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0;\n    text-align: left;\n    white-space: pre;\n    word-spacing: normal;\n    word-break: normal;\n    word-wrap: normal;\n    line-height: 1.5;\n\n    -moz-tab-size: 4;\n    -o-tab-size: 4;\n    tab-size: 4;\n\n    -webkit-hyphens: none;\n    -moz-hyphens: none;\n    -ms-hyphens: none;\n    hyphens: none;\n  }\n\n  d-article pre a {\n    border-bottom: none;\n  }\n\n  d-article pre a:hover {\n    border-bottom: none;\n    text-decoration: underline;\n  }\n\n  @media(min-width: 768px) {\n\n  d-article pre,\n  d-article div.sourceCode,\n  d-article div.sourceCode pre {\n    overflow: visible !important;\n  }\n\n  d-article div.sourceCode pre {\n    padding-left: 18px;\n    font-size: 14px;\n  }\n\n  d-article pre {\n    font-size: 14px;\n  }\n\n  }\n\n  figure img.external {\n    background: white;\n    border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    box-shadow: 0 1px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    padding: 18px;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n  }\n\n  /* CSS for d-contents */\n\n  .d-contents {\n    grid-column: text;\n    color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8);\n    font-size: 0.9em;\n    padding-bottom: 1em;\n    margin-bottom: 1em;\n    padding-bottom: 0.5em;\n    margin-bottom: 1em;\n    padding-left: 0.25em;\n    justify-self: start;\n  }\n\n  @media(min-width: 1000px) {\n    .d-contents.d-contents-float {\n      height: 0;\n      grid-column-start: 1;\n      grid-column-end: 4;\n      justify-self: center;\n      padding-right: 3em;\n      padding-left: 2em;\n    }\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav h3 {\n    font-size: 18px;\n    margin-top: 0;\n    margin-bottom: 1em;\n  }\n\n  .d-contents li {\n    list-style-type: none\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav \u003e ul {\n    padding-left: 0;\n  }\n\n  .d-contents ul {\n    padding-left: 1em\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav ul li {\n    margin-top: 0.6em;\n    margin-bottom: 0.2em;\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav a {\n    font-size: 13px;\n    border-bottom: none;\n    text-decoration: none\n    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav a:hover {\n    text-decoration: underline solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav \u003e ul \u003e li \u003e a {\n    font-weight: 600;\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav \u003e ul \u003e li \u003e ul {\n    font-weight: inherit;\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav \u003e ul \u003e li \u003e ul \u003e li {\n    margin-top: 0.2em;\n  }\n\n\n  .d-contents nav ul {\n    margin-top: 0;\n    margin-bottom: 0.25em;\n  }\n\n  .d-article-with-toc h2:nth-child(2) {\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n\n\n  /* Figure */\n\n  .figure {\n    position: relative;\n    margin-bottom: 2.5em;\n    margin-top: 1.5em;\n  }\n\n  .figure img {\n    width: 100%;\n  }\n\n  .figure .caption {\n    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n    font-size: 12px;\n    line-height: 1.5em;\n  }\n\n  .figure img.external {\n    background: white;\n    border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    box-shadow: 0 1px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    padding: 18px;\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n  }\n\n  .figure .caption a {\n    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n  }\n\n  .figure .caption b,\n  .figure .caption strong, {\n    font-weight: 600;\n    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1.0);\n  }\n\n  /* Citations */\n\n  d-article .citation {\n    color: inherit;\n    cursor: inherit;\n  }\n\n  div.hanging-indent{\n    margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;\n  }\n\n\n  /* Tweak 1000px media break to show more text */\n\n  @media(min-width: 1000px) {\n    .base-grid,\n    distill-header,\n    d-title,\n    d-abstract,\n    d-article,\n    d-appendix,\n    distill-appendix,\n    d-byline,\n    d-footnote-list,\n    d-citation-list,\n    distill-footer {\n      grid-template-columns: [screen-start] 1fr [page-start kicker-start] 80px [middle-start] 50px [text-start kicker-end] 65px 65px 65px 65px 65px 65px 65px 65px [text-end gutter-start] 65px [middle-end] 65px [page-end gutter-end] 1fr [screen-end];\n      grid-column-gap: 16px;\n    }\n\n    .grid {\n      grid-column-gap: 16px;\n    }\n\n    d-article {\n      font-size: 1.06rem;\n      line-height: 1.7em;\n    }\n    figure .caption, .figure .caption, figure figcaption {\n      font-size: 13px;\n    }\n  }\n\n  @media(min-width: 1180px) {\n    .base-grid,\n    distill-header,\n    d-title,\n    d-abstract,\n    d-article,\n    d-appendix,\n    distill-appendix,\n    d-byline,\n    d-footnote-list,\n    d-citation-list,\n    distill-footer {\n      grid-template-columns: [screen-start] 1fr [page-start kicker-start] 60px [middle-start] 60px [text-start kicker-end] 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px 60px [text-end gutter-start] 60px [middle-end] 60px [page-end gutter-end] 1fr [screen-end];\n      grid-column-gap: 32px;\n    }\n\n    .grid {\n      grid-column-gap: 32px;\n    }\n  }\n\n\n  /* Get the citation styles for the appendix (not auto-injected on render since\n     we do our own rendering of the citation appendix) */\n\n  d-appendix .citation-appendix,\n  .d-appendix .citation-appendix {\n    font-size: 11px;\n    line-height: 15px;\n    border-left: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    padding-left: 18px;\n    border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.02);\n    padding: 10px 18px;\n    border-radius: 3px;\n    color: rgba(150, 150, 150, 1);\n    overflow: hidden;\n    margin-top: -12px;\n    white-space: pre-wrap;\n    word-wrap: break-word;\n  }\n\n  /* Include appendix styles here so they can be overridden */\n\n  d-appendix {\n    contain: layout style;\n    font-size: 0.8em;\n    line-height: 1.7em;\n    margin-top: 60px;\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n    border-top: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);\n    padding-top: 60px;\n    padding-bottom: 48px;\n  }\n\n  d-appendix h3 {\n    grid-column: page-start / text-start;\n    font-size: 15px;\n    font-weight: 500;\n    margin-top: 1em;\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n    color: rgba(0,0,0,0.65);\n  }\n\n  d-appendix h3 + * {\n    margin-top: 1em;\n  }\n\n  d-appendix ol {\n    padding: 0 0 0 15px;\n  }\n\n  @media (min-width: 768px) {\n    d-appendix ol {\n      padding: 0 0 0 30px;\n      margin-left: -30px;\n    }\n  }\n\n  d-appendix li {\n    margin-bottom: 1em;\n  }\n\n  d-appendix a {\n    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);\n  }\n\n  d-appendix \u003e * {\n    grid-column: text;\n  }\n\n  d-appendix \u003e d-footnote-list,\n  d-appendix \u003e d-citation-list,\n  d-appendix \u003e distill-appendix {\n    grid-column: screen;\n  }\n\n  /* Include footnote styles here so they can be overridden */\n\n  d-footnote-list {\n    contain: layout style;\n  }\n\n  d-footnote-list \u003e * {\n    grid-column: text;\n  }\n\n  d-footnote-list a.footnote-backlink {\n    color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\n    padding-left: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n\n\n  /* Anchor.js */\n\n  .anchorjs-link {\n    /*transition: all .25s linear; */\n    text-decoration: none;\n    border-bottom: none;\n  }\n  *:hover \u003e .anchorjs-link {\n    margin-left: -1.125em !important;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    border-bottom: none;\n  }\n\n  /* Social footer */\n\n  .social_footer {\n    margin-top: 30px;\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n    color: rgba(0,0,0,0.67);\n  }\n\n  .disqus-comments {\n    margin-right: 30px;\n  }\n\n  .disqus-comment-count {\n    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);\n    cursor: pointer;\n  }\n\n  #disqus_thread {\n    margin-top: 30px;\n  }\n\n  .article-sharing a {\n    border-bottom: none;\n    margin-right: 8px;\n  }\n\n  .article-sharing a:hover {\n    border-bottom: none;\n  }\n\n  .sidebar-section.subscribe {\n    font-size: 12px;\n    line-height: 1.6em;\n  }\n\n  .subscribe p {\n    margin-bottom: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n\n  .article-footer .subscribe {\n    font-size: 15px;\n    margin-top: 45px;\n  }\n\n\n  .sidebar-section.custom {\n    font-size: 12px;\n    line-height: 1.6em;\n  }\n\n  .custom p {\n    margin-bottom: 0.5em;\n  }\n\n  /* Styles for listing layout (hide title) */\n  .layout-listing d-title, .layout-listing .d-title {\n    display: none;\n  }\n\n  /* Styles for posts lists (not auto-injected) */\n\n\n  .posts-with-sidebar {\n    padding-left: 45px;\n    padding-right: 45px;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .description h2,\n  .posts-list .description p {\n    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, \"Fira Sans\", \"Droid Sans\", \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, sans-serif;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .description h2 {\n    font-weight: 700;\n    border-bottom: none;\n    padding-bottom: 0;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list h2.post-tag {\n    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\n    padding-bottom: 12px;\n  }\n  .posts-list {\n    margin-top: 60px;\n    margin-bottom: 24px;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .post-preview {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    display: block;\n    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n    padding: 24px 0;\n  }\n\n  .post-preview-last {\n    border-bottom: none !important;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .posts-list-caption {\n    grid-column: screen;\n    font-weight: 400;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .post-preview h2 {\n    margin: 0 0 6px 0;\n    line-height: 1.2em;\n    font-style: normal;\n    font-size: 24px;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .post-preview p {\n    margin: 0 0 12px 0;\n    line-height: 1.4em;\n    font-size: 16px;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .post-preview .thumbnail {\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n    margin-bottom: 24px;\n    position: relative;\n    max-width: 500px;\n  }\n  .posts-list .post-preview img {\n    width: 100%;\n    display: block;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .metadata {\n    font-size: 12px;\n    line-height: 1.4em;\n    margin-bottom: 18px;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .metadata \u003e * {\n    display: inline-block;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .metadata .publishedDate {\n    margin-right: 2em;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .metadata .dt-authors {\n    display: block;\n    margin-top: 0.3em;\n    margin-right: 2em;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .dt-tags {\n    display: block;\n    line-height: 1em;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list .dt-tags .dt-tag {\n    display: inline-block;\n    color: rgba(0,0,0,0.6);\n    padding: 0.3em 0.4em;\n    margin-right: 0.2em;\n    margin-bottom: 0.4em;\n    font-size: 60%;\n    border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.2);\n    border-radius: 3px;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n    font-weight: 500;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list img {\n    opacity: 1;\n  }\n\n  .posts-list img[data-src] {\n    opacity: 0;\n  }\n\n  .posts-more {\n    clear: both;\n  }\n\n\n  .posts-sidebar {\n    font-size: 16px;\n  }\n\n  .posts-sidebar h3 {\n    font-size: 16px;\n    margin-top: 0;\n    margin-bottom: 0.5em;\n    font-weight: 400;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n  }\n\n  .sidebar-section {\n    margin-bottom: 30px;\n  }\n\n  .categories ul {\n    list-style-type: none;\n    margin: 0;\n    padding: 0;\n  }\n\n  .categories li {\n    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n  }\n\n  .categories li\u003ea {\n    border-bottom: none;\n  }\n\n  .categories li\u003ea:hover {\n    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);\n  }\n\n  .categories .active {\n    font-weight: 600;\n  }\n\n  .categories .category-count {\n    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);\n  }\n\n\n  @media(min-width: 768px) {\n    .posts-list .post-preview h2 {\n      font-size: 26px;\n    }\n    .posts-list .post-preview .thumbnail {\n      float: right;\n      width: 30%;\n      margin-bottom: 0;\n    }\n    .posts-list .post-preview .description {\n      float: left;\n      width: 45%;\n    }\n    .posts-list .post-preview .metadata {\n      float: left;\n      width: 20%;\n      margin-top: 8px;\n    }\n    .posts-list .post-preview p {\n      margin: 0 0 12px 0;\n      line-height: 1.5em;\n      font-size: 16px;\n    }\n    .posts-with-sidebar .posts-list {\n      float: left;\n      width: 75%;\n    }\n    .posts-with-sidebar .posts-sidebar {\n      float: right;\n      width: 20%;\n      margin-top: 60px;\n      padding-top: 24px;\n      padding-bottom: 24px;\n    }\n  }\n\n\n  /* Improve display for browsers without grid (IE/Edge \u003c= 15) */\n\n  .downlevel {\n    line-height: 1.6em;\n    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, \"Fira Sans\", \"Droid Sans\", \"Helvetica Neue\", Arial, sans-serif;\n    margin: 0;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .d-title {\n    padding-top: 6rem;\n    padding-bottom: 1.5rem;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .d-title h1 {\n    font-size: 50px;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    line-height: 1.1em;\n    margin: 0 0 0.5rem;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .d-title p {\n    font-weight: 300;\n    font-size: 1.2rem;\n    line-height: 1.55em;\n    margin-top: 0;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .d-byline {\n    padding-top: 0.8em;\n    padding-bottom: 0.8em;\n    font-size: 0.8rem;\n    line-height: 1.8em;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .section-separator {\n    border: none;\n    border-top: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .d-article {\n    font-size: 1.06rem;\n    line-height: 1.7em;\n    padding-top: 1rem;\n    padding-bottom: 2rem;\n  }\n\n\n  .downlevel .d-appendix {\n    padding-left: 0;\n    padding-right: 0;\n    max-width: none;\n    font-size: 0.8em;\n    line-height: 1.7em;\n    margin-bottom: 0;\n    color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);\n    padding-top: 40px;\n    padding-bottom: 48px;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .footnotes ol {\n    padding-left: 13px;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .base-grid,\n  .downlevel .distill-header,\n  .downlevel .d-title,\n  .downlevel .d-abstract,\n  .downlevel .d-article,\n  .downlevel .d-appendix,\n  .downlevel .distill-appendix,\n  .downlevel .d-byline,\n  .downlevel .d-footnote-list,\n  .downlevel .d-citation-list,\n  .downlevel .distill-footer,\n  .downlevel .appendix-bottom,\n  .downlevel .posts-container {\n    padding-left: 40px;\n    padding-right: 40px;\n  }\n\n  @media(min-width: 768px) {\n    .downlevel .base-grid,\n    .downlevel .distill-header,\n    .downlevel .d-title,\n    .downlevel .d-abstract,\n    .downlevel .d-article,\n    .downlevel .d-appendix,\n    .downlevel .distill-appendix,\n    .downlevel .d-byline,\n    .downlevel .d-footnote-list,\n    .downlevel .d-citation-list,\n    .downlevel .distill-footer,\n    .downlevel .appendix-bottom,\n    .downlevel .posts-container {\n    padding-left: 150px;\n    padding-right: 150px;\n    max-width: 900px;\n  }\n  }\n\n  .downlevel pre code {\n    display: block;\n    border-left: 2px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);\n    padding: 0 0 0 20px;\n    font-size: 14px;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel code, .downlevel pre {\n    color: black;\n    background: none;\n    font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;\n    text-align: left;\n    white-space: pre;\n    word-spacing: normal;\n    word-break: normal;\n    word-wrap: normal;\n    line-height: 1.5;\n\n    -moz-tab-size: 4;\n    -o-tab-size: 4;\n    tab-size: 4;\n\n    -webkit-hyphens: none;\n    -moz-hyphens: none;\n    -ms-hyphens: none;\n    hyphens: none;\n  }\n\n  .downlevel .posts-list .post-preview {\n    color: inherit;\n  }\n\n\n\n  \u003c/style\u003e\n\n  \u003cscript type=\"application/javascript\"\u003e\n\n  function is_downlevel_browser() {\n    if (bowser.isUnsupportedBrowser({ msie: \"12\", msedge: \"16\"},\n                                   window.navigator.userAgent)) {\n      return true;\n    } else {\n      return window.load_distill_framework === undefined;\n    }\n  }\n\n  // show body when load is complete\n  function on_load_complete() {\n\n    // add anchors\n    if (window.anchors) {\n      window.anchors.options.placement = 'left';\n      window.anchors.add('d-article \u003e h2, d-article \u003e h3, d-article \u003e h4, d-article \u003e h5');\n    }\n\n\n    // set body to visible\n    document.body.style.visibility = 'visible';\n\n    // force redraw for leaflet widgets\n    if (window.HTMLWidgets) {\n      var maps = window.HTMLWidgets.findAll(\".leaflet\");\n      $.each(maps, function(i, el) {\n        var map = this.getMap();\n        map.invalidateSize();\n        map.eachLayer(function(layer) {\n          if (layer instanceof L.TileLayer)\n            layer.redraw();\n        });\n      });\n    }\n\n    // trigger 'shown' so htmlwidgets resize\n    $('d-article').trigger('shown');\n  }\n\n  function init_distill() {\n\n    init_common();\n\n    // create front matter\n    var front_matter = $('\u003cd-front-matter\u003e\u003c/d-front-matter\u003e');\n    $('#distill-front-matter').wrap(front_matter);\n\n    // create d-title\n    $('.d-title').changeElementType('d-title');\n\n    // create d-byline\n    var byline = $('\u003cd-byline\u003e\u003c/d-byline\u003e');\n    $('.d-byline').replaceWith(byline);\n\n    // create d-article\n    var article = $('\u003cd-article\u003e\u003c/d-article\u003e');\n    $('.d-article').wrap(article).children().unwrap();\n\n    // move posts container into article\n    $('.posts-container').appendTo($('d-article'));\n\n    // create d-appendix\n    $('.d-appendix').changeElementType('d-appendix');\n\n    // flag indicating that we have appendix items\n    var appendix = $('.appendix-bottom').children('h3').length \u003e 0;\n\n    // replace footnotes with \u003cd-footnote\u003e\n    $('.footnote-ref').each(function(i, val) {\n      appendix = true;\n      var href = $(this).attr('href');\n      var id = href.replace('#', '');\n      var fn = $('#' + id);\n      var fn_p = $('#' + id + '\u003ep');\n      fn_p.find('.footnote-back').remove();\n      var text = fn_p.html();\n      var dtfn = $('\u003cd-footnote\u003e\u003c/d-footnote\u003e');\n      dtfn.html(text);\n      $(this).replaceWith(dtfn);\n    });\n    // remove footnotes\n    $('.footnotes').remove();\n\n    // move refs into #references-listing\n    $('#references-listing').replaceWith($('#refs'));\n\n    $('h1.appendix, h2.appendix').each(function(i, val) {\n      $(this).changeElementType('h3');\n    });\n    $('h3.appendix').each(function(i, val) {\n      var id = $(this).attr('id');\n      $('.d-contents a[href=\"#' + id + '\"]').parent().remove();\n      appendix = true;\n      $(this).nextUntil($('h1, h2, h3')).addBack().appendTo($('d-appendix'));\n    });\n\n    // show d-appendix if we have appendix content\n    $(\"d-appendix\").css('display', appendix ? 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img.attr('src','data:image/png;base64,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');\n          a.append(img);\n          $(this).append(a);\n        }\n      });\n\n      // hide elements of author/affiliations grid that have no value\n      function hide_byline_column(caption) {\n        $('d-byline').find('h3:contains(\"' + caption + '\")').parent().css('visibility', 'hidden');\n      }\n\n      // affiliations\n      var have_affiliations = false;\n      for (var i = 0; i\u003cfront_matter.authors.length; ++i) {\n        var author = front_matter.authors[i];\n        if (author.affiliation !== \"\u0026nbsp;\") {\n          have_affiliations = true;\n          break;\n        }\n      }\n      if (!have_affiliations)\n        $('d-byline').find('h3:contains(\"Affiliations\")').css('visibility', 'hidden');\n\n      // published date\n      if (!front_matter.publishedDate)\n        hide_byline_column(\"Published\");\n\n      // document object identifier\n      var doi = $('d-byline').find('h3:contains(\"DOI\")');\n      var doi_p = doi.next().empty();\n      if 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var(--aside-size, 12px);\n  \tcolor: var(--aside-color, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6));\n  }\n\n  /*-- FIGURE CAPTIONS --*/\n  figure .caption,\n  figure figcaption,\n  .figure .caption {\n  \tfont-size: var(--fig-cap-size, 13px);\n  \tcolor: var(--fig-cap-color, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6));\n  }\n\n  /*-- METADATA --*/\n  d-byline h3 {\n  \tfont-size: var(--heading-size, 0.6rem);\n  \tcolor: var(--heading-color, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5));\n  }\n\n  d-byline {\n  \tfont-size: var(--body-size, 0.8rem);\n  \tcolor: var(--body-color, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8));\n  }\n\n  d-byline a,\n  d-article d-byline a {\n  \tcolor: var(--body-color, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8));\n  }\n\n  /*-- TABLE OF CONTENTS --*/\n  .d-contents nav h3 {\n  \tfont-size: var(--heading-size, 18px);\n  }\n\n  .d-contents nav a {\n  \tfont-size: var(--contents-size, 13px);\n  }\n\n  /*-- APPENDIX --*/\n  d-appendix h3 {\n    font-size: var(--heading-size, 15px);\n  \tcolor: var(--heading-color, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65));\n  }\n\n  d-appendix {\n    font-size: var(--text-size, 0.8em);\n  \tcolor: var(--text-color, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5));\n  }\n\n  d-appendix d-footnote-list a.footnote-backlink {\n  \tcolor: var(--text-color, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5));\n  }\n\n  /*-- WEBSITE HEADER + FOOTER --*/\n  .distill-site-header .title {\n  \tfont-size: var(--title-size, 18px);\n  \tfont-family: var(--navbar-font), var(--heading-default);\n  }\n\n  .distill-site-header a,\n  .nav-dropdown .nav-dropbtn {\n    font-family: var(--navbar-font), var(--heading-default);\n  }\n\n  .distill-site-header a:hover {\n  \tcolor: var(--hover-color, white);\n  }\n\n  .distill-site-header {\n  \tfont-size: var(--text-size, 15px);\n  \tcolor: var(--text-color, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8));\n  \tbackground-color: var(--bkgd-color, #0F2E3D);\n  }\n\n  .distill-site-footer {\n  \tfont-size: var(--text-size, 15px);\n  \tcolor: var(--text-color, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8));\n  \tbackground-color: var(--bkgd-color, #0F2E3D);\n  }\n\n  .distill-site-footer a:hover {\n  \tcolor: 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O conteúdo todo consegue ser acessado num formato interativo \u003ca href=\"https://storopoli.io/Estatistica\"\u003eaqui\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"professor\"\u003eProfessor\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://storopoli.io\"\u003eProf. Dr. José Eduardo Storopoli\u003c/a\u003e - \u003ca href=\"http://lattes.cnpq.br/2281909649311607\"\u003eCurrículo \u003cem\u003eLattes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e - \u003ca href=\"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0559-5176\"\u003eORCID\u003c/a\u003e - \u003ca href=\"mailto:josees@uni9.pro.br\"\u003ejosees@uni9.pro.br\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://lattes.cnpq.br/3969955798466284\"\u003eProf. Dr. Leonardo Vils - Currículo \u003cem\u003eLattes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e - \u003ca href=\"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3059-1967\"\u003eORCID\u003c/a\u003e - \u003ca href=\"mailto:leonardo.vils@uni9.pro.br\"\u003eleonardo.vils@uni9.pro.br\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"como-usar-esse-conteúdo\"\u003eComo usar esse conteúdo?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEste conteúdo possui \u003cem\u003elicença livre para uso\u003c/em\u003e. Caso queira utilizar o conteúdo para um curso ou estudos, por favor colabore nesse repositório quaisquer aprimorações que foram realizadas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"para-configurar-um-ambiente-local\"\u003ePara configurar um ambiente local:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003col type=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClone o repositório do GitHub: \u003ccode\u003egit clone https://github.com/storopoli/Estatistica.git\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcesse o diretório: \u003ccode\u003ecd Estatistica\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInstale os pacotes necessários: \u003ccode\u003eRscript install.R\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"para-usar-na-rstudio-na-nuvem-gratuito\"\u003ePara usar na \u003cstrong\u003eRStudio\u003c/strong\u003e na nuvem gratuito\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClique aqui: \u003ca href=\"http://mybinder.org/v2/gh/storopoli/Estatistica/master?urlpath=rstudio\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"http://mybinder.org/badge_logo.svg\" alt=\"Binder\" /\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"por-que-r\"\u003ePor que R?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR é uma linguagem criada por estatísticos para estatísticos. Possui um vasto ecossistema de bibliotecas e é amplamente usado na ciência e em especial nas ciências aplicadas. Fizemos toda uma argumentação de porque você deve usar R \u003ca href=\"https://storopoli.io/Estatistica/0-Por_que_R.html\"\u003eaqui\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"aulas\"\u003eAulas\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"conteúdos-principais\"\u003eConteúdos Principais\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003col type=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eComandos Básicos de R\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan class=\"math inline\"\u003e\\(p\\)\u003c/span\u003e-Valores, Hipóteses Nula e Pressupostos\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeste de Hipóteses e Teste \u003cspan class=\"math inline\"\u003e\\(t\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnálise de Variância (ANOVA)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCorrelações\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRegressão Linear\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRegressão Logística\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"conteúdos-auxiliares\"\u003eConteúdos Auxiliares\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQuarteto de Anscombe\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDados Faltantes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTamanho de Amostra e Tamanho de Efeito\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTabelas para Publicação\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"referências\"\u003eReferências\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"livros\"\u003eLivros\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDancey, Christine P.; Reidy, John; Viali, Lori (2013): Estatística sem matemática para psicologia. 5. ed. Porto Alegre, RS: Penso.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHair, Joseph F.; Sant’Anna, Adonai Schlup; Gouvêa, Maria Aparecida (2009): Análise multivariada de dados. 6. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLevin, Jack; Fox, James Alan; Forde, David R.; Ritter, Jorge; Bonafini, Fernanda (2014, 2012): Estatística para ciências humanas. 11. ed. São Paulo: Pearson Education do Brasil.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). L. Erlbaum Associates.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"artigos\"\u003eArtigos\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ch4 id=\"básicos\"\u003eBásicos\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIoannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIoannidis, J. P. A. (2019). What Have We (Not) Learnt from Millions of Scientific Papers with P Values? The American Statistician, 73(sup1), 20–25. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2018.1447512\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2018.1447512\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCassidy, S. A., Dimova, R., Giguère, B., Spence, J. R., \u0026amp; Stanley, D. J. (2019). Failing Grade: 89% of Introduction-to-Psychology Textbooks That Define or Explain Statistical Significance Do So Incorrectly. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(3), 233–239. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919858072\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919858072\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmaldino, P. (n.d.). How to translate a verbal theory into a formal model. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.31222/OSF.IO/N7QSH\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.31222/OSF.IO/N7QSH\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCumming, G. (2014). The New Statistics: Why and How. Psychological Science, 25(1), 7–29. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613504966\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613504966\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBedeian, A. G. (2014). “More than meets the eye”: A guide to interpreting the descriptive statistics and correlation matrices reported in management research. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 13(1), 121–135. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2013.0001\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2013.0001\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurphy, K. R., \u0026amp; Aguinis, H. (2019). HARKing: How Badly Can Cherry-Picking and Question Trolling Produce Bias in Published Results? Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(1). \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-017-9524-7\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-017-9524-7\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWasserstein, R. L., \u0026amp; Lazar, N. A. (2016). The ASA’s Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose. American Statistician, 70(2), 129–133. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGreenland, S., Senn, S. J., Rothman, K. J., Carlin, J. B., Poole, C., Goodman, S. N., \u0026amp; Altman, D. G. (2016). Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31(4), 337–350. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0149-3\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmaldino, P. E. (2017). Models Are Stupid, and We Need More of Them. In Computational Social Psychology (Issue March, pp. 311–331). Routledge. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315173726-14\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4324/9781315173726-14\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStark, P. B., \u0026amp; Saltelli, A. (2018). Cargo-cult statistics and scientific crisis. Significance, 15(4), 40–43. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2018.01174.x\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2018.01174.x\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKerr, N. L. (1998). HARKing: Hypothesizing after the results are known. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2(3), 196–217. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0203_4\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0203_4\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhetten, D. A. (2009). Modeling theoretical propositions. In Designing research for publication (pp. 217–250).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4 id=\"complementares\"\u003eComplementares\u003c/h4\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEtz, A. (2019). Technical Notes on Kullback-Leibler Divergence. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/5VHZU\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.31234/OSF.IO/5VHZU\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePearl, J. (2014). Comment: Understanding Simpson’s Paradox. The American Statistician, 68(1), 8–13. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2014.876829\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2014.876829\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGelman, A., \u0026amp; Vehtari, A. (2020). What are the most important statistical ideas of the past 50 years? \u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00174\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00174\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAguinis, H., Edwards, J. R., \u0026amp; Bradley, K. J. (2017). Improving Our Understanding of Moderation and Mediation in Strategic Management Research. Organizational Research Methods, 20(4), 665–685. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115627498\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115627498\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAguinis, H., Gottfredson, R. K., \u0026amp; Joo, H. (2013). Best-Practice Recommendations for Defining, Identifying, and Handling Outliers. In Organizational Research Methods (Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp. 270–301). \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112470848\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112470848\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilson, G., Bryan, J., Cranston, K., Kitzes, J., Nederbragt, L., \u0026amp; Teal, T. K. (2017). Good enough practices in scientific computing. PLOS Computational Biology, 13(6), e1005510. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005510\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005510\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTierney, N. J., \u0026amp; Ram, K. (2020). A Realistic Guide to Making Data Available Alongside Code to Improve Reproducibility. \u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11626\" class=\"uri\"\u003ehttps://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11626\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"como-citar-esse-conteúdo\"\u003eComo citar esse conteúdo\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePara citar o conteúdo use:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eStoropoli \u0026amp; Vils (2021, Jan. 11). Estatística com R. Retrieved from https://storopoli.io/Estatistica\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOu em formato BibTeX para LaTeX:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003e@misc{storopoli2021estatisticaR,\n  author = {Storopoli, Jose and Vils, Leonardo},\n  title = {Estatística com R},\n  url = {https://storopoli.io/Estatistica},\n  year = {2021}\n}\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c!--radix_placeholder_article_footer--\u003e\n\u003c!--/radix_placeholder_article_footer--\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"d-appendix\"\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003c!-- dynamically load mathjax for compatibility with self-contained --\u003e\n\u003cscript\u003e\n  (function () {\n    var script = document.createElement(\"script\");\n    script.type = \"text/javascript\";\n    script.src  = \"https://mathjax.rstudio.com/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML\";\n    document.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(script);\n  })();\n\u003c/script\u003e\n\n\u003c!--radix_placeholder_site_after_body--\u003e\n\u003c!--/radix_placeholder_site_after_body--\u003e\n\u003c!--radix_placeholder_appendices--\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"appendix-bottom\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"updates-and-corrections\"\u003eCorrections\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you see mistakes or want to suggest changes, please \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/storopoli/Rcpp/issues/new\"\u003ecreate an issue\u003c/a\u003e on the source repository.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"reuse\"\u003eReuse\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eText and figures are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution \u003ca rel=\"license\" href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"\u003eCC BY-SA 4.0\u003c/a\u003e. Source code is available at \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/storopoli/Rcpp\"\u003ehttps://github.com/storopoli/Rcpp\u003c/a\u003e, unless otherwise noted. The figures that have been reused from other sources don't fall under this license and can be recognized by a note in their caption: \"Figure from ...\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c!--/radix_placeholder_appendices--\u003e\n\u003c!--radix_placeholder_navigation_after_body--\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"distill-site-nav distill-site-footer\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e© Copyright 2021 \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/storopoli/Rcpp\"\u003eJose Storopoli\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContent licensed under the \u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/\"\u003eCC BY-SA 4.0\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c!--/radix_placeholder_navigation_after_body--\u003e\n\n\n\u003c/body\u003e\n\n\u003c/html\u003e\n","project_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fstoropoli%2Frcpp","html_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/projects/github.com%2Fstoropoli%2Frcpp","lists_url":"https://awesome.ecosyste.ms/api/v1/projects/github.com%2Fstoropoli%2Frcpp/lists"}