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By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest\nway possible, it unifies and distills the bridge between web servers, web\nframeworks, and web application into a single method call.\n\nThe exact details of this are described in the [Rack Specification], which all\nRack applications should conform to. Browse the [Documentation] for more\ninformation.\n\n## Version support\n\n| Version  | Support                            |\n|----------|------------------------------------|\n|    3.2.x | Bug fixes and security patches.    |\n|    3.1.x | Security patches only.             |\n|    3.0.x | End of support.                    |\n|    2.2.x | Security patches only.             |\n| \u003c= 2.1.x | End of support.                    |\n\n**Rack 2.2.x is in security maintenance mode**. Please upgrade to Rack 3.1+ as soon\nas possible to ensure you are receiving the latest features and security patches.\n\nPlease see the [Security Policy] for more information.\n\n## Change log\n\nSee the [Changelog](CHANGELOG.md) for a detailed list of changes in each version of Rack.\n\n### Rack 3.2 (latest release)\n\nThis version of rack contains bug fixes and security patches.\n\n### Rack 3.1\n\nThis version of rack contains bug fixes and security patches.\n\n### Rack 3.0\n\nThis version of rack contains significant changes which are detailed in the\n[Upgrade Guide](UPGRADE-GUIDE.md). It is recommended to upgrade to Rack 3 as soon\nas possible to receive the latest features and security patches.\n\n### Rack 2.2\n\nThis version of Rack is receiving security patches only, and effort should be\nmade to move to Rack 3.\n\nStarting in Ruby 3.4 the `base64` dependency will no longer be a default gem,\nand may cause a warning or error about `base64` being missing. To correct this,\nadd `base64` as a dependency to your project.\n\n## Installation\n\nAdd the rack gem to your application bundle, or follow the instructions provided\nby a [supported web framework](#supported-web-frameworks):\n\n```bash\n# Install it generally:\n$ gem install rack\n\n# or, add it to your current application gemfile:\n$ bundle add rack\n```\n\nIf you need features from `Rack::Session` or `bin/rackup` please add those gems separately.\n\n```bash\n$ gem install rack-session rackup\n```\n\n## Usage\n\nCreate a file called `config.ru` with the following contents:\n\n```ruby\nrun do |env|\n  [200, {}, [\"Hello World\"]]\nend\n```\n\nRun this using the rackup gem or another [supported web\nserver](#supported-web-servers).\n\n```bash\n$ gem install rackup\n$ rackup\n\n# In another shell:\n$ curl http://localhost:9292\nHello World\n```\n\n## Supported web servers\n\nRack is supported by a wide range of servers, including:\n\n* [Agoo](https://github.com/ohler55/agoo)\n* [Falcon](https://github.com/socketry/falcon)\n* [Iodine](https://github.com/boazsegev/iodine)\n* [NGINX Unit](https://unit.nginx.org/)\n* [Phusion Passenger](https://www.phusionpassenger.com/) (which is mod_rack for\n  Apache and for nginx)\n* [Pitchfork](https://github.com/Shopify/pitchfork)\n* [Puma](https://puma.io/)\n* [Thin](https://github.com/macournoyer/thin)\n* [Unicorn](https://yhbt.net/unicorn/)\n* [uWSGI](https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)\n* [Lamby](https://lamby.custominktech.com) (for AWS Lambda)\n\nYou will need to consult the server documentation to find out what features and\nlimitations they may have. In general, any valid Rack app will run the same on\nall these servers, without changing anything.\n\n### Rackup\n\nRack provides a separate gem, [rackup](https://github.com/rack/rackup) which is\na generic interface for running a Rack application on supported servers, which\ninclude `WEBRick`, `Puma`, `Falcon` and others.\n\n## Supported web frameworks\n\nThese frameworks and many others support the [Rack Specification]:\n\n* [Camping](https://github.com/camping/camping)\n* [Hanami](https://hanamirb.org/)\n* [Ramaze](https://github.com/ramaze/ramaze)\n* [Padrino](https://padrinorb.com/)\n* [Roda](https://github.com/jeremyevans/roda)\n* [Ruby on Rails](https://rubyonrails.org/)\n* [Rum](https://github.com/leahneukirchen/rum)\n* [Sinatra](https://sinatrarb.com/)\n* [Utopia](https://github.com/socketry/utopia)\n* [WABuR](https://github.com/ohler55/wabur)\n\n## Available middleware shipped with Rack\n\nBetween the server and the framework, Rack can be customized to your\napplications needs using middleware. Rack itself ships with the following\nmiddleware:\n\n* `Rack::CommonLogger` for creating Apache-style logfiles.\n* `Rack::ConditionalGet` for returning [Not\n  Modified](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/304)\n  responses when the response has not changed.\n* `Rack::Config` for modifying the environment before processing the request.\n* `Rack::ContentLength` for setting a `content-length` header based on body\n  size.\n* `Rack::ContentType` for setting a default `content-type` header for responses.\n* `Rack::Deflater` for compressing responses with gzip.\n* `Rack::ETag` for setting `etag` header on bodies that can be buffered.\n* `Rack::Events` for providing easy hooks when a request is received and when\n  the response is sent.\n* `Rack::Head` for returning an empty body for HEAD requests.\n* `Rack::Lint` for checking conformance to the [Rack Specification].\n* `Rack::Lock` for serializing requests using a mutex.\n* `Rack::MethodOverride` for modifying the request method based on a submitted\n  parameter.\n* `Rack::Recursive` for including data from other paths in the application, and\n  for performing internal redirects.\n* `Rack::Reloader` for reloading files if they have been modified.\n* `Rack::Runtime` for including a response header with the time taken to process\n  the request.\n* `Rack::Sendfile` for working with web servers that can use optimized file\n  serving for file system paths.\n* `Rack::ShowException` for catching unhandled exceptions and presenting them in\n  a nice and helpful way with clickable backtrace.\n* `Rack::ShowStatus` for using nice error pages for empty client error\n  responses.\n* `Rack::Static` for configurable serving of static files.\n* `Rack::TempfileReaper` for removing temporary files creating during a request.\n\nAll these components use the same interface, which is described in detail in the\n[Rack Specification]. These optional components can be used in any way you wish.\n\n### Convenience interfaces\n\nIf you want to develop outside of existing frameworks, implement your own ones,\nor develop middleware, Rack provides many helpers to create Rack applications\nquickly and without doing the same web stuff all over:\n\n* `Rack::Request` which also provides query string parsing and multipart\n  handling.\n* `Rack::Response` for convenient generation of HTTP replies and cookie\n  handling.\n* `Rack::MockRequest` and `Rack::MockResponse` for efficient and quick testing\n  of Rack application without real HTTP round-trips.\n* `Rack::Cascade` for trying additional Rack applications if an application\n  returns a not found or method not supported response.\n* `Rack::Directory` for serving files under a given directory, with directory\n  indexes.\n* `Rack::Files` for serving files under a given directory, without directory\n  indexes.\n* `Rack::MediaType` for parsing content-type headers.\n* `Rack::Mime` for determining content-type based on file extension.\n* `Rack::RewindableInput` for making any IO object rewindable, using a temporary\n  file buffer.\n* `Rack::URLMap` to route to multiple applications inside the same process.\n\n## Configuration\n\nRack exposes several configuration parameters to control various features of the\nimplementation.\n\n### `RACK_QUERY_PARSER_BYTESIZE_LIMIT`\n\nThis environment variable sets the default for the maximum query string bytesize\nthat `Rack::QueryParser` will attempt to parse.  Attempts to use a query string\nthat exceeds this number of bytes will result in a\n`Rack::QueryParser::QueryLimitError` exception. If this enviroment variable is\nprovided, it must be an integer, or `Rack::QueryParser` will raise an exception.\n\nThe default limit can be overridden on a per-`Rack::QueryParser` basis using\nthe `bytesize_limit` keyword argument when creating the `Rack::QueryParser`.\n\n### `RACK_QUERY_PARSER_PARAMS_LIMIT`\n\nThis environment variable sets the default for the maximum number of query\nparameters that `Rack::QueryParser` will attempt to parse.  Attempts to use a\nquery string with more than this many query parameters will result in a\n`Rack::QueryParser::QueryLimitError` exception. If this enviroment variable is\nprovided, it must be an integer, or `Rack::QueryParser` will raise an exception.\n\nThe default limit can be overridden on a per-`Rack::QueryParser` basis using\nthe `params_limit` keyword argument when creating the `Rack::QueryParser`.\n\nThis is implemented by counting the number of parameter separators in the\nquery string, before attempting parsing, so if the same parameter key is\nused multiple times in the query, each counts as a separate parameter for\nthis check.\n\n### `RACK_MULTIPART_BUFFERED_UPLOAD_BYTESIZE_LIMIT`\n\nThis environment variable sets the maximum amount of memory Rack will use\nto buffer multipart parameters when parsing a request body. This considers\nthe size of the multipart mime headers and the body part for multipart\nparameters that are buffered in memory and do not use tempfiles. This\ndefaults to 16MB if not provided.\n\n### `param_depth_limit`\n\n```ruby\nRack::Utils.param_depth_limit = 32 # default\n```\n\nThe maximum amount of nesting allowed in parameters. For example, if set to 3,\nthis query string would be allowed:\n\n```\n?a[b][c]=d\n```\n\nbut this query string would not be allowed:\n\n```\n?a[b][c][d]=e\n```\n\nLimiting the depth prevents a possible stack overflow when parsing parameters.\n\n### `multipart_file_limit`\n\n```ruby\nRack::Utils.multipart_file_limit = 128 # default\n```\n\nThe maximum number of parts with a filename a request can contain. Accepting\ntoo many parts can lead to the server running out of file handles.\n\nThe default is 128, which means that a single request can't upload more than 128\nfiles at once. Set to 0 for no limit.\n\nCan also be set via the `RACK_MULTIPART_FILE_LIMIT` environment variable.\n\n(This is also aliased as `multipart_part_limit` and `RACK_MULTIPART_PART_LIMIT` for compatibility)\n\n### `multipart_total_part_limit`\n\nThe maximum total number of parts a request can contain of any type, including\nboth file and non-file form fields.\n\nThe default is 4096, which means that a single request can't contain more than\n4096 parts.\n\nSet to 0 for no limit.\n\nCan also be set via the `RACK_MULTIPART_TOTAL_PART_LIMIT` environment variable.\n\n## Contributing\n\nSee [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for specific details about how to make a\ncontribution to Rack.\n\nPlease post bugs, suggestions and patches to [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/rack/rack/issues).\n\nPlease check our [Security Policy](https://github.com/rack/rack/security/policy)\nfor responsible disclosure and security bug reporting process. Due to wide usage\nof the library, it is strongly preferred that we manage timing in order to\nprovide viable patches at the time of disclosure. Your assistance in this matter\nis greatly appreciated.\n\n## See Also\n\n### `rackup`\n\nA useful tool for running Rack applications from the command line, including\n`Rackup::Server` (previously `Rack::Server`) for scripting servers.\n\n* https://github.com/rack/rackup\n\n### `rack-contrib`\n\nThe plethora of useful middleware created the need for a project that collects\nfresh Rack middleware. `rack-contrib` includes a variety of add-on components\nfor Rack and it is easy to contribute new modules.\n\n* https://github.com/rack/rack-contrib\n\n### `rack-session`\n\nProvides convenient session management for Rack.\n\n* https://github.com/rack/rack-session\n\n## Thanks\n\nThe Rack Core Team, consisting of\n\n* Aaron Patterson [tenderlove](https://github.com/tenderlove)\n* Samuel Williams [ioquatix](https://github.com/ioquatix)\n* Jeremy Evans [jeremyevans](https://github.com/jeremyevans)\n* Eileen Uchitelle [eileencodes](https://github.com/eileencodes)\n* Matthew Draper [matthewd](https://github.com/matthewd)\n* Rafael França [rafaelfranca](https://github.com/rafaelfranca)\n\nand the Rack Alumni\n\n* Ryan Tomayko [rtomayko](https://github.com/rtomayko)\n* Scytrin dai Kinthra [scytrin](https://github.com/scytrin)\n* Leah Neukirchen [leahneukirchen](https://github.com/leahneukirchen)\n* James Tucker [raggi](https://github.com/raggi)\n* Josh Peek [josh](https://github.com/josh)\n* José Valim [josevalim](https://github.com/josevalim)\n* Michael Fellinger [manveru](https://github.com/manveru)\n* Santiago Pastorino [spastorino](https://github.com/spastorino)\n* Konstantin Haase [rkh](https://github.com/rkh)\n\nwould like to thank:\n\n* Adrian Madrid, for the LiteSpeed handler.\n* Christoffer Sawicki, for the first Rails adapter and `Rack::Deflater`.\n* Tim Fletcher, for the HTTP authentication code.\n* Luc Heinrich for the Cookie sessions, the static file handler and bugfixes.\n* Armin Ronacher, for the logo and racktools.\n* Alex Beregszaszi, Alexander Kahn, Anil Wadghule, Aredridel, Ben Alpert, Dan\n  Kubb, Daniel Roethlisberger, Matt Todd, Tom Robinson, Phil Hagelberg, S. Brent\n  Faulkner, Bosko Milekic, Daniel Rodríguez Troitiño, Genki Takiuchi, Geoffrey\n  Grosenbach, Julien Sanchez, Kamal Fariz Mahyuddin, Masayoshi Takahashi,\n  Patrick Aljordm, Mig, Kazuhiro Nishiyama, Jon Bardin, Konstantin Haase, Larry\n  Siden, Matias Korhonen, Sam Ruby, Simon Chiang, Tim Connor, Timur Batyrshin,\n  and Zach Brock for bug fixing and other improvements.\n* Eric Wong, Hongli Lai, Jeremy Kemper for their continuous support and API\n  improvements.\n* Yehuda Katz and Carl Lerche for refactoring rackup.\n* Brian Candler, for `Rack::ContentType`.\n* Graham Batty, for improved handler loading.\n* Stephen Bannasch, for bug reports and documentation.\n* Gary Wright, for proposing a better `Rack::Response` interface.\n* Jonathan Buch, for improvements regarding `Rack::Response`.\n* Armin Röhrl, for tracking down bugs in the Cookie generator.\n* Alexander Kellett for testing the Gem and reviewing the announcement.\n* Marcus Rückert, for help with configuring and debugging lighttpd.\n* The WSGI team for the well-done and documented work they've done and Rack\n  builds up on.\n* All bug reporters and patch contributors not mentioned above.\n\n## License\n\nRack is released under the [MIT License](MIT-LICENSE).\n\n[Rack Specification]: https://rack.github.io/rack/main/SPEC_rdoc.html\n[Documentation]: https://rack.github.io/rack/\n[Security Policy]: SECURITY.md\n","funding_links":[],"categories":["Web Apps, Services \u0026 Interaction","Ruby","General"],"sub_categories":["Web App Frameworks"],"project_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Frack%2Frack","html_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/projects/github.com%2Frack%2Frack","lists_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Frack%2Frack/lists"}