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Costello\n\n\n Par 1.53.0 is a package containing:\n\n + This doc file.\n + A man page based on this doc file.\n + The ANSI C source for the filter \"par\".\n + Associated scripts and text.\n\n\nContents\n\n Contents\n File List\n Rights and Responsibilities\n Compilation\n Synopsis\n Description\n *Quick Start\n Terminology\n Options\n Environment\n Details\n Diagnostics\n Examples\n Limitations\n Apologies\n Bugs\n\n\nFile List\n\n Par 1.53.0 consists of the following files:\n\n buffer.c 1.53.0\n buffer.h 1.53.0\n charset.c 1.53.0\n charset.h 1.53.0\n errmsg.c 1.53.0\n errmsg.h 1.53.0\n par.1 1.53.0\n par.c 1.53.0\n par.doc 1.53.0\n protoMakefile 1.53.0\n reformat.c 1.53.0\n reformat.h 1.53.0\n releasenotes 1.53.0\n test-par 1.53.0\n\n The version number for each file is defined to be the last version\n of Par that touched it. Each file is a text file which identifies\n itself on the first or second line, and identifies the version of\n Par that last touched it on the next line, so you can always tell\n which file is which, even if the files have been renamed.\n\n The file \"par.1\" is a man page for the filter par (not to be\n confused with the package Par, which contains the source code for\n par). \"par.1\" is based on this doc file, and conveys much (not\n all) of the same information, but \"par.doc\" is the definitive\n documentation for both par and Par.\n\n\nRights and Responsibilities\n\n The files listed in the Files List section above are Copyright\n (various years, see the copyright notice in each file)\n Adam M. Costello (henceforth \"I\", \"me\").\n\n I grant everyone (\"you\") permission to do whatever you like with\n these files, provided that if you modify them you take reasonable\n steps to avoid confusing or misleading people about who wrote the\n modified files (both you and I) or what version they are. All my\n versions of Par will have version numbers consisting of only digits\n and periods, so you could distinguish your versions by including\n some other kind of character.\n\n I encourage you to send me your suggestions for improvements. See\n the Bugs section for my address.\n\n Though I have tried to make sure that Par is free of bugs, I make no\n guarantees about its soundness. Therefore, I am not responsible for\n any damage resulting from the use of these files.\n\n You may alternatively use these files under the MIT License:\n\n Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person\n obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation\n files (the \"Software\"), to deal in the Software without\n restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,\n copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or\n sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom\n the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following\n conditions:\n\n The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be\n included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.\n\n THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY\n KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE\n WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\n AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT\n HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,\n WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING\n FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR\n OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.\n\n\nCompilation\n\n To compile par, you need an ANSI C compiler. Follow the\n instructions in the comments in protoMakefile.\n\n If your compiler generates any warnings that you think are\n legitimate, please tell me about them (see the Bugs section).\n\n Note that all variables in par are either constant or automatic\n (or both), which means that par can be made reentrant (if your\n compiler supports it). Given the right operating system, it should\n be possible for several par processes to share the same code space\n and the same data space (but not the same stack, of course) in\n memory.\n\n\nSynopsis\n par [help] [version] [B\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e] [P\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e] [Q\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e]\n [W\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e] [Z\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e] [h[\u003chang\u003e]] [p[\u003cprefix\u003e]]\n [r[\u003crepeat\u003e]] [s[\u003csuffix\u003e]] [T[\u003cTab\u003e]] [w[\u003cwidth\u003e]] [b[\u003cbody\u003e]]\n [c[\u003ccap\u003e]] [d[\u003cdiv\u003e]] [E[\u003cErr\u003e]] [e[\u003cexpel\u003e]] [f[\u003cfit\u003e]]\n [g[\u003cguess\u003e]] [i[\u003cinvis\u003e]] [j[\u003cjust\u003e]] [l[\u003clast\u003e]] [q[\u003cquote\u003e]]\n [R[\u003cReport\u003e]] [t[\u003ctouch\u003e]]\n\n Things enclosed in [square brackets] are optional. Things enclosed\n in \u003cangle brackets\u003e are parameters.\n\n\nDescription\n\n par is a filter which copies its input to its output, changing all\n white characters (except newlines) to spaces, and reformatting\n each paragraph. Paragraphs are separated by protected, blank, and\n bodiless lines (see the Terminology section for definitions), and\n optionally delimited by indentation (see the d option in the Options\n section).\n\n Each output paragraph is generated from the corresponding input\n paragraph as follows:\n\n 1) An optional prefix and/or suffix is removed from each input\n line.\n 2) The remainder is divided into words (separated by spaces).\n 3) The words are joined into lines to make an eye-pleasing\n paragraph.\n 4) The prefixes and suffixes are reattached.\n\n If there are suffixes, spaces are inserted before them so that they\n all end in the same column.\n\n\nQuick Start\n\n par is necessarily complex. For those who wish to use it\n immediately and understand it later, assign to the PARINIT\n environment variable the following value:\n\n rTbgqR B=.,?'_A_a_@ Q=_s\u003e|\n\n The spaces, question mark, apostrophe, greater-than sign, and\n vertical bar will probably have to be escaped or quoted to prevent\n your shell from interpreting them.\n\n The documentation, though precise, is unfortunately not well-written\n for the end-user. Your best bet is probably to read quickly the\n Description, Terminology, Options, and Environment sections, then\n read carefully the Examples section, referring back to the Options\n and Terminology sections as needed.\n\n For the \"power user\", a full understanding of par will require\n multiple readings of the Terminology, Options, Details, and Examples\n sections.\n\n\nTerminology\n\n Miscellaneous terms:\n\n charset syntax\n A way of representing a set of characters as a string.\n The set includes exactly those characters which appear in\n the string, except that the underscore (_) is an escape\n character. Whenever it appears, it must begin one of the\n following escape sequences:\n\n __ = an underscore\n _s = a space\n _S = all space characters\n _b = a backslash (\\)\n _q = a single quote (')\n _Q = a double quote (\")\n _A = all upper case letters\n _a = all lower case letters\n _@ = all neither-case letters\n _0 = all decimal digits\n _xhh = the character represented by the two hexadecimal\n digits hh (which may be upper or lower case)\n\n The NUL character must not appear in the string but it may\n be included in the set with the _x00 sequence.\n\n The exact meanings of _S, _A, _a, _@, and _0 are\n locale-dependent. (Actually, all locales are supposed to\n agree on _0, but not on the others.) In the default \"C\"\n locale: _S includes only space, formfeed, newline, carriage\n return, tab, and vertical tab; _A includes only A through Z;\n _a includes only a through z; _@ includes nothing; and _0\n includes only 0 through 9.\n\n error\n A condition which causes par to abort. See the Diagnostics\n section.\n\n IP Input paragraph.\n\n OP Output paragraph.\n\n parameter\n A symbol which may take on unsigned integral values. There\n are several parameters whose values affect the behavior of\n par. Parameters can be assigned values using command line\n options.\n\n\n Types of characters:\n\n alphanumeric character\n An alphabetic character or decimal digit, _A_a_@_0 in\n charset syntax (see above).\n\n body character\n A member of the set of characters defined by the PARBODY\n environment variable (see the Environment section) and/or\n the B option (see the Options section).\n\n protective character\n A member of the set of characters defined by the PARPROTECT\n environment variable and/or the P option.\n\n quote character\n A member of the set of characters defined by the PARQUOTE\n environment variable and/or the Q option.\n\n terminal character\n A member of the set of characters defined by the Z option.\n Initially, before any Z options have been processed, the\n set contains period, question mark, exclamation point, and\n colon.\n\n white character\n A member of the set of characters defined by the W option.\n Initially, before any W options have been processed, the set\n contains space, formfeed, newline, carriage return, tab, and\n vertical tab.\n\n Functions:\n\n comprelen\n Given a non-empty sequence \u003cS\u003e of lines, let \u003cc\u003e be their\n longest common prefix. If the parameter \u003cbody\u003e is 0, place\n a divider just after the leading non-body characters in \u003cc\u003e\n (at the beginning if there are none). If \u003cbody\u003e is 1, place\n the divider just after the last non-space non-body character\n in \u003cc\u003e (at the beginning if there is none), then advance\n the divider over any immediately following spaces. The\n comprelen of \u003cS\u003e is the number of characters preceding the\n divider.\n\n comsuflen\n Given a non-empty sequence \u003cS\u003e of lines, let \u003cp\u003e be the\n comprelen of \u003cS\u003e. Let \u003cT\u003e be the set of lines which results\n from stripping the first \u003cp\u003e characters from each line in\n \u003cS\u003e. Let \u003cc\u003e be the longest common suffix of the lines\n in \u003cT\u003e. If \u003cbody\u003e is 0, place a divider just before the\n trailing non-body characters in \u003cc\u003e (at the end if there are\n none), then advance the divider over all but the last of any\n immediately following spaces. If \u003cbody\u003e is 1, place the\n divider just before the first non-space non-body character,\n then back up the divider over one immediately preceding\n space if there is one. The comsuflen of \u003cS\u003e is the number\n of characters following the divider.\n\n fallback prelen (suflen)\n The fallback prelen (suflen) of an IP is: the comprelen\n (comsuflen) of the IP, if the IP contains at least two\n lines; otherwise, the comprelen (comsuflen) of the block\n containing the IP, if the block contains at least two\n lines; otherwise, the length of the longer of the prefixes\n (suffixes) of the bodiless lines just above and below the\n block, if the segment containing the block has any bodiless\n lines; otherwise, 0. (See below for the definitions of\n block, segment, and bodiless line.)\n\n augmented fallback prelen\n Let \u003cfp\u003e be the fallback prelen of an IP. If the IP\n contains more than one line, or if \u003cquote\u003e is 0, then\n the augmented fallback prelen of the IP is simply \u003cfp\u003e.\n Otherwise, it is \u003cfp\u003e plus the number of quote characters\n immediately following the first \u003cfp\u003e characters of the line.\n\n quoteprefix\n The quoteprefix of a line is the longest string of quote\n characters appearing at the beginning of the line, after\n this string has been stripped of any trailing spaces.\n\n Types of lines:\n\n blank line\n An empty line, or a line whose first character is not\n protective and which contains only spaces.\n\n protected line\n An input line whose first character is protective.\n\n bodiless line\n A line which is order \u003ck\u003e bodiless for some \u003ck\u003e.\n\n order \u003ck\u003e bodiless line\n There is no such thing as an order 0 bodiless line. Suppose\n \u003cS\u003e is a a contiguous subsequence of a segment (see below)\n containing at least two lines, containing no order \u003ck\u003e-1\n bodiless lines, bounded above and below by order \u003ck\u003e-1\n bodiless lines and/or the beginning/end of the segment.\n Let \u003cp\u003e and \u003cs\u003e be the comprelen and comsuflen of \u003cS\u003e.\n Any member of \u003cS\u003e which, if stripped of its first \u003cp\u003e and\n last \u003cs\u003e characters, would be blank (or, if the line was not\n inserted by the \u003cquote\u003e feature and the parameter \u003crepeat\u003e\n is non-zero, would consist of the same character repeated\n at least \u003crepeat\u003e times), is order \u003ck\u003e bodiless. The first\n \u003cp\u003e characters of the bodiless line comprise its prefix;\n the last \u003cs\u003e characters comprise its suffix. The character\n which repeats in the middle is called its repeat character.\n If the middle is empty, the space is taken to be its repeat\n character.\n\n vacant line\n A bodiless line whose repeat character is the space.\n\n superfluous line\n Only blank and vacant lines may be superfluous. If\n contiguous vacant lines lie at the beginning or end of\n a segment, they are all superfluous. But if they lie\n between two non-vacant lines within a segment, then all are\n superfluous except one--the one which contains the fewest\n non-spaces. In case of a tie, the first of the tied lines\n is chosen. Similarly, if contiguous blank lines lie outside\n of any segments at the beginning or end of the input, they\n are all superfluous. But if they lie between two segments\n and/or protected lines, then all are superfluous except the\n first.\n\n Groups of lines:\n\n segment\n A contiguous sequence of input lines containing no protected\n or blank lines, bounded above and below by protected lines,\n blank lines, and/or the beginning/end of the input.\n\n block\n A contiguous subsequence of a segment containing no bodiless\n lines, bounded above and below by bodiless lines and/or the\n beginning/end of the segment.\n\n Types of words:\n\n capitalized word\n If the parameter \u003ccap\u003e is 0, a capitalized word is one which\n contains at least one alphanumeric character, whose first\n alphanumeric character is not a lower case letter. If \u003ccap\u003e\n is 1, every word is considered a capitalized word. (See the\n c option in the Options section.)\n\n curious word\n A word which contains a terminal character \u003cc\u003e such that\n there are no alphanumeric characters in the word after \u003cc\u003e,\n but there is at least one alphanumeric character in the word\n before \u003cc\u003e.\n\n\nOptions\n\n Any command line argument may begin with one minus sign (-) which\n is ignored. Generally, more than one option may appear in a single\n command line argument, but there are exceptions: The help, version,\n B, P, and Q options must have whole arguments all to themselves.\n\n help Causes all remaining arguments to be ignored. No input\n is read. A usage message is printed on the output\n briefly describing the options used by par.\n\n version Causes all remaining arguments to be ignored. No input\n is read. \"par \" followed by its version number is\n printed on the output.\n\n B\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e \u003cop\u003e is a single character, either an equal sign (=),\n a plus sign (+), or a minus sign (-), and \u003cset\u003e is a\n string using charset syntax. If \u003cop\u003e is an equal sign,\n the set of body characters is set to the character set\n defined by \u003cset\u003e. If \u003cop\u003e is a plus/minus sign, the\n characters in the set defined by \u003cset\u003e are added/removed\n to/from the existing set of body characters defined by\n the PARBODY environment variable and any previous B\n options. It is okay to add characters that are already\n in the set or to remove characters that are not in the\n set.\n\n P\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e Just like the B option, except that it applies to the\n set of protective characters.\n\n Q\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e Just like the B option, except that it applies to the\n set of quote characters.\n\n W\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e Just like the B option, except that it applies to the\n set of white characters.\n\n Z\u003cop\u003e\u003cset\u003e Just like the B option, except that it applies to the\n set of terminal characters.\n\n\n All remaining options are used to set values of parameters. Values\n set by command line options hold for all paragraphs. Unset\n parameters are given default values. Any parameters whose default\n values depend on the IP (namely \u003cprefix\u003e and \u003csuffix\u003e), if left\n unset, are recomputed separately for each paragraph.\n\n The approximate role of each parameter is described here. See the\n Details section for the rest of the story.\n\n The first six parameters, \u003chang\u003e, \u003cprefix\u003e, \u003crepeat\u003e, \u003csuffix\u003e,\n \u003cTab\u003e, and \u003cwidth\u003e, may be set to any unsigned decimal integer less\n than 10000.\n\n h[\u003chang\u003e] Mainly affects the default values of \u003cprefix\u003e and\n \u003csuffix\u003e. Defaults to 0. If the h option is given\n without a number, the value 1 is inferred. (See also\n the p and s options.)\n\n p[\u003cprefix\u003e] The first \u003cprefix\u003e characters of each line of the OP\n are copied from the first \u003cprefix\u003e characters of the\n corresponding line of the IP. If there are more than\n \u003chang\u003e+1 lines in the IP, the default value is the\n comprelen of all the lines in the IP except the first\n \u003chang\u003e of them. Otherwise, the default value is the\n augmented fallback prelen of the IP. If the p option is\n given without a number, \u003cprefix\u003e is unset, even if it\n had been set earlier. (See also the h and q options.)\n\n r[\u003crepeat\u003e] If \u003crepeat\u003e is non-zero, bodiless lines have the number\n of instances of their repeat characters increased or\n decreased until the length of the line is \u003cwidth\u003e.\n The exact value of \u003crepeat\u003e affects the definition of\n bodiless line. Defaults to 0. If the r option is given\n without a number, the value 3 is inferred. (See also\n the w option.)\n\n s[\u003csuffix\u003e] The last \u003csuffix\u003e characters of each line of the OP\n are copied from the last \u003csuffix\u003e characters of the\n corresponding line of the IP. If there are more than\n \u003chang\u003e+1 lines in the IP, the default value is the\n comsuflen of all the lines in the IP except the first\n \u003chang\u003e of them. Otherwise, the default value is the\n fallback suflen of the IP. If the s option is given\n without a number, \u003csuffix\u003e is unset, even if it had been\n set earlier. (See also the h option.)\n\n T[\u003cTab\u003e] Tab characters in the input are expanded to spaces,\n assuming tab stops every \u003cTab\u003e columns. Must not be\n 0. Defaults to 1. If the T option is given without a\n number, the value 8 is inferred.\n\n w[\u003cwidth\u003e] No line in the OP may contain more than \u003cwidth\u003e\n characters, not including the trailing newlines.\n Defaults to 72. If the w option is given without a\n number, the value 79 is inferred.\n\n The remaining thirteen parameters, \u003cbody\u003e, \u003ccap\u003e, \u003cdiv\u003e, \u003cErr\u003e,\n \u003cexpel\u003e, \u003cfit\u003e, \u003cguess\u003e, \u003cinvis\u003e, \u003cjust\u003e, \u003clast\u003e, \u003cquote\u003e, \u003cReport\u003e,\n and \u003ctouch\u003e, may be set to either 0 or 1. If the number is absent\n in the option, the value 1 is inferred.\n\n b[\u003cbody\u003e] If \u003cbody\u003e is 1, prefixes may not contain any trailing\n body characters, and suffixes may not contain any\n leading body characters. (Actually, the situation\n is complicated by space characters. See comprelen\n and comsuflen in the Terminology section.) If \u003cbody\u003e\n is 0, prefixes and suffixes may not contain any body\n characters at all. Defaults to 0.\n\n c[\u003ccap\u003e] If \u003ccap\u003e is 1, all words are considered capitalized.\n This currently affects only the application of the g\n option. Defaults to 0.\n\n d[\u003cdiv\u003e] If \u003cdiv\u003e is 0, each block becomes an IP. If \u003cdiv\u003e is 1,\n each block is subdivided into IPs as follows: Let \u003cp\u003e\n be the comprelen of the block. Let a line's status be\n 1 if its (\u003cp\u003e+1)st character is a space, 0 otherwise.\n Every line in the block whose status is the same as the\n status of the first line will begin a new paragraph.\n Defaults to 0.\n\n E[\u003cErr\u003e] If \u003cErr\u003e is 1, messages to the user (caused by the help\n and version options, or by errors) are sent to the error\n stream instead of the output stream. Defaults to 0.\n\n e[\u003cexpel\u003e] If \u003cexpel\u003e is 1, superfluous lines withheld from the\n output. Defaults to 0.\n\n f[\u003cfit\u003e] If \u003cfit\u003e is 1 and \u003cjust\u003e is 0, par tries to make the\n lines in the OP as nearly the same length as possible,\n even if it means making the OP narrower. Defaults to 0.\n (See also the j option.)\n\n g[\u003cguess\u003e] If \u003cguess\u003e is 1, then when par is choosing line breaks,\n whenever it encounters a curious word followed by a\n capitalized word, it takes one of two special actions.\n If the two words are separated by a single space in\n the input, they will be merged into one word with an\n embedded non-breaking space. If the two words are\n separated by more than one space, or by a line break,\n par will insure that they are separated by two spaces,\n or by a line break, in the output. Defaults to 0.\n\n i[\u003cinvis\u003e] If \u003cinvis\u003e is 1, then vacant lines inserted because\n \u003cquote\u003e is 1 are invisible; that is, they are not\n output. If \u003cquote\u003e is 0, \u003cinvis\u003e has no effect.\n Defaults to 0. (See also the q option.)\n\n j[\u003cjust\u003e] If \u003cjust\u003e is 1, par justifies the OP, inserting spaces\n between words so that all lines in the OP have length\n \u003cwidth\u003e (except the last, if \u003clast\u003e is 0). Defaults to\n 0. (See also the w, l, and f options.)\n\n l[\u003clast\u003e] If \u003clast\u003e is 1, par tries to make the last line of the\n OP about the same length as the others. Defaults to 0.\n\n q[\u003cquote\u003e] If \u003cquote\u003e is 1, then before each segment is scanned\n for bodiless lines, par supplies vacant lines between\n different quotation nesting levels as follows: For each\n pair of adjacent lines in the segment (scanned from the\n top down) which have different quoteprefixes, one of\n two actions is taken. If \u003cinvis\u003e is 0, and either line\n consists entirely of quote characters and spaces (or is\n empty), that line is truncated to the longest common\n prefix of the two lines (both are truncated if both\n qualify). Otherwise, a line consisting of the longest\n common prefix of the two lines is inserted between them.\n \u003cquote\u003e also affects the default value of \u003cprefix\u003e.\n Defaults to 0. (See also the p and i options.)\n\n R[\u003cReport\u003e] If \u003cReport\u003e is 1, it is considered an error for an input\n word to contain more than \u003cL\u003e = (\u003cwidth\u003e - \u003cprefix\u003e -\n \u003csuffix\u003e) characters. Otherwise, such words are chopped\n after each \u003cL\u003eth character into shorter words. Defaults\n to 0.\n\n t[\u003ctouch\u003e] Has no effect if \u003csuffix\u003e is 0 or \u003cjust\u003e is 1.\n Otherwise, if \u003ctouch\u003e is 0, all lines in the OP have\n length \u003cwidth\u003e. If \u003ctouch\u003e is 1, the length of the\n lines is decreased until the suffixes touch the body of\n the OP. Defaults to the logical OR of \u003cfit\u003e and \u003clast\u003e.\n (See also the s, j, w, f, and l options.)\n\n If an argument begins with a number, that number is assumed\n to belong to a p option if it is 8 or less, and to a w option\n otherwise.\n\n If the value of any parameter is set more than once, the last value\n is used. When unset parameters are assigned default values, \u003chang\u003e\n and \u003cquote\u003e are assigned before \u003cprefix\u003e, and \u003cfit\u003e and \u003clast\u003e are\n assigned before \u003ctouch\u003e (because of the dependencies).\n\n It is an error if \u003cwidth\u003e \u003c= \u003cprefix\u003e + \u003csuffix\u003e.\n\n\nEnvironment\n\n PARBODY Determines the initial set of body characters (which are\n used for determining comprelens and comsuflens), using\n charset syntax. If PARBODY is not set, the set of body\n characters is initially empty.\n\n PARINIT If set, par will read command line arguments from\n PARINIT before it reads them from the command line.\n Within the value of PARINIT, arguments are separated by\n the initial set of white characters.\n\n PARPROTECT Determines the set of protective characters, using charset\n syntax. If PARPROTECT is not set, the set of protective\n characters is initially empty.\n\n PARQUOTE Determines the set of quote characters, using charset\n syntax. If PARQUOTE is not set, the set of quote characters\n initially contains only the greater-than sign (\u003e) and the\n space.\n\n If a NUL character appears in the value of an environment variable, it\n and the rest of the string will not be seen by par.\n\n Note that the PARINIT variable, together with the B, P, and Q\n options, renders the other environment variables unnecessary. They\n are included for backward compatibility.\n\nDetails\n\n Lines are terminated by newline characters, but the newlines are not\n considered to be included in the lines. If the last character of\n the input is a non-newline, a newline will be inferred immediately\n after it (but if the input is empty, no newline will be inferred;\n the number of input lines will be 0). Thus, the input can always be\n viewed as a sequence of lines.\n\n Protected lines are copied unchanged from the input to the output.\n All other input lines, as they are read, have any NUL characters\n removed, and every white character (except newlines) turned into a\n space. Actually, each tab character is turned into \u003cTab\u003e - (\u003cn\u003e %\n \u003cTab\u003e) spaces, where \u003cn\u003e is the number of characters preceding the\n tab character on the line (evaluated after earlier tab characters\n have been expanded).\n\n Blank lines in the input are transformed into empty lines in the\n output.\n\n If \u003crepeat\u003e is 0, all bodiless lines are vacant, and they are all\n simply stripped of trailing spaces before being output. If \u003crepeat\u003e\n is not 0, only vacant lines whose suffixes have length 0 are treated\n that way; other bodiless lines have the number of instances of their\n repeat characters increased or decreased until the length of the\n line is \u003cwidth\u003e.\n\n If \u003cexpel\u003e is 1, superfluous lines are not output. If \u003cquote\u003e and\n \u003cinvis\u003e are both 1, there may be invisible lines; they are not\n output.\n\n The input is divided into segments, which are divided into blocks,\n which are divided into IPs. The exact process depends on the values\n of \u003cquote\u003e and \u003cdiv\u003e (see q and d in the Options section). The\n remainder of this section describes the process which is applied\n independently to each IP to construct the corresponding OP.\n\n After the values of the parameters are determined (see the Options\n section), the first \u003cprefix\u003e characters and the last \u003csuffix\u003e\n characters of each input line are removed and remembered. It is\n an error for any line to contain fewer than \u003cprefix\u003e + \u003csuffix\u003e\n characters.\n\n The remaining text is treated as a sequence of characters, not\n lines. The text is broken into words, which are separated by\n spaces. That is, a word is a maximal sub-sequence of non-spaces.\n If \u003cguess\u003e is 1, some words might be merged (see g in the Options\n section). The first word includes any spaces that precede it on the\n same line.\n\n Let \u003cL\u003e = \u003cwidth\u003e - \u003cprefix\u003e - \u003csuffix\u003e.\n\n If \u003cReport\u003e is 0, some words may get chopped up at this point (see R\n in the Options section).\n\n The words are reassembled, preserving their order, into lines. If\n \u003cjust\u003e is 0, adjacent words within a line are separated by a single\n space (or sometimes two if \u003cguess\u003e is 1), and line breaks are chosen\n so that the paragraph satisfies the following properties:\n\n 1) No line contains more than \u003cL\u003e characters.\n\n 2) If \u003cfit\u003e is 1, the difference between the lengths of the\n shortest and longest lines is as small as possible.\n\n 3) The shortest line is as long as possible, subject to\n properties 1 and 2.\n\n 4) Let \u003ctarget\u003e be \u003cL\u003e if \u003cfit\u003e is 0, or the length of the\n longest line if \u003cfit\u003e is 1. The sum of the squares of the\n differences between \u003ctarget\u003e and the lengths of the lines is\n as small as possible, subject to properties 1, 2, and 3.\n\n If \u003clast\u003e is 0, the last line does not count as a line for the\n purposes of properties 2, 3, and 4 above.\n\n If all the words fit on a single line, the properties as worded\n above don't make much sense. In that case, no line breaks are\n inserted.\n\n If \u003cjust\u003e is 1, adjacent words within a line are separated by one\n space (or sometimes two if \u003cguess\u003e is 1) plus zero or more extra\n spaces. The value of \u003cfit\u003e is disregarded, and line breaks are\n chosen so that the paragraph satisfies the following properties:\n\n 1) Every line contains exactly \u003cL\u003e characters.\n\n 2) The largest inter-word gap is as small as possible, subject\n to property 1. (An inter-word gap consists only of the\n extra spaces, not the regular spaces.)\n\n 3) The sum of the squares of the lengths of the inter-word gaps\n is as small as possible, subject to properties 1 and 2.\n\n If \u003clast\u003e is 0, the last line does not count as a line for the\n purposes of property 1, and it does not require or contain any\n extra spaces.\n\n Extra spaces are distributed as uniformly as possible among the\n inter-word gaps in each line.\n\n In a justified paragraph, every line must contain at least two\n words, but that's not always possible to accomplish. If the\n paragraph cannot be justified, it is considered an error.\n\n If the number of lines in the resulting paragraph is less than\n \u003chang\u003e, empty lines are added at the end to bring the number of\n lines up to \u003chang\u003e.\n\n If \u003cjust\u003e is 0 and \u003ctouch\u003e is 1, \u003cL\u003e is changed to be the length of\n the longest line.\n\n If \u003csuffix\u003e is not 0, each line is padded at the end with spaces to\n bring its length up to \u003cL\u003e.\n\n To each line is prepended \u003cprefix\u003e characters. Let \u003cn\u003e be the\n number of lines in the IP, let \u003cafp\u003e be the augmented fallback\n prelen of the IP, and let \u003cfs\u003e be the fallback suflen of the IP.\n The characters which are prepended to the \u003ci\u003eth line are chosen as\n follows:\n\n 1) If \u003ci\u003e \u003c= \u003cn\u003e, the characters are copied from the ones that were\n removed from the beginning of the \u003cn\u003eth input line.\n\n 2) If \u003ci\u003e \u003e \u003cn\u003e \u003e \u003chang\u003e, the characters are copied from the ones\n that were removed from the beginning of the last input line.\n\n 3) If \u003ci\u003e \u003e \u003cn\u003e and \u003cn\u003e \u003c= \u003chang\u003e, the first min(\u003cafp\u003e,\u003cprefix\u003e)\n of the characters are copied from the ones that were removed\n from the beginning of the last input line, and the rest are all\n spaces.\n\n Then to each line is appended \u003csuffix\u003e characters. The characters\n which are appended to the \u003ci\u003eth line are chosen as follows:\n\n 1) If \u003ci\u003e \u003c= \u003cn\u003e, the characters are copied from the ones that were\n removed from the end of the nth input line.\n\n 2) If \u003ci\u003e \u003e \u003cn\u003e \u003e \u003chang\u003e, the characters are copied from the ones\n that were removed from the end of the last input line.\n\n 3) If \u003ci\u003e \u003e \u003cn\u003e and \u003cn\u003e \u003c= \u003chang\u003e, the first min(\u003cfs\u003e,\u003csuffix\u003e)\n of the characters are copied from the ones that were removed\n from the beginning of the last input line, and the rest are all\n spaces.\n\n Finally, the lines are printed to the output as the OP.\n\n\nDiagnostics\n\n If there are no errors, par returns EXIT_SUCCESS (see \u003cstdlib.h\u003e).\n\n If there is an error, an error message will be printed to the\n output, and par will return EXIT_FAILURE. If the error is local\n to a single paragraph, the preceding paragraphs will have been\n output before the error was detected. Line numbers in error\n messages are local to the IP in which the error occurred. All\n error messages begin with \"par error:\" on a line by itself. Error\n messages concerning command line or environment variable syntax are\n accompanied by the same usage message that the help option produces.\n\n Of course, trying to print an error message would be futile if an\n error resulted from an output function, so par doesn't bother doing\n any error checking on output functions.\n\n\nExamples\n\n The superiority of par's dynamic programming algorithm over a greedy\n algorithm (such as the one used by fmt) can be seen in the following\n example:\n\n Original paragraph (note that each line begins with 8 spaces):\n\n We the people of the United States,\n in order to form a more perfect union,\n establish justice,\n insure domestic tranquility,\n provide for the common defense,\n promote the general welfare,\n and secure the blessing of liberty\n to ourselves and our posterity,\n do ordain and establish the Constitution\n of the United States of America.\n\n After a greedy algorithm with width = 39:\n\n We the people of the United\n States, in order to form a more\n perfect union, establish\n justice, insure domestic\n tranquility, provide for the\n common defense, promote the\n general welfare, and secure the\n blessing of liberty to\n ourselves and our posterity, do\n ordain and establish the\n Constitution of the United\n States of America.\n\n After \"par 39\":\n\n We the people of the United\n States, in order to form a\n more perfect union, establish\n justice, insure domestic\n tranquility, provide for the\n common defense, promote the\n general welfare, and secure\n the blessing of liberty to\n ourselves and our posterity,\n do ordain and establish the\n Constitution of the United\n States of America.\n\n The line breaks chosen by par are clearly more eye-pleasing.\n\n par is most useful in conjunction with the text-filtering features\n of an editor, such as the ! commands of vi. You may wish to add the\n following lines to your .exrc file:\n\n \" use Bourne shell for speed:\n set shell=/bin/sh\n \"\n \" reformat paragraph with no arguments:\n map ** {!}par^M}\n \"\n \" reformat paragraph with arguments:\n map *^V {!}par \n\n Note that the leading spaces must be removed, and that what is shown\n as ^M and ^V really need to be ctrl-M and ctrl-V. Also note that\n the last map command contains two spaces following the ctrl-V, plus\n one at the end of the line.\n\n To reformat a simple paragraph delimited by blank lines in vi, you\n can put the cursor anywhere in it and type \"**\" (star star). If\n you need to supply arguments to par, you can type \"* \" (star space)\n instead, then type the arguments.\n\n The rest of this section is a series of before-and-after pictures\n showing some typical uses of par. In all cases, no environment\n variables are set.\n\n Before:\n\n /* We the people of the United States, */\n /* in order to form a more perfect union, */\n /* establish justice, */\n /* insure domestic tranquility, */\n /* provide for the common defense, */\n /* promote the general welfare, */\n /* and secure the blessing of liberty */\n /* to ourselves and our posterity, */\n /* do ordain and establish the Constitution */\n /* of the United States of America. */\n\n After \"par 59\":\n\n /* We the people of the United States, in */\n /* order to form a more perfect union, establish */\n /* justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide */\n /* for the common defense, promote the general */\n /* welfare, and secure the blessing of liberty */\n /* to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain */\n /* and establish the Constitution of the United */\n /* States of America. */\n\n Or after \"par 59f\":\n\n /* We the people of the United States, */\n /* in order to form a more perfect union, */\n /* establish justice, insure domestic */\n /* tranquility, provide for the common */\n /* defense, promote the general welfare, */\n /* and secure the blessing of liberty to */\n /* ourselves and our posterity, do ordain */\n /* and establish the Constitution of the */\n /* United States of America. */\n\n Or after \"par 59l\":\n\n /* We the people of the United States, in */\n /* order to form a more perfect union, establish */\n /* justice, insure domestic tranquility, */\n /* provide for the common defense, promote */\n /* the general welfare, and secure the */\n /* blessing of liberty to ourselves and our */\n /* posterity, do ordain and establish the */\n /* Constitution of the United States of America. */\n\n Or after \"par 59lf\":\n\n /* We the people of the United States, */\n /* in order to form a more perfect union, */\n /* establish justice, insure domestic */\n /* tranquility, provide for the common */\n /* defense, promote the general welfare, */\n /* and secure the blessing of liberty */\n /* to ourselves and our posterity, do */\n /* ordain and establish the Constitution */\n /* of the United States of America. */\n\n Or after \"par 59lft0\":\n\n /* We the people of the United States, */\n /* in order to form a more perfect union, */\n /* establish justice, insure domestic */\n /* tranquility, provide for the common */\n /* defense, promote the general welfare, */\n /* and secure the blessing of liberty */\n /* to ourselves and our posterity, do */\n /* ordain and establish the Constitution */\n /* of the United States of America. */\n\n Or after \"par 59j\":\n\n /* We the people of the United States, in */\n /* order to form a more perfect union, establish */\n /* justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide */\n /* for the common defense, promote the general */\n /* welfare, and secure the blessing of liberty */\n /* to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and */\n /* establish the Constitution of the United */\n /* States of America. */\n\n Or after \"par 59jl\":\n\n /* We the people of the United States, */\n /* in order to form a more perfect */\n /* union, establish justice, insure domestic */\n /* tranquility, provide for the common defense, */\n /* promote the general welfare, and secure */\n /* the blessing of liberty to ourselves and */\n /* our posterity, do ordain and establish the */\n /* Constitution of the United States of America. */\n\n Before:\n\n Preamble We the people of the United States,\n to the US in order to form\n Constitution a more perfect union,\n establish justice,\n insure domestic tranquility,\n provide for the common defense,\n promote the general welfare,\n and secure the blessing of liberty\n to ourselves and our posterity,\n do ordain and establish\n the Constitution\n of the United States of America.\n\n After \"par 52h3\":\n\n Preamble We the people of the United\n to the US States, in order to form a\n Constitution more perfect union, establish\n justice, insure domestic\n tranquility, provide for the\n common defense, promote the\n general welfare, and secure\n the blessing of liberty to\n ourselves and our posterity,\n do ordain and establish the\n Constitution of the United\n States of America.\n\n Before:\n\n 1 We the people of the United States,\n 2 in order to form a more perfect union,\n 3 establish justice,\n 4 insure domestic tranquility,\n 5 provide for the common defense,\n 6 promote the general welfare,\n 7 and secure the blessing of liberty\n 8 to ourselves and our posterity,\n 9 do ordain and establish the Constitution\n 10 of the United States of America.\n\n After \"par 59p12l\":\n\n 1 We the people of the United States, in order to\n 2 form a more perfect union, establish justice,\n 3 insure domestic tranquility, provide for the\n 4 common defense, promote the general welfare,\n 5 and secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves\n 6 and our posterity, do ordain and establish the\n 7 Constitution of the United States of America.\n\n Before:\n\n \u003e \u003e We the people\n \u003e \u003e of the United States,\n \u003e \u003e in order to form a more perfect union,\n \u003e \u003e establish justice,\n \u003e \u003e ensure domestic tranquility,\n \u003e \u003e provide for the common defense,\n \u003e\n \u003e Promote the general welfare,\n \u003e and secure the blessing of liberty\n \u003e to ourselves and our posterity,\n \u003e do ordain and establish\n \u003e the Constitution of the United States of America.\n\n After \"par 52\":\n\n \u003e \u003e We the people of the United States, in\n \u003e \u003e order to form a more perfect union,\n \u003e \u003e establish justice, ensure domestic\n \u003e \u003e tranquility, provide for the common\n \u003e \u003e defense,\n \u003e\n \u003e Promote the general welfare, and secure\n \u003e the blessing of liberty to ourselves and\n \u003e our posterity, do ordain and establish\n \u003e the Constitution of the United States of\n \u003e America.\n\n Before:\n\n \u003e We the people\n \u003e of the United States,\n \u003e in order to form a more perfect union,\n \u003e establish justice,\n \u003e ensure domestic tranquility,\n \u003e provide for the common defense,\n \u003e Promote the general welfare,\n \u003e and secure the blessing of liberty\n \u003e to ourselves and our posterity,\n \u003e do ordain and establish\n \u003e the Constitution of the United States of America.\n\n After \"par 52d\":\n\n \u003e We the people of the United States,\n \u003e in order to form a more perfect union,\n \u003e establish justice, ensure domestic\n \u003e tranquility, provide for the common\n \u003e defense,\n \u003e Promote the general welfare, and secure\n \u003e the blessing of liberty to ourselves and\n \u003e our posterity, do ordain and establish\n \u003e the Constitution of the United States of\n \u003e America.\n\n Before:\n\n # 1. We the people of the United States.\n # 2. In order to form a more perfect union.\n # 3. Establish justice, ensure domestic\n # tranquility.\n # 4. Provide for the common defense\n # 5. Promote the general welfare.\n # 6. And secure the blessing of liberty\n # to ourselves and our posterity.\n # 7. Do ordain and establish the Constitution.\n # 8. Of the United States of America.\n\n After \"par 37p13dh\":\n\n # 1. We the people of the\n # United States.\n # 2. In order to form a more\n # perfect union.\n # 3. Establish justice,\n # ensure domestic\n # tranquility.\n # 4. Provide for the common\n # defense\n # 5. Promote the general\n # welfare.\n # 6. And secure the blessing\n # of liberty to ourselves\n # and our posterity.\n # 7. Do ordain and establish\n # the Constitution.\n # 8. Of the United States of\n # America.\n\n Before:\n\n /*****************************************/\n /* We the people of the United States, */\n /* in order to form a more perfect union, */\n /* establish justice, insure domestic */\n /* tranquility, */\n /* */\n /* */\n /* [ provide for the common defense, ] */\n /* [ promote the general welfare, ] */\n /* [ and secure the blessing of liberty ] */\n /* [ to ourselves and our posterity, ] */\n /* [ ] */\n /* */\n /* do ordain and establish the Constitution */\n /* of the United States of America. */\n /******************************************/\n\n After \"par 42r\":\n\n /********************************/\n /* We the people of the */\n /* United States, in order to */\n /* form a more perfect union, */\n /* establish justice, insure */\n /* domestic tranquility, */\n /* */\n /* */\n /* [ provide for the common ] */\n /* [ defense, promote the ] */\n /* [ general welfare, and ] */\n /* [ secure the blessing of ] */\n /* [ liberty to ourselves ] */\n /* [ and our posterity, ] */\n /* [ ] */\n /* */\n /* do ordain and establish the */\n /* Constitution of the United */\n /* States of America. */\n /********************************/\n\n Or after \"par 42re\":\n\n /********************************/\n /* We the people of the */\n /* United States, in order to */\n /* form a more perfect union, */\n /* establish justice, insure */\n /* domestic tranquility, */\n /* */\n /* [ provide for the common ] */\n /* [ defense, promote the ] */\n /* [ general welfare, and ] */\n /* [ secure the blessing of ] */\n /* [ liberty to ourselves ] */\n /* [ and our posterity, ] */\n /* */\n /* do ordain and establish the */\n /* Constitution of the United */\n /* States of America. */\n /********************************/\n\n Before:\n\n Joe Public writes:\n \u003e Jane Doe writes:\n \u003e \u003e\n \u003e \u003e\n \u003e \u003e I can't find the source for uncompress.\n \u003e Oh no, not again!!!\n \u003e\n \u003e\n \u003e Isn't there a FAQ for this?\n \u003e\n \u003e\n That wasn't very helpful, Joe. Jane,\n just make a link from uncompress to compress.\n\n After \"par 40q\":\n\n Joe Public writes:\n\n \u003e Jane Doe writes:\n \u003e\n \u003e\n \u003e \u003e I can't find the source for\n \u003e \u003e uncompress.\n \u003e\n \u003e Oh no, not again!!!\n \u003e\n \u003e\n \u003e Isn't there a FAQ for this?\n \u003e\n\n That wasn't very helpful, Joe.\n Jane, just make a link from\n uncompress to compress.\n\n Or after \"par 40qe\":\n\n Joe Public writes:\n\n \u003e Jane Doe writes:\n \u003e\n \u003e \u003e I can't find the source for\n \u003e \u003e uncompress.\n \u003e\n \u003e Oh no, not again!!!\n \u003e\n \u003e Isn't there a FAQ for this?\n\n That wasn't very helpful, Joe.\n Jane, just make a link from\n uncompress to compress.\n\n Or after \"par 40qi\":\n\n Joe Public writes:\n \u003e Jane Doe writes:\n \u003e \u003e\n \u003e \u003e\n \u003e \u003e I can't find the source for\n \u003e \u003e uncompress.\n \u003e Oh no, not again!!!\n \u003e\n \u003e\n \u003e Isn't there a FAQ for this?\n \u003e\n \u003e\n That wasn't very helpful, Joe.\n Jane, just make a link from\n uncompress to compress.\n\n Or after \"par 40qie\":\n\n Joe Public writes:\n \u003e Jane Doe writes:\n \u003e \u003e I can't find the source for\n \u003e \u003e uncompress.\n \u003e Oh no, not again!!!\n \u003e\n \u003e Isn't there a FAQ for this?\n That wasn't very helpful, Joe.\n Jane, just make a link from\n uncompress to compress.\n\n Before:\n\n I sure hope there's still room\n in Dr. Jones' section of archaeology.\n I've heard he's the bestest. [sic]\n\n After \"par 50g\":\n\n I sure hope there's still room in\n Dr. Jones' section of archaeology. I've\n heard he's the bestest. [sic]\n\n Or after \"par 50gc\":\n\n I sure hope there's still room in\n Dr. Jones' section of archaeology. I've\n heard he's the bestest. [sic]\n\n Before:\n\n John writes:\n : Mary writes:\n : + Anastasia writes:\n : + \u003e Hi all!\n : + Hi Ana!\n : Hi Ana \u0026 Mary!\n Please unsubscribe me from alt.hello.\n\n After \"par Q+:+ q\":\n\n John writes:\n\n : Mary writes:\n :\n : + Anastasia writes:\n : +\n : + \u003e Hi all!\n : +\n : + Hi Ana!\n :\n : Hi Ana \u0026 Mary!\n\n Please unsubscribe me from alt.hello.\n\n Before:\n\n amc\u003e The b option was added primarily to deal with\n amc\u003e this new style of quotation\n amc\u003e which became popular after Par 1.41 was released.\n amc\u003e\n amc\u003e Par still pays attention to body characters.\n amc\u003e Par should not mistake \"Par\" for part of the prefix.\n amc\u003e Par should not mistake \".\" for a suffix.\n\n After \"par B=._A_a 50bg\":\n\n amc\u003e The b option was added primarily to\n amc\u003e deal with this new style of quotation\n amc\u003e which became popular after Par 1.41\n amc\u003e was released.\n amc\u003e\n amc\u003e Par still pays attention to body\n amc\u003e characters. Par should not mistake\n amc\u003e \"Par\" for part of the prefix. Par\n amc\u003e should not mistake \".\" for a suffix.\n\n\nLimitations\n\n The \u003cguess\u003e feature guesses wrong in cases like the following:\n\n I calc'd the approx.\n Fermi level to 3 sig. digits.\n\n With \u003cguess\u003e = 1, par will incorrectly assume that \"approx.\" ends a\n sentence. If the input were:\n\n I calc'd the approx. Fermi\n level to 3 sig. digits.\n\n then par would refuse to put a line break between \"approx.\" and\n \"Fermi\" in the output, mainly to avoid creating the first situation\n (in case the paragraph were to be fed back through par again).\n This non-breaking space policy does come in handy for cases like\n \"Mr. Johnson\" and \"Jan. 1\", though.\n\n The \u003cguess\u003e feature only goes one way. par can preserve wide\n sentence breaks in a paragraph, or remove them, but it can't insert\n them if they aren't already in the input.\n\n If you use tabs, you may not like the way par handles (or doesn't\n handle) them. It expands them into spaces. I didn't let par output\n tabs because tabs don't make sense. Not everyone's terminal has\n the same tab settings, so text files containing tabs are sometimes\n mangled. In fact, almost every text file containing tabs gets\n mangled when something is inserted at the beginning of each line\n (when quoting e-mail or commenting out a section of a shell script,\n for example), making them a pain to edit. In my opinion, the world\n would be a nicer place if everyone stopped using tabs, so I'm doing\n my part by not letting par output them. (Thanks to Eric Stuebe for\n showing me the light about tabs.)\n\n There is currently no way for the length of the output prefix to\n differ from the length of the input prefix. Ditto for the suffix.\n I may consider adding this capability in a future release, but right\n now I'm not sure how I'd want it to work.\n\n\nApologies\n\n Par began in July 1993 as a small program designed to do one narrow\n task: reformat a single paragraph that might have a border on either\n side. It was pretty clean back then. Over the next three months,\n it very rapidly expanded to handle multiple paragraphs, offer more\n options, and take better guesses, at the cost of becoming extremely\n complex, and very unclean. It is nowhere near the optimal design\n for the larger task it now tries to address. Its only redeeming\n features are that it is extremely useful (I find it indispensable),\n extremely portable, and very stable since version 1.41 released on\n 1993-Oct-31.\n\n Back in 1993 I had very little experience at writing documentation\n for users, so the documentation for Par became rather nightmarish.\n There is no separation between how-it-works (which is painfully\n complex) and how-to-use-it (which is fairly simple, if you can ever\n figure it out).\n\n Someday I ought to reexamine the problem, and redesign a new, clean\n solution from scratch. I don't know when I might get enough free\n time to start on such a project. Text files may be obsolete by\n then.\n\n\nBugs\n\n If I knew of any bugs, I wouldn't release the package. Of course,\n there may be bugs that I haven't yet discovered.\n\n If you find any bugs (in the program or in the documentation), or if\n you have any suggestions, please contact me:\n\n http://www.nicemice.net/amc/\n\n When reporting a bug, please include the exact input and command\n line options used, and the version number of par, so that I can\n reproduce it.\n\n The latest release of Par is available on the Web at:\n\n http://www.nicemice.net/par/\n\n I don't expect these URLs to change in the forseeable future, but if\n they do, I'll try to leave forward pointers.\n","project_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fnilqed%2Fpar","html_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/projects/github.com%2Fnilqed%2Fpar","lists_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fnilqed%2Fpar/lists"}