{"id":13567389,"url":"https://github.com/ozekik/awesome-ontology","last_synced_at":"2026-01-25T09:35:45.322Z","repository":{"id":49899851,"uuid":"173355923","full_name":"ozekik/awesome-ontology","owner":"ozekik","description":"A curated list of ontology things","archived":false,"fork":false,"pushed_at":"2025-09-10T19:47:26.000Z","size":242,"stargazers_count":473,"open_issues_count":0,"forks_count":33,"subscribers_count":15,"default_branch":"master","last_synced_at":"2026-01-11T04:33:21.945Z","etag":null,"topics":["knowledge-base","knowledge-graph","linked-data","ontology","rdf","semantic-web"],"latest_commit_sha":null,"homepage":"","language":null,"has_issues":true,"has_wiki":null,"has_pages":null,"mirror_url":null,"source_name":null,"license":"cc-by-4.0","status":null,"scm":"git","pull_requests_enabled":true,"icon_url":"https://github.com/ozekik.png","metadata":{"files":{"readme":"README.md","changelog":null,"contributing":null,"funding":null,"license":"LICENSE.txt","code_of_conduct":null,"threat_model":null,"audit":null,"citation":null,"codeowners":null,"security":null,"support":null,"governance":null,"roadmap":null,"authors":null,"dei":null,"publiccode":null,"codemeta":null,"zenodo":null,"notice":null,"maintainers":null,"copyright":null,"agents":null,"dco":null,"cla":null}},"created_at":"2019-03-01T19:19:29.000Z","updated_at":"2026-01-09T00:38:41.000Z","dependencies_parsed_at":"2023-12-03T19:28:31.200Z","dependency_job_id":"91529a98-84eb-47dd-bdb8-fd9052361788","html_url":"https://github.com/ozekik/awesome-ontology","commit_stats":null,"previous_names":[],"tags_count":0,"template":false,"template_full_name":null,"purl":"pkg:github/ozekik/awesome-ontology","repository_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/ozekik%2Fawesome-ontology","tags_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/ozekik%2Fawesome-ontology/tags","releases_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/ozekik%2Fawesome-ontology/releases","manifests_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/ozekik%2Fawesome-ontology/manifests","owner_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners/ozekik","download_url":"https://codeload.github.com/ozekik/awesome-ontology/tar.gz/refs/heads/master","sbom_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories/ozekik%2Fawesome-ontology/sbom","scorecard":null,"host":{"name":"GitHub","url":"https://github.com","kind":"github","repositories_count":286080680,"owners_count":28750622,"icon_url":"https://github.com/github.png","version":null,"created_at":"2022-05-30T11:31:42.601Z","updated_at":"2026-01-25T08:31:04.260Z","status":"ssl_error","status_checked_at":"2026-01-25T08:30:28.859Z","response_time":113,"last_error":"SSL_connect returned=1 errno=0 peeraddr=140.82.121.5:443 state=error: unexpected eof while reading","robots_txt_status":"success","robots_txt_updated_at":"2025-07-24T06:49:26.215Z","robots_txt_url":"https://github.com/robots.txt","online":false,"can_crawl_api":true,"host_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub","repositories_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repositories","repository_names_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/repository_names","owners_url":"https://repos.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/hosts/GitHub/owners"}},"keywords":["knowledge-base","knowledge-graph","linked-data","ontology","rdf","semantic-web"],"created_at":"2024-08-01T13:02:30.319Z","updated_at":"2026-01-25T09:35:45.315Z","avatar_url":"https://github.com/ozekik.png","language":null,"funding_links":[],"categories":["Other Lists","Other Awesome","Misc","Others","Ontology services"],"sub_categories":["TeX Lists","BBedit","Related semantics lists"],"readme":"# Awesome Ontology\n\nA curated list of ontology things. Your contribution is welcome!\n\n## Contents\n\n* [Ontology Editors](#ontology-editors)\n* [Ontology Utilities](#ontology-utilities)\n* [Datastore](#datastore)\n* [Languages](#languages)\n* [Ontologies and Vocabularies](#ontologies-and-vocabularies)\n  * [Upper-level Ontologies](#upper-level-ontologies)\n  * [Mid-level Ontologies](#mid-level-ontologies)\n  * [Cross-domain Ontologies](#cross-domain-ontologies)\n  * [Domain Ontologies](#domain-ontologies)\n  * [Vocabularies](#vocabularies)\n* [Alignment \u0026 Matching](#alignment--matching)\n* [Logics](#logics)\n* [Reasoners](#reasoners)\n* [Querying](#querying)\n* [Rule and Schema Definition](#rule-and-schema-definition)\n* [Programming](#programming)\n* [Communities](#communities)\n* [Related](#related)\n\n## Ontology Editors\n\n* [Eddy](https://github.com/obdasystems/eddy) - A graphical editor for the specification and visualization of ontologies in [Graphol](https://github.com/obdasystems/eddy#about-graphol) format.\n* [Fluent Editor](https://www.cognitum.eu/Semantics/FluentEditor/) - An award winning comprehensive tool for editing and manipulating complex ontologies that uses Controlled Natural Language.\n* [OntoME](https://ontome.net/) - Designed for any object-oriented structured data model to build, manage and align your ontology, or to simply browse through the existing ontologies. ([GitHub](https://github.com/Semantic-Data-for-Humanities/OntoME) for issues)\n* [OntoStudio](https://semafora-systems.com/technology/ontostudio-x/) (formerly OntoEdit) - A most widespread commercial modeling environment for creating and maintaining ontologies.\n* [OWLGrEd](http://owlgred.lumii.lv/) - A UML Style Graphical Editor for OWL.\n* [Protégé](https://protege.stanford.edu/) - A free, open-source ontology editor and framework for building intelligent systems.\n* [Termboard](https://termboard.com/) - A very simple graphical editor to create Terms and Relations. It can use ChatGPT, Google Bard or any other chatbot. Ideal for beginners wanting to make and share quick sketches.\n* [Vitro](https://github.com/vivo-project/Vitro) - A general-purpose web-based ontology and instance editor with customizable public browsing.\n* [VocBench](http://vocbench.uniroma2.it/) and [Semantic Turkey](http://semanticturkey.uniroma2.it/) - VocBench is a web-based, multilingual, collaborative development platform for managing OWL ontologies, SKOS(/XL) thesauri, Ontolex-lemon lexicons and generic RDF datasets. Its backend, Semantic Turkey is a RDF service platform for Knowledge Management and Acquisition.\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [Apollo](http://apollo.open.ac.uk/) (last updated ~2005) - A user-friendly knowledge modelling application.\n* [NeOn Toolkit](http://neon-toolkit.org/wiki/Main_Page.html) (last updated 2011) - A state-of-the-art, open source multi-platform ontology engineering environment, which provides comprehensive support for the ontology engineering life-cycle.\n* [Knoodl](https://web.archive.org/web/20190703092924/http://knoodl.com/) (last updated ~2017) - An ontology-driven \"Distributed Information Management System\" (DIMS) by Revelytix, Inc.\n* [SWOOP](https://github.com/ronwalf/swoop) (last updated 2007) - An OWL Ontology browser/editor that takes the standard Web browser as the basic UI paradigm.\n* [TopBraid Composer](https://archive.topquadrant.com/products/topbraid-composer/) Series (archived ~2021) - A powerful Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for implementing Knowledge Graph/Linked Data services by TopQuadrant, Inc.\n* [WebODE](https://github.com/oeg-upm/webODE) (discontinued in 2006) - An extensible ontology-engineering suite based on an application server.\n\nSee also:\n\n* [List of ontology editors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)#Editors) in Wikipedia\n* [A List of Ontology Engineering Tools (Ontology Editors)](https://web.archive.org/web/20170827085837/http://www.hozo.jp/OntoTools/) by the Hozo group\n\n## Ontology Utilities\n\n* [LODE](https://essepuntato.it/lode/) - Java ontology documentation generator to convert OWL ontologies into HTML human-readable pages.\n* [OAK](https://incatools.github.io/ontology-access-kit/) - The Ontology Access Kit, a python library and command line tool for ontologies.\n* [obonet](https://github.com/dhimmel/obonet) - Python library to convert OBO-formatted ontologies to networkx graphs.\n* [OnToology](https://github.com/OnToology/OnToology) - Online tool to automatically generate documentation and evaluation for Ontologies hosted on GitHub.\n* [Ontospy](http://lambdamusic.github.io/Ontospy/) - Python library and command-line interface for inspecting and visualizing RDF models.\n* [OWLTools](https://github.com/owlcollab/owltools) - Java API and command-line utilities on top of the OWL API.\n* [pyLODE](https://github.com/RDFLib/pyLODE) - Python ontology documentation generator inspired by LODE.\n* [pyontutils](https://github.com/tgbugs/pyontutils) - Python utilities for working with ontologies.\n* [ROBOT](http://robot.obolibrary.org/) - Java library and CLI tool for working with ontologies, particularly Open Biomedical Ontologies. It also provides a bridge to Python by Py4J.\n* [WebVOWL](https://github.com/VisualDataWeb/WebVOWL) - Web application for visualizing ontologies on the Web.\n* [WIDOCO](https://github.com/dgarijo/Widoco) - Java tool for publishing and creating an enriched and customized documentation of ontology automatically, by following a series of steps in a GUI. Based on LODE.\n* [yamlpyowl](https://github.com/cknoll/yamlpyowl) - Python based YAML-to-OWL-converter.\n* [owl-cli](https://github.com/atextor/owl-cli) - Command line tool for ontology engineering (diagram generation, read/write documents in various formats and OWL DL reasoning).\n\nGeneric RDF tools:\n\n* [Tarql](https://tarql.github.io/) - Python tool to turn CSV into RDF using SPARQL syntax.\n* [VocPrez](https://github.com/RDFLib/VocPrez/) - Python tool (API and web front-end) for the read-only delivery system of SKOS vocabularies.\n\n## Datastore\n\n* [SciGraph](https://github.com/SciGraph/SciGraph) - Neo4j backed ontology store.\n\n## Languages\n\n* [Common Logic (CL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Logic) - A language with an abstract syntax and semantics which are given in the ISO standard.\n  * Common Logic Interchange Format (CLIF)\n  * Conceptual Graph Interchange Format (CGIF)\n  * eXtended Common Logic Markup Language (XCL)\n* [CycL](http://www.cyc.com/documentation/ontologists-handbook/cyc-basics/syntax-cycl/) - A language with a concrete syntax based on first-order predicate calculus and Lisp.\n* Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) -\n* [OBO Format (OBOF)](http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/oboformat/spec.html) - A language used in the OBO Foundry with a concrete syntax and semantics which maps the language to OWL2-DL.\n* [OWL 2 Web Ontology Language](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/) - A language with [an abstract syntax](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-syntax/) and [semantics](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-direct-semantics/). It has a few defined (reserved) vocabulary terms (see [2.4, Table 3](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-syntax/) and [2.2](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-direct-semantics/)). The language is compatible with RDF by [the mapping between the OWL 2 language and the RDF language](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-mapping-to-rdf/). It can be extended with Description Logics (see [Logics](#logics)).\n  * Manchester Syntax\n  * OWL/XML\n* [RDF (Resource Description Framework) 1.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework) - A language with [an abstract syntax (a data model)](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/) based on the subject-predicate-object triple and [semantics](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/). For no vocabulary is defined in itself, it is used with RDF Schema vocabulary (see [Vocabularies](#vocabularies)).\n  * [HDT](http://www.rdfhdt.org/) (2010~)\n  * [JSON-LD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON-LD) (2010~)\n  * [Notation3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation3) (N3) (2008~)\n  * [N-Quads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Triples#N-Quads) (2014~)\n  * [N-Triples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Triples) (2001/2014~)\n  * [RDFa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFa) (2004~)\n  * [RDF/XML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF/XML) (2002/2004~)\n  * [TriG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriG_(syntax)) (2007/2014~)\n  * [TriX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)) (2004~, inactive)\n  * [Turtle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)) ([2004](https://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/2008/SUBM-turtle-20080114/#sec-acks)/2014~)\n  * [RDF*](https://w3c.github.io/rdf-star/) (generic extension of RDF, 2019~)\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* KL-ONE\n* [Loom](https://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/)\n* [Nanotation](https://www.w3.org/community/rww/wiki/Nanotation) (2014, inactive)\n\nSee also:\n\n* [Logics](#logics) section of this list\n* [Ontology language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_language) in Wikipedia\n\n## Ontologies and Vocabularies\n\nSee also:\n\n* [Lists of ontologies](https://www.w3.org/wiki/Lists_of_ontologies) in W3C Wiki - A short meta-list of lists of ontologies.\n* [BioPortal](https://bioportal.bioontology.org/) - A comprehensive repository of biomedical ontologies.\n* [Ontology Lookup Service (OLS)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols4/ontologies) - A repository of 200+ biomedical ontologies, developed by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI).\n* [KBS/Ontology Projects Worldwide](http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mfkb/related.html) - A List of 300+ ontologies and related resources, maintained by [Peter Clark](http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/pclark/).\n* [The Linked Open Data Cloud](https://lod-cloud.net/)\n* [Linked Open Vocabularies](https://lov.linkeddata.es/dataset/lov/)\n* [prefix.cc](https://prefix.cc/) - Namespace lookup for RDF developers.\n* [BARTOC (Basel Register of Thesauri, Ontologies \u0026 Classifications)](https://bartoc.org) - Database of Knowledge Organization Systems and KOS related Registries, developed by the Basel University Library, Switzerland.\n* [DBpedia Archivo](https://archivo.dbpedia.org/list) - Ontology archive automatically indexing OWL ontologies on the web.\n* \u003chttp://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/\u003e in [OntologyDesignPatterns.org](http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/) (ODP)\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [Ontology List](https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125526/https://info.sice.indiana.edu/~dingying/Teaching/S604/OntologyList.html) by Ying Ding.\n* [Protege Ontology Library](https://protegewiki.stanford.edu/wiki/Protege_Ontology_Library) in Protege Wiki - Listing 100+ ontologies.\n\n### Upper-level Ontologies\n\n* [BFO (Basic Formal Ontology)](http://basic-formal-ontology.org/) - A small, upper level ontology that is designed for use in supporting information retrieval, analysis and integration in scientific and other domains.\n* [DBpedia Ontology (DBO)](https://www.dbpedia.org/resources/ontology/) - A shallow, cross-domain ontology, which has been manually created based on the most commonly used infoboxes within Wikipedia.\n* [DOLCE (Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering)](http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/dolce/overview.html) - A foundational ontology originally developed in WonderWeb project. ([old page](https://web.archive.org/web/20180716182415/http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/old/DOLCE.html))\n* [GFO (General Formal Ontology)](http://www.onto-med.de/ontologies/gfo/) - A top-level ontology for conceptual modeling, which is being constantly further developed by Onto-Med.\n* [gist](https://semanticarts.com/gist/) - Semantic Arts' minimalist upper ontology for the enterprise.\n* [gUFO](http://purl.org/nemo/doc/gufo) - A Lightweight Implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). [Paper on UFO](https://doi.org/10.3233/AO-210256). The [OntoUML conceptual modeling language](https://github.com/OntoUML/ontouml-vp-plugin) is designed to comply with UFO by default and includes model intelligence services.\n* [KYOTO 3 Top](http://kyoto-project.eu/xmlgroup.iit.cnr.it/kyoto/index8d0f.html?option=com_content\u0026view=article\u0026id=390\u0026Itemid=155) - An ontology which extends DOLCE-Lite Plus (DLP). It consists of ~50 classes.\n* [SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology)](https://www.ontologyportal.org/)\n* [YAMATO (Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology)](https://www.hozo.jp/onto_library/upperOnto.htm)\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [UMBEL (Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer)](https://github.com/structureddynamics/UMBEL) Vocabulary (UMBEL ontology) (merged to KBpedia in 2019) - An ontology consists of ~70 classes.\n\n### Mid-level Ontologies\n\n* [Common Core Ontologies (CCO)](https://github.com/CommonCoreOntology/CommonCoreOntologies) - An IEEE standard suite of eleven ontologies that constitute a mid-level ontology extending from the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO).\n* [KYOTO 3 Middle](http://kyoto-project.eu/xmlgroup.iit.cnr.it/kyoto/index8d0f.html?option=com_content\u0026view=article\u0026id=390\u0026Itemid=155) - An ontology which consists of ~350 classes.\n* [MILO (Mid-Level Ontology)](https://github.com/ontologyportal/sumo/blob/master/Mid-level-ontology.kif) in [SUMO](http://www.adampease.org/OP/)\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [UMBEL (Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer)](https://github.com/structureddynamics/UMBEL) (merged to KBpedia in 2019)\n\n### Cross-domain Ontologies\n\n#### Large-scale\n\n* [ConceptNet](http://conceptnet.io/) - An open, multilingual knowledge graph.\n* [Cyc](https://www.cyc.com/) ([OpenCyc](http://www.cyc.com/opencyc/)/[ResearchCyc](http://www.cyc.com/researchcyc/)) - A knowledge base which contains more than 630,000 concepts.\n* [DBpedia](https://wiki.dbpedia.org/) - A crowd-sourced community effort to extract structured content from the information created in various Wikimedia projects.\n* [KBpedia](http://kbpedia.org/) - A comprehensive knowledge structure for promoting data interoperability and knowledge-based artificial intelligence (KBAI). It combines Wikipedia, Wikidata, schema.org, DBpedia, GeoNames, OpenCyc, and UMBEL.\n* [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/) - A free and open knowledge base that can be read and edited by both humans and machines. It contains more than 55,000,000 data items.\n* [WordNet](https://wordnet.princeton.edu/) - A large lexical database of English. It consists of ~117,000 synsets (groups of synonyms).\n* [YAGO](https://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/departments/databases-and-information-systems/research/yago-naga/yago/) - A huge semantic knowledge base, derived from Wikipedia WordNet and GeoNames. It has knowledge of more than 10 million (10,000,000) entities.\n* [Xlore](https://xlore.cn/index) - A large-scale multilingual knowledge graph by structuring and integrating Chinese Wikipedia, English Wikipedia, French wikipedia, and Baidu Baike.\n\nWithout explicit classes:\n\n* [Billion Triple Challenge (BTC) 2019 Dataset](https://zenodo.org/record/2634588) - A result of a large-scale RDF crawl (accepting RDF/XML, Turtle and N-Triples) conducted from 2018/12/12 until 2019/01/11 using LDspider.\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [Freebase](https://developers.google.com/freebase/) (shut down in 2016) -\n* [MindNet](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/project/mindnet/) (~2001?) - ... by Microsoft.\n* [Mosaic Knowledge Graphs](https://web.archive.org/web/20240715235324/https://mosaickg.apps.allenai.org/) - ATOMIC + ConceptNet combination by AllenAI.\n* [NELL ontology and knowledge base](https://web.archive.org/web/20241014060631/http://nell-ld.telecom-st-etienne.fr/) - An ontology developed by the Never-Ending Language Learning (NELL) project.\n* [SENSUS](https://www.isi.edu/natural-language/resources/sensus.html) -\n* [Mikrokosmos]() -\n\nSee also:\n\n* [Open Multilingual Wordnet](http://compling.hss.ntu.edu.sg/omw/) - A list of open wordnets in a variety of languages, all linked to the Princeton WordNet of English (PWN).\n\n#### Small to Medium-scale\n\n* [KYOTO 3 Domain](http://kyoto-project.eu/xmlgroup.iit.cnr.it/kyoto/index8d0f.html?option=com_content\u0026view=article\u0026id=390\u0026Itemid=155) - An ontology which consists of ~1900 classes.\n\n### Domain Ontologies\n\n#### Architecture\n\n* [Digital Buildings Ontology (DBO)](https://github.com/google/digitalbuildings) - Ontology for buildings and building-installed equipment by Google.\n\n#### Biology\n\n* [Gene Ontology (GO)](http://geneontology.org/) -  The world’s largest source of information on the functions of genes.\n* [Uberon](http://obofoundry.org/ontology/uberon) - All body parts across all animals.\n\n#### Commerce\n\n* [GoodRelations](http://www.heppnetz.de/projects/goodrelations/) - The Web vocabulary for e-commerce.\n* [Product Types Ontology](http://www.productontology.org/) - High-precision identifiers for product types based on Wikipedia.\n\n#### Community\n\n* [SIOC (Semantically Interlinked Online Communities)](http://sioc-project.org/) - An ontology of terms that can be used to describe online communities on the Web of Data.\n\n#### Culture\n\n* [CIDOC CRM (Conceptual Reference Model)](http://www.cidoc-crm.org/) - An ontology for cultural heritage information, which describes the explicit and implicit concepts and relations relevant to the documentation of cultural heritage.\n\n#### Food and Drink\n\n* [Wine Ontology](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/wine.rdf) - An example used in [W3C OWL Guide](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/).\n* [Food Ontology](https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/food.rdf) - An example used in [W3C OWL Guide](https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/).\n* [FoodOn](https://foodon.org/) - An ontology built to interoperate with the OBO Library and to represent entities which bear a \"food role\".\n\n#### Geography\n\n* [Geographical Entity Ontology](http://www.obofoundry.org/ontology/geo.html) - An ontology of geographical entities implemented in OWL 2 and based on Basic Formal Ontology (BFO).\n\n#### Humanities\n\nSee:\n\n* [CLARIAH/awesome-humanities-ontologies](https://github.com/CLARIAH/awesome-humanities-ontologies) - A curated list of ontologies for Digital Humanities.\n\n#### Legal\n\nSee:\n\n* [Liquid-Legal-Institute/Legal-Ontologies](https://github.com/Liquid-Legal-Institute/Legal-Ontologies) - A list of selected resources, methods, and tools dedicated to legal data schemes and ontologies.\n\n#### Music\n\n* [The Music Ontology (MO)](http://musicontology.com/) - An ontology designed to describe music-related concepts such as artists, albums, tracks, performances, and arrangements for use on the Semantic Web.\n\n#### News\n\n* [rNews](http://dev.iptc.org/rNews) - An approved standard for using semantic markup to annotate news-specific metadata in HTML documents.\n\n#### People\n\n* [Friend Of A Friend (FOAF)](http://www.foaf-project.org/) - A computer language defining a dictionary of people-related terms that can be used in structured data.\n* [vCard Ontology](https://www.w3.org/TR/vcard-rdf/) - An ontology for describing people and organizations. A mapping of the vCard specification (RFC6350) to RDF/OWL.\n\n### Vocabularies\n\n\u003e A vocabulary is a set of terms for a language.\n\n* [Dublin Core Metadata Element Set](http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/) - A vocabulary of fifteen properties for use in resource description.\n* [DCMI Metadata Terms](http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/) - An extension of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set.\n* [IMI (Infrastructure for Multilayer Interoperability) Core Vocabulary](https://imi.go.jp/goi/imi-about-en) - A Japanese controlled vocabulary consists of roughly 60 class concepts, 250 property concepts and words associated to them.\n* [Open Graph protocol](http://ogp.me/) -\n* [RDF Schema (RDFS) 1.1](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/) - A data-modelling RDF vocabulary used for defining RDF vocabularies.\n* [Schema.org Schemas](https://schema.org/docs/full.html) -\n* [SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System)](https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/) - An RDF vocabulary for representing semi-formal knowledge organization systems (KOSs), such as thesauri, taxonomies, classification schemes and subject heading lists.\n\n## Alignment \u0026 Matching\n\n- [AgreementMakerLight (AML)](https://github.com/AgreementMakerLight/AML-Project) - Ontology matching system developed by LASIGE (FCUL, Portugal) in collaboration with the ADVIS Lab (UIC, USA).\n- [LogMap](https://github.com/ernestojimenezruiz/logmap-matcher) - Highly scalable ontology matching system with \"built-in\" reasoning and inconsistency repair capabilities.\n- [OntoEMMA](https://github.com/allenai/ontoemma) -  Ontology matcher by AllenAI.\n\nSee also:\n\n- [Ontology Matching](http://www.ontologymatching.org/index.html) website - Hosting OM (International Workshop on Ontology Matching) and OAEI (Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative).\n- [Alignment API](http://alignapi.gforge.inria.fr/) - Ontology Alignment API specification. (implemented in Java)\n\n## Logics\n\n\u003e A logic is a language with a proof theory (e.g., axioms and inference rules).\n\n* [Description Logics (DLs)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Description_logic) -\n* [F-Logic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-logic) family -\n\nSee also:\n\n* [Description Logic Complexity Navigator](http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~ezolin/dl/) by Evgeny Zolin\n\n## Reasoners\n\n\u003e A reasoner is a program which infers explanatory or new facts and detects inconsistencies in ontology and knowledge base based on the logic associated.\n\n* [CEL](https://julianmendez.github.io/cel/) - A lightweight Description Logic (EL+) reasoner for large-scale biomedical ontologies. (Common Lisp+Java)\n* [ELK](https://github.com/liveontologies/elk-reasoner) - An ontology reasoner that aims to support the OWL 2 EL profile. (Java)\n* [EYE](https://github.com/josd/eye) - A reasoning engine which performs semibackward chaining and supports Euler paths. (Prolog)\n* [FaCT++](http://owl.man.ac.uk/factplusplus/) - The new generation of the well-known [FaCT](http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/FaCT) OWL-DL reasoner which uses optimised tableaux algorithms. (C++)\n* [Flora-2 (Ergo Lite)](http://flora.sourceforge.net/) - A F-logic based reasoning system. (Prolog)\n* [HyLAR](https://github.com/ucbl/HyLAR-Reasoner) - A rule-based incremental reasoner for the Web. (JavaScript)\n* [jcel](https://github.com/julianmendez/jcel) - A reasoner for the description logic EL+. (Java)\n* [Openllet](https://github.com/Galigator/openllet) - An OWL DL reasoner build on top of Pellet 2. (Java)\n* [OWL-RL](https://github.com/RDFLib/OWL-RL) - A simple implementation of the OWL2 RL Profile, as well as a basic RDFS inference, on top of RDFLib. (Python)\n* [pyfactxx](https://github.com/tilde-lab/pyfactxx) - Python bindings for upgraded FaCT reasoner and RDFLib integration. (Python/C++)\n* [Racer](https://www.ifis.uni-luebeck.de/~moeller/racer/) - A knowledge representation system that implements a highly optimized tableau calculus for the description logic SRIQ(D). (Common Lisp+Java)\n* [Whelk](https://github.com/balhoff/whelk) - A Scala OWL reasoner based on the algorithm implemented in ELK, using immutable data structures.\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [cwm](https://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/doc/cwm.html) (last updated 2005) - A forward chaining RDF reasoner. (Python)\n* [HermiT](http://www.hermit-reasoner.com/) (last updated ~2013) - The first publicly-available OWL reasoner based on a novel “hypertableau” calculus which provides much more efficient reasoning than any previously-known algorithm. (Java)\n* [Hoolet](http://owl.man.ac.uk/hoolet/) (last updated 2004) - An implementation of an OWL-DL reasoner that uses a first order prover. It uses the Vampire prover for reasoning purposes. Other reasoners could also be used; communication with the reasoner is via the TPTP format which is understood by a number of theorem provers.\n* [KAON2](http://kaon2.semanticweb.org/) reasoner (last updated 2008) - A DL reasoner for the SHIQ(D) subset of OWL-DL, based on novel algorithms which reduce a SHIQ(D) knowledge base to a disjunctive datalog program. (proprietary, Java)\n* [Pellet 2](https://github.com/stardog-union/pellet) (last updated ~2015) - An open source OWL DL reasoner for Java. Pellet 3 (proprietary) is embedded in the [Stardog](https://www.stardog.com/) platform. (Java)\n\nSee also:\n\n* [How does a reasoner work?](http://ontogenesis.knowledgeblog.org/1486) - An introductory article by Uli Sattler, Robert Stevens, and Phillip Lord\n\n## Querying\n\n* [DL Query (class expression)](https://protegewiki.stanford.edu/wiki/DLQueryTab) - A query language supported by the DL Query tab plugin for Protégé based on the Manchester OWL syntax.\n* [SPARQL 1.1](https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/) - A set of specifications that provide languages and protocols to query and manipulate RDF graph content on the Web or in an RDF store.\n  * [SPARQL-DL](http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-258/paper14.pdf) - A substantial subset of SPARQL that can be covered by the standard reasoning services OWL-DL reasoners provide. It is implemented in the Pellet reasoner.\n  * [SPARQL-OWL algorithm](http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-796/owled2011_submission_4.pdf) - A sound and complete algorithm for answering SPARQL-OWL, SPARQL queries under the OWL 2 Direct Semantics entailment regime.\n  * [SPARQL*](https://w3c.github.io/rdf-star/#sparql-query-language) - An RDF*-aware extension of the RDF query language SPARQL.\n\nSee also:\n\n* [[protege-user] which is the best query language for owl ontologies?](https://mailman.stanford.edu/pipermail/protege-user/2016-August/004995.html)\n\n## Rule and Schema Definition\n\n* [LinkML](https://linkml.io/linkml) - A polymorphic semantic modeling language.\n* [SHACL (Shapes Constraint Language)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHACL)\n* [ShEx (Shape Expressions)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShEx)\n* [SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language)](https://www.w3.org/Submission/SWRL/) - A rule markup language which extends the logical expressivity of the OWL language.\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [SPIN (SPARQL Inferencing Notation)](http://spinrdf.org/) (virtually succeeded by SHACL, see [From SPIN to SHACL](https://spinrdf.org/spin-shacl.html))\n\n## Programming\n\nSee also: [Ontology Utilities](#ontology-utilities) section.\n\n### OWL-aware libraries\n\n* [Apache Jena Ontology API](https://jena.apache.org/documentation/ontology/) (Java)\n* [FunOWL](https://github.com/hsolbrig/funowl/) - A Python library for working with OWL (functional syntax). (Python)\n* [Horned OWL](https://github.com/phillord/horned-owl) - An OWL Rust library. (Rust)\n* [ontor](https://github.com/felixocker/ontor) - Ontology editing library built on Owlready2. (Python)\n* [OWL API](http://owlcs.github.io/owlapi/) - A Java API for creating, manipulating and serializing OWL Ontologies. (Java)\n* [Owlish](https://github.com/field33/owlish) - A Rust library for working with OWL 2 ontologies with Wasm support and turtle parsing. (Rust)\n* [Owlready2](https://owlready2.readthedocs.io/) - A module for ontology-oriented programming in Python. (Python)\n* [Tawny-OWL](https://github.com/phillord/tawny-owl) - A domain-specific language and library for OWL ontologies in Clojure. (Clojure)\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [OPPL](http://oppl2.sourceforge.net/) - An abstract formalism that allows for manipulating ontologies written in OWL.\n\n## Communities\n\n* [Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative](http://oaei.ontologymatching.org/) (OAEI)\n* [Association for Ontology Design \u0026 Patterns](http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/ODPA) (ODPA)\n\n## Related\n\n* [semantalytics/awesome-semantic-web](https://github.com/semantalytics/awesome-semantic-web) - A curated list of various semantic web and linked data resources.\n* [totogo/awesome-knowledge-graph](https://github.com/totogo/awesome-knowledge-graph) - A curated list of Knowledge Graph related learning materials, databases, tools and other resources.\n* [Materials-Data-Science-and-Informatics/awesome-fair-data](https://github.com/Materials-Data-Science-and-Informatics/awesome-fair-data) - A curated list of awesome stuff around the FAIR principles for (scientific) data, i.e that data is findable, accessable, interoperable and re-usable.\n* [pysemtec/semantic-python-overview](https://github.com/pysemtec/semantic-python-overview) - A (subjective) overview of projects which are related both to python and semantic technologies (RDF, OWL, Reasoning, ...).\n\nArchived or inactive:\n\n* [buaaliuming/Awesome-Knowledge-Bases](https://github.com/buaaliuming/Awesome-Knowledge-Bases) - Available knowledge bases, Ontology, Knowledge Graph or taxonomy.\n* [costezki/awesome-semantic-tools](https://github.com/costezki/awesome-semantic-tools) - List of projects related to Ontology engineering and Semantic Web technologies that make a geek smile for they exist.\n* [jbenner-radham/awesome-semantic-web](https://github.com/jbenner-radham/awesome-semantic-web) - A curated list of various semantic web and linked data resources.\n* [KMax/awesome-semantic-web-business](https://github.com/KMax/awesome-semantic-web-business) - A curated list of awesome resources that feature usages of Semantic Web technologies in business cases (applications).\n","project_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fozekik%2Fawesome-ontology","html_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/projects/github.com%2Fozekik%2Fawesome-ontology","lists_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fozekik%2Fawesome-ontology/lists"}