']\n```\n\n---\n\n### LRUTrie\n\nClass implementing a prefix tree (Trie) storing URLs hierarchically by storing them as LRUs along with some arbitrary metadata. It is very useful when needing to match URLs by longest common prefix.\n\nNote that this class directly inherits from the `phylactery` library's [`TrieDict`](https://github.com/Yomguithereal/phylactery/blob/master/phylactery/triedict.py) so you can also use any of its methods.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import LRUTrie\n\ntrie = LRUTrie()\n\n# To respect suffixes\ntrie = LRUTrie(suffix_aware=True)\n```\n\n\u003ch4 id=\"lrutrie-set\"\u003e#.set\u003c/h4\u003e\n\nMethod storing a URL in a LRUTrie along with its metadata.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import LRUTrie\n\ntrie = LRUTrie()\ntrie.set('http://www.lemonde.fr', {'type': 'general press'})\n\ntrie.match('http://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e {'type': 'general press'}\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: url to store in the LRUTrie.\n* **metadata** *any*: metadata of the url.\n\n\u003ch4 id=\"lrutrie-set_lru\"\u003e#.set_lru\u003c/h4\u003e\n\nMethod storing a URL already represented as a LRU or LRU stems along with its metadata.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import LRUTrie\n\ntrie = LRUTrie()\n\n# Using stems\ntrie.set_lru(['s:http', 'h:fr', 'h:lemonde', 'h:www'], {'type': 'general press'})\n\n# Using serialized lru\ntrie.set_lru('s:http|h:fr|h:lemonde|h:www|', {'type': 'general_press'})\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **lru** *string|list*: lru to store in the Trie.\n* **metadata** *any*: metadata to attach to the lru.\n\n\u003ch4 id=\"lrutrie-match\"\u003e#.match\u003c/h4\u003e\n\nMethod returning the metadata attached to the longest prefix match of your query URL. Will return `None` if no common prefix can be found.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import LRUTrie\n\ntrie = LRUTrie()\ntrie.set('http://www.lemonde.fr', {'media': 'lemonde'})\n\ntrie.match('http://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e {'media': 'lemonde'}\ntrie.match('http://www.lemonde.fr/politique')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e {'media': 'lemonde'}\n\ntrie.match('http://www.lefigaro.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *string*: url to match in the LRUTrie.\n\n\u003ch4 id=\"lrutrie-match_lru\"\u003e#.match_lru\u003c/h4\u003e\n\nMethod returning the metadata attached to the longest prefix match of your query LRU. Will return `None` if no common prefix can be found.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import LRUTrie\n\ntrie = LRUTrie()\ntrie.set(['s:http', 'h:fr', 'h:lemonde', 'h:www'], {'media': 'lemonde'})\n\ntrie.match(['s:http', 'h:fr', 'h:lemonde', 'h:www'])\n\u003e\u003e\u003e {'media': 'lemonde'}\ntrie.match('s:http|h:fr|h:lemonde|h:www|p:politique|')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e {'media': 'lemonde'}\n\ntrie.match(['s:http', 'h:fr', 'h:lefigaro', 'h:www'])\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **lru** *string|list*: lru to match in the LRUTrie.\n\n---\n\n### CanonicalizedLRUTrie\n\nThe `CanonicalizedLRUTrie` is nearly identical to the standard [`LRUTrie`](#LRUTrie) except that it canonicalizes given urls before attempting any operation using the [`canonicalize_url`](#canonicalize_url) function.\n\nIts constructor therefore takes the same arguments as the beforementioned function.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import CanonicalizedLRUTrie\n\ntrie = CanonicalizedLRUTrie(strip_fragment=False)\n```\n\n---\n\n### NormalizedLRUTrie\n\nThe `NormalizedLRUTrie` is nearly identical to the standard [`LRUTrie`](#LRUTrie) except that it normalizes given urls before attempting any operation using the [`normalize_url`](#normalize_url) function.\n\nIts constructor therefore takes the same arguments as the beforementioned function.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import NormalizedLRUTrie\n\ntrie = NormalizedLRUTrie(normalize_amp=False)\n```\n\n---\n\n### FingerprintedLRUTrie\n\nThe `FingerprintedLRUTrie` is nearly identical to the standard [`LRUTrie`](#LRUTrie) except that it fingerprints given urls before attempting any operation using the [`fingerprint_url`](#fingerprint_url) function.\n\nIts constructor therefore takes the same arguments as the beforementioned function.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.lru import FingerprintedLRUTrie\n\ntrie = FingerprintedLRUTrie(strip_suffix=False)\n```\n\n---\n\n### Facebook\n\n#### has_facebook_comments\n\nFunction returning whether the given url is pointing to a Facebook resource potentially having comments (such as a post, photo or video for instance).\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import has_facebook_comments\n\nhas_facebook_comments('https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1354978971282622\u0026id=598338556946671')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nhas_facebook_comments('https://www.facebook.com/108824017345866/videos/311658803718223')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nhas_facebook_comments('https://www.facebook.com/astucerie/')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nhas_facebook_comments('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nhas_facebook_comments('/permalink.php?story_fbid=1354978971282622\u0026id=598338556946671', allow_relative_urls=True)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n#### is_facebook_id\n\nFunction returning whether the given string is a valid Facebook id or not.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import is_facebook_id\n\nis_facebook_id('974583586343')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_facebook_id('whatever')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_facebook_full_id\n\nFunction returning whether the given string is a valid Facebook full post id or not.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import is_facebook_full_id\n\nis_facebook_full_id('974583586343_9749757953')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_facebook_full_id('974583586343')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nis_facebook_full_id('whatever')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_facebook_url\n\nFunction returning whether given url is from Facebook or not.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import is_facebook_url\n\nis_facebook_url('http://www.facebook.com/post/974583586343')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_facebook_url('https://fb.me/846748464')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_facebook_url('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_facebook_post_url\n\nFunction returning whether the given url is a Facebook post or not.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import is_facebook_post_url\n\nis_facebook_post_url('http://www.facebook.com/post/974583586343')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_facebook_post_url('http://www.facebook.com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nis_facebook_post_url('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_facebook_link\n\nFunction returning whether the given url is a Facebook redirection link.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import is_facebook_link\n\nis_facebook_link('https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaos-controle.com%2Farchives%2F2013%2F10%2F14%2F28176300.html\u0026amp;h=AT0iUqJpUTMzHAH8HAXwZ11p8P3Z-SrY90wIXZhcjMnxBTHMiau8Fv1hvz00ZezRegqmF86SczyUXx3Gzdt_MdFH-I4CwHIXKKU9L6w522xwOqkOvLAylxojGEwrp341uC-GlVyGE2N7XwTPK9cpP0mQ8PIrWh8Qj2gHIIR08Js0mUr7G8Qe9fx66uYcfnNfTTF1xi0Us8gTo4fOZxAgidGWXsdgtU_OdvQqyEm97oHzKbWfXjkhsrzbtb8ZNMDwCP5099IMcKRD8Hi5H7W3vwh9hd_JlRgm5Z074epD_mGAeoEATE_QUVNTxO0SHO4XNn2Z7LgBamvevu1ENBcuyuSOYA0BsY2cx8mPWJ9t44tQcnmyQhBlYm_YmszDaQx9IfVP26PRqhsTLz-kZzv0DGMiJFU78LVWVPc9QSw2f9mA5JYWr29w12xJJ5XGQ6DhJxDMWRnLdG8Tnd7gZKCaRdqDER1jkO72u75-o4YuV3CLh4j-_4u0fnHSzHdVD8mxr9pNEgu8rvJF1E2H3-XbzA6F2wMQtFCejH8MBakzYtTGNvHSexSiKphE04Ci1Z23nBjCZFsgNXwL3wbIXWfHjh2LCKyihQauYsnvxp6fyioStJSGgyA9GGEswizHa20lucQF0S0F8H9-')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_facebook_link('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### convert_facebook_url_to_mobile\n\nFunction returning the mobile version of the given Facebook url. Will raise an exception if a non-Facebook url is given.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import convert_facebook_url_to_mobile\n\nconvert_facebook_url_to_mobile('http://www.facebook.com/post/974583586343')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'http://m.facebook.com/post/974583586343'\n```\n\n#### parse_facebook_url\n\nFunction parsing the given Facebook url.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import parse_facebook_url\n\n# Importing related classes if you need to perform tests\nfrom ural.facebook import (\n  FacebookHandle,\n  FacebookUser,\n  FacebookGroup,\n  FacebookPost,\n  FacebookPhoto,\n  FacebookVideo\n)\n\nparse_facebook_url('https://www.facebook.com/people/Sophia-Aman/102016783928989')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e FacebookUser(id='102016783928989')\n\nparse_facebook_url('https://www.facebook.com/groups/159674260452951')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e FacebookGroup(id='159674260452951')\n\nparse_facebook_url('https://www.facebook.com/groups/159674260852951/permalink/1786992671454427/')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e FacebookPost(id='1786992671454427', group_id='159674260852951')\n\nparse_facebook_url('https://www.facebook.com/108824017345866/videos/311658803718223')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e FacebookVideo(id='311658803718223', parent_id='108824017345866')\n\nparse_facebook_url('https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10222721681573727')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e FacebookPhoto(id='10222721681573727')\n\nparse_facebook_url('/annelaure.rivolu?rc=p\u0026__tn__=R', allow_relative_urls=True)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e FacebookHandle(handle='annelaure.rivolu')\n\nparse_facebook_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n#### extract_url_from_facebook_link\n\nFunction extracting target url from a Facebook redirection link.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.facebook import extract_url_from_facebook_link\n\nextract_url_from_facebook_link('https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaos-controle.com%2Farchives%2F2013%2F10%2F14%2F28176300.html\u0026amp;h=AT0iUqJpUTMzHAH8HAXwZ11p8P3Z-SrY90wIXZhcjMnxBTHMiau8Fv1hvz00ZezRegqmF86SczyUXx3Gzdt_MdFH-I4CwHIXKKU9L6w522xwOqkOvLAylxojGEwrp341uC-GlVyGE2N7XwTPK9cpP0mQ8PIrWh8Qj2gHIIR08Js0mUr7G8Qe9fx66uYcfnNfTTF1xi0Us8gTo4fOZxAgidGWXsdgtU_OdvQqyEm97oHzKbWfXjkhsrzbtb8ZNMDwCP5099IMcKRD8Hi5H7W3vwh9hd_JlRgm5Z074epD_mGAeoEATE_QUVNTxO0SHO4XNn2Z7LgBamvevu1ENBcuyuSOYA0BsY2cx8mPWJ9t44tQcnmyQhBlYm_YmszDaQx9IfVP26PRqhsTLz-kZzv0DGMiJFU78LVWVPc9QSw2f9mA5JYWr29w12xJJ5XGQ6DhJxDMWRnLdG8Tnd7gZKCaRdqDER1jkO72u75-o4YuV3CLh4j-_4u0fnHSzHdVD8mxr9pNEgu8rvJF1E2H3-XbzA6F2wMQtFCejH8MBakzYtTGNvHSexSiKphE04Ci1Z23nBjCZFsgNXwL3wbIXWfHjh2LCKyihQauYsnvxp6fyioStJSGgyA9GGEswizHa20lucQF0S0F8H9-')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'http://www.chaos-controle.com/archives/2013/10/14/28176300.html'\n\nextract_url_from_facebook_link('http://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n---\n\n### Google\n\n#### is_amp_url\n\nReturns whether the given url is probably a Google AMP url.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.google import is_amp_url\n\nis_amp_url('http://www.europe1.fr/sante/les-onze-vaccins.amp')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_amp_url('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_google_link\n\nReturns whether the given url is a Google search link.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.google import is_google_link\n\nis_google_link('https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\u0026rct=j\u0026q=\u0026esrc=s\u0026source=web\u0026cd=4\u0026cad=rja\u0026uact=8\u0026ved=2ahUKEwjp8Lih_LnmAhWQlxQKHVTmCJYQFjADegQIARAB\u0026url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mon-ip.com%2F\u0026usg=AOvVaw0sfeZJyVtUS2smoyMlJmes')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_google_link('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### extract_url_from_google_link\n\nExtracts the url from the given Google search link. This is useful to \"resolve\" the links scraped from Google's search results. Returns `None` if given url is not valid nor relevant.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.google import extract_url_from_google_link\n\nextract_url_from_google_link('https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\u0026rct=j\u0026q=\u0026esrc=s\u0026source=web\u0026cd=1\u0026cad=rja\u0026uact=8\u0026ved=2ahUKEwicu4K-rZzmAhWOEBQKHRNWA08QFjAAegQIARAB\u0026url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fieff.ogbeide\u0026usg=AOvVaw0vrBVCiIHUr5pncjeLpPUp')\n\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://www.facebook.com/ieff.ogbeide'\n\nextract_url_from_google_link('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n#### extract_id_from_google_drive_url\n\nExtracts a file id from the given Google drive url. Returns `None` if given url is not valid nor relevant.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.google import extract_id_from_google_drive_url\n\nextract_id_from_google_drive_url('https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Q9sJtAb1BZhUMjxCLMrVASx3AoNDp5iV3VkbPjlg/edit#gid=0')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e '1Q9sJtAb1BZhUMjxCLMrVASx3AoNDp5iV3VkbPjlg'\n\nextract_id_from_google_drive_url('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n#### parse_google_drive_url\n\nParse the given Google drive url. Returns `None` if given is not valid nor relevant.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.google import (\n  parse_google_drive_url,\n  GoogleDriveFile,\n  GoogleDrivePublicLink\n)\n\nparse_google_drive_url('https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Q9sJtAb1BZhUMjxCLMrVASx3AoNDp5iV3VkbPjlg/edit#gid=0')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e GoogleDriveFile('spreadsheets', '1Q9sJtAb1BZhUMjxCLMrVASx3AoNDp5iV3VkbPjlg')\n\nparse_google_drive_url('https://www.lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n---\n\n### Instagram\n\n#### is_instagram_post_shortcode\n\nFunction returning whether the given string is a valid Instagram post shortcode or not.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.instagram import is_instagram_post_shortcode\n\nis_instagram_post_shortcode('974583By-5_86343')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_instagram_post_shortcode('whatever!!')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_instagram_username\n\nFunction returning whether the given string is a valid Instagram username or not.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.instagram import is_instagram_username\n\nis_instagram_username('97458.3By-5_86343')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_instagram_username('whatever!!')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_instagram_url\n\nReturns whether the given url is from Instagram.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.instagram import is_instagram_url\n\nis_instagram_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nis_instagram_url('https://www.instagram.com/guillaumelatorre')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n#### extract_username_from_instagram_url\n\nReturn a username from the given Instagram url or `None` if we could not find one.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.instagram import extract_username_from_instagram_url\n\nextract_username_from_instagram_url('https://www.instagram.com/martin_dupont/p/BxKRx5CHn5i/')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'martin_dupont'\n\nextract_username_from_instagram_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n\n```\n\n#### parse_instagram_url\n\nReturns parsed information about the given Instagram url: either about the post, the user or the reel. If the url is an invalid Instagram url or if not an Instagram url, the function returns `None`.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.instagram import (\n  parse_instagram_url,\n\n  # You can also import the named tuples if you need them\n  InstagramPost,\n  InstagramUser,\n  InstagramReel\n)\n\nparse_instagram_url('https://www.instagram.com/martin_dupont/p/BxKRx5CHn5i/')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e InstagramPost(id='BxKRx5CHn5i', name='martin_dupont')\n\nparse_instagram_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n\nparse_instagram_url('https://www.instagram.com/p/BxKRx5-Hn5i/')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e InstagramPost(id='BxKRx5-Hn5i', name=None)\n\nparse_instagram_url('https://www.instagram.com/martin_dupont')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e InstagramUser(name='martin_dupont')\n\nparse_instagram_url('https://www.instagram.com/reels/BxKRx5-Hn5i')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e InstagramReel(id='BxKRx5-Hn5i')\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *str*: Instagram url to parse.\n\n---\n\n### Telegram\n\n#### is_telegram_message_id\n\nFunction returning whether the given string is a valid Telegram message id or not.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.telegram import is_telegram_message_id\n\nis_telegram_message_id('974583586343')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_telegram_message_id('whatever')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_telegram_url\n\nReturns whether the given url is from Telegram.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.telegram import is_telegram_url\n\nis_telegram_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nis_telegram_url('https://telegram.me/guillaumelatorre')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_telegram_url('https://t.me/s/jesstern')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n#### convert_telegram_url_to_public\n\nFunction returning the public version of the given Telegram url. Will raise an exception if a non-Telegram url is given.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.teglegram import convert_telegram_url_to_public\n\nconvert_telegram_url_to_public('https://t.me/jesstern')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://t.me/s/jesstern'\n```\n\n#### extract_channel_name_from_telegram_url\n\nReturn a channel from the given Telegram url or `None` if we could not find one.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.telegram import extract_channel_name_from_telegram_url\n\nextract_channel_name_from_telegram_url('https://t.me/s/jesstern/345')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'jesstern'\n\nextract_channel_name_from_telegram_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n\n```\n\n#### parse_telegram_url\n\nReturns parsed information about the given telegram url: either about the channel, message or user. If the url is an invalid Telegram url or if not a Telegram url, the function returns `None`.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.telegram import (\n  parse_telegram_url,\n\n  # You can also import the named tuples if you need them\n  TelegramMessage,\n  TelegramChannel,\n  TelegramGroup\n)\n\nparse_telegram_url('https://t.me/s/jesstern/76')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e TelegramMessage(name='jesstern', id='76')\n\nparse_telegram_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n\nparse_telegram_url('https://telegram.me/rapsocialclub')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e TelegramChannel(name='rapsocialclub')\n\nparse_telegram_url('https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAE9B8u_wO9d4NiJp3w')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e TelegramGroup(id='AAAAAE9B8u_wO9d4NiJp3w')\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *str*: Telegram url to parse.\n\n---\n\n### Twitter\n\n#### is_twitter_url\n\nReturns whether the given url is from Twitter.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.twitter import is_twitter_url\n\nis_twitter_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nis_twitter_url('https://www.twitter.com/Yomguithereal')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_twitter_url('https://twitter.com')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n#### extract_screen_name_from_twitter_url\n\nExtracts a normalized user's screen name from a Twitter url. If given an irrelevant url, the function will return `None`.\n\n\n```python\nfrom ural.twitter import extract_screen_name_from_twitter_url\n\nextract_screen_name_from_twitter_url('https://www.twitter.com/Yomguithereal')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'yomguithereal'\n\nextract_screen_name_from_twitter_url('https://twitter.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n#### parse_twitter_url\n\nTakes a Twitter url and returns either a `TwitterUser` namedtuple (contains a screen_name) if the given url is a link to a twitter user, a `TwitterTweet` namedtuple (contains a user_screen_name and an id) if the given url is a tweet's url, a `TwitterList` namedtuple (contains an id) or `None` if the given url is irrelevant.\n\n\n```python\nfrom ural.twitter import parse_twitter_url\n\nparse_twitter_url('https://twitter.com/Yomguithereal')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e TwitterUser(screen_name='yomguithereal')\n\nparse_twitter_url('https://twitter.com/medialab_ScPo/status/1284154793376784385')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e TwitterTweet(user_screen_name='medialab_scpo', id='1284154793376784385')\n\nparse_twitter_url('https://twitter.com/i/lists/15512656222798157826')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e TwitterList(id='15512656222798157826')\n\nparse_twitter_url('https://twitter.com/home')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n```\n\n---\n\n### Youtube\n\n#### is_youtube_url\n\nReturns whether the given url is from Youtube.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.youtube import is_youtube_url\n\nis_youtube_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n\nis_youtube_url('https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otRTOE9i51o')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_youtube_url('https://youtu.be/otRTOE9i51o)\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n```\n\n#### is_youtube_channel_id\n\nReturns whether the given string is a formally valid Youtube channel id. Note that it won't validate the fact that this id actually refers to an existing channel or not. You will need to call YouTube servers for that.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.youtube import is_youtube_channel_id\n\nis_youtube_channel_id('UCCCPCZNChQdGa9EkATeye4g')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_youtube_channel_id('@France24')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### is_youtube_video_id\n\nReturns whether the given string is a formally valid YouTube video id. Note that it won't validate the fact that this id actually refers to an existing video or not. You will need to call YouTube servers for that.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.youtube import is_youtube_video_id\n\nis_youtube_video_id('otRTOE9i51o')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e True\n\nis_youtube_video_id('bDYTYET')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e False\n```\n\n#### parse_youtube_url\n\nReturns parsed information about the given youtube url: either about the linked video, user or channel. If the url is an invalid Youtube url or if not a Youtube url, the function returns `None`.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.youtube import (\n  parse_youtube_url,\n\n  # You can also import the named tuples if you need them\n  YoutubeVideo,\n  YoutubeUser,\n  YoutubeChannel,\n  YoutubeShort,\n)\n\nparse_youtube_url('https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otRTOE9i51o')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e YoutubeVideo(id='otRTOE9i51o')\n\nparse_youtube_url('https://www.youtube.com/shorts/GINlKobb41w')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e YoutubeShort(id='GINlKobb41w')\n\nparse_youtube_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n\nparse_youtube_url('http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWvUxN9LAjJ-sTc5JJ3gEyA/videos')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e YoutubeChannel(id='UCWvUxN9LAjJ-sTc5JJ3gEyA', name=None)\n\nparse_youtube_url('http://www.youtube.com/user/ojimfrance')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e YoutubeUser(id=None, name='ojimfrance')\n\nparse_youtube_url('https://www.youtube.com/taranisnews')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e YoutubeChannel(id=None, name='taranisnews')\n```\n\n*Arguments*\n\n* **url** *str*: Youtube url to parse.\n* **fix_common_mistakes** *bool* [`True`]: Whether to fix common mistakes that can be found in Youtube urls as you can find them when crawling the web.\n\n#### extract_video_id_from_youtube_url\n\nReturn a video id from the given Youtube url or `None` if we could not find one. Note that this will also work with Youtube shorts.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.youtube import extract_video_id_from_youtube_url\n\nextract_video_id_from_youtube_url('https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otRTOE9i51o')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'otRTOE9i51o'\n\nextract_video_id_from_youtube_url('https://lemonde.fr')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e None\n\nextract_video_id_from_youtube_url('http://youtu.be/afa-5HQHiAs')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'afa-5HQHiAs'\n```\n\n#### normalize_youtube_url\n\nReturns a normalized version of the given Youtube url. It will normalize video, user and channel urls so you can easily match them.\n\n```python\nfrom ural.youtube import normalize_youtube_url\n\nnormalize_youtube_url('https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otRTOE9i51o')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otRTOE9i51o'\n\nnormalize_youtube_url('http://youtu.be/afa-5HQHiAs')\n\u003e\u003e\u003e 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afa-5HQHiAs'\n```\n\n---\n\n## Miscellaneous\n\n\u003ch3 id=\"lru-explanation\"\u003eAbout LRUs\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n*TL;DR*: a LRU is a hierarchical reordering of a URL so that one can perform meaningful prefix queries on URLs.\n\nIf you observe many URLs, you will quickly notice that they are not written in sound hierarchical order. In this URL, for instance:\n\n```\nhttp://business.lemonde.fr/articles/money.html?id=34#content\n```\n\nSome parts, such as the subdomain, are written in an \"incorrect order\". And this is fine, really, this is how URLs always worked.\n\nBut if what you really want is to match URLs, you will need to reorder them so that their order closely reflects the hierarchy of their targeted content. And this is exactly what LRUs are (that and also a bad pun on URL, since a LRU is basically a \"reversed\" URL).\n\nNow look how the beforementioned URL could be splitted into LRU stems:\n\n```python\n[\n  's:http',\n  'h:fr',\n  'h:lemonde',\n  'h:business',\n  'p:articles',\n  'p:money.html',\n  'q:id=34',\n  'f:content'\n]\n```\n\nAnd typically, this list of stems will be serialized thusly:\n\n```\ns:http|h:fr|h:lemonde|h:business|p:articles|p:money.html|q:id=34|f:content|\n```\n\nThe trailing slash is added so that serialized LRUs can be *prefix-free*.\n","project_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fmedialab%2Fural","html_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/projects/github.com%2Fmedialab%2Fural","lists_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fmedialab%2Fural/lists"}