Blogs

Educational and Toy Projects

• John Regehr
• Krister Walfridsson
• LLVM Developers' Meetings

Communities

Educational and Toy Projects

• /r/Compilers - Subreddit community about the theory and development of compilers.
• /r/ProgrammingLanguages - Subreddit community that is dedicated to discussion of programming languages, programming language theory, design, their syntax and compilers.

Compilers and Interpreters

Educational and Toy Projects

• HN
• Black - Scheme interpreter for the Reflective Programming Language "Black", by Kenichi Asai's.
• HN
• Reddit
• HN
• tinyc.c - Tiny-C language compiler in C.
• Akilang - A compiler for a simple language, built with Python and LLVM
• amacc - Small C Compiler generating ELF executable for Arm architecture.
• Black - Scheme interpreter for the Reflective Programming Language "Black", by Kenichi Asai's.
• GitHub Mirror
• C4 - C Lang in 4 Functions.
• CarpVM - Experimental VM implementation in C.
• Charly - Interpreter for a dynamically typed language written in Crystal.
• Dale - Lisp-flavoured C: a system programming language.
• EasyLang - Easy Programming Language / VM.
• Eschelle - Open source cross platform multi-paradigm language with VM & JIT
• Gecho - Simple-stack language implementation in C.
• gocaml - Minimal functional programming language implementation in Go and LLVM.
• gone - Compiler for a tiny programming language called Gone, implemented using Python 3.6, SLY and llvmlite. Developed as part of the January 2018 Write a compiler course, under the supervision of David Beazly.
• Hython - Haskell-powered Python 3 interpreter.
• llgo - Go frontend for LLVM written in Go.
• MAL - Clojure-inspired Lisp interpreter implemented in 64 languages.
• MetaScala - Metacircular JVM implementation in Scala.
• mini-js - Experimental self-hosted JavaScript compiler in 1K LoC.
• MunVM - Lua VM & Compiler in C.
• MY-BASIC - An embeddable BASIC dialect interpreter in C with modern paradigms.
• oberonc - A single pass, self-hosting compiler for the Oberon-07 programming language. It targets the JVM.
• Poprc - Compiler for the Popr Language.
• PyCOOLC - Compiler for the COOL Programming Language written in Python 3.
• RabbitVM - RISC-based VM implementation in C.
• Squint - A peephole optimizer for educational compilers generating stack based assembly.
• StackVM - Virtual Machine with an integrated VRAM display.
• stack_cpu - Stack-machine simulator.
• The Super Tiny Compiler - Tiny educational compiler project in JavaScript.
• tinyc.c - Tiny-C language compiler in C.
• Ultra Tiny Compiler - Another tiny compiler in less then 90 lines of code.

Serious Projects

• Lua's Annotated Source Code - Annotated source code of the Lua Programming Language Interpreter v5.1.4.
• Simple-MSIL-Compiler - C compiler that compiles to CLR.
• Babel.js - Next-generation JavaScript Compiler.
• ChezScheme's Compiler - ChezScheme Language Compiler.
• ELENA Compiler - Elena programming language.
• Eta' Compiler - JVM-based Compiler for the Eta Programming Language.
• Frege's Compiler - JVM-based Compiler for the Frege Programming Language.
• Gluon's Compiler - Embedded Language Compiler written in Rust.
• HHVM - Virtual Machine for running programs written in Hack and PHP.
• Lily's Interpreter
• Lua's Interpreter - Official Lua Language Interperter.
• Lua's Annotated Source Code - Annotated source code of the Lua Programming Language Interpreter v5.1.4.
• Mirah's Compiler - JVM-based Compiler for the Mirah Programming Language.
• Nim's Compiler
• P Lang - The P Programming Language Runtime.
• Red's Compiler
• Roslyn - The .NET "Roslyn" Compiler Platform.
• TypeScript's Compiler
• Zig's Compiler - Zig Language Compiler.

Learning

Articles

• A Tourist’s Guide to the LLVM Source Code
• Accidentally Turing Complete
• Part 1 - An Interpreter
• Part 2 - An x64 JIT
• Part 3 - LLVM
• Part 4 - In Python
• ALIVe: Automatic LLVM InstCombine Verifier
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Reddit
• How to Compile with Continuations
• Interpreter, Compiler and JIT
• Introducing the B3 JIT Compiler
• LLVM Architecture - Chapter from the book Architecture of Open Source Applications.
• LLVM for Graduate Students - Introduction to doing research with the LLVM compiler infrastructure.
• Pratt Parsers: Expression Parsing Made Easy
• Rust Compiler Walk-Through
• Rust's Incremental Compilation
• Rust’s Upcoming MIR
• The Memory Models that Underlie Programming Languages
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• Accidentally Turing Complete
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.
• The Memory Models that Underlie Programming Languages
• Graal and Truffel - Obscure research project could radically accelerate innovation in programming language design.

Books

• Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective - General treatment of Computer Systems including Compilers, Interpreters and Runtimes.
• Elements of Computing Systems - How to build a computer from Nand Gates all the way to Compilers and Operating Systems.
• Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs - Study the building blocks of computation using Scheme by building a Scheme interpreter in a Scheme!
• Basics of Compiler Design - Provides a short treatment of the basic concepts.
• Build Your Own Lisp - Learn C and build your own Lisp Programming Language in 1000 LoC.
• Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools - The Dragons Book. A classic textbook on Compiler Construction.
• Crafting Interpreters - An all-stop-shop for learning (nearly) everything you need to learn to build an interpreted, full-featured, efficient scripting language.
• HN
• Create Your Own Programming Languauge - Example-driven approach to building your own programming language with video tutorials and source code projects.
• HN
• Engineering a Compiler - The modern textbook on Compilers Construction, covering SSA-Form and recent research on Code Generation.
• Essentials of Programming Languages - Fundamental concepts of programming languages with a focus on Semantics, Interpretation and CPS (Continuation Passing Style).
• Language Implementation Patterns - Learn the patterns behind building programming languages and build an interpreter yourself, using ANTLR.
• Modern Compiler Implementation in ML - Build a compiler using ML (MetaLanguage) with a textbook that has one of the best coverage on all compiler stages. The book comes with a reference compiler implementation to guide your software development process.
• MCI in C
• Programming Language Pragmatics - Integrated treatement of language design and implementation, the examples feature famous architectures like ARM and x86 64-bit.
• Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation - Excellent introduction to the subject that uses an incremental approach to building programs. The mistakes are included too to highlight key concepts.
• PDF
• Programming Languages: Theory and Practice - Collected lecture notes for the Programming Languages course taught at Carnegie Mellon University, most suitable as an introductory text on the subject.
• Project Oberon - The design of an operating system and compiler.
• 2013 Edition
• Virtual Machines - Good book on how to build Virtual Machines especially tailored for the topic of building Programming Languages.
• Virtual Machines: Versatile Platforms for Systems and Processes - Key textbook on the subject of Virtual Machines which examines virtual machine technologies across the disciplines that use them, e.g.: OS and Programming Languages.
• Write a Compiler in Go - Well-known introduction to the Go programming language and its ecosystem through building a Compiler project.
• Write an Interpreter in Go - Successor of the "Write a Compiler in Go" book, but this one builds an interpreter project instead.
• Writing Compilers and Interpreters: A Software Engineering Approach - How to build Compilers using Java, this book is tailored for the working Software Engineer.
• Using C++
• Writing Interpreters and Compilers for the Raspberry Pi Using Python - If you want to learn how to write interpreters and compilers, and at the same time learn how Python, Python bytecode, assembly language, and dynamic typing work, this is the book for you.
• Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation - In-depth treatement of advanced design topics such as: Intermediate Representation, SSA, Code Optimization and the various processor architectures.
• Advanced Design and Implementation of Virtual Machines - Step-by-step hollistic introduction to the design of Virtual Machine architectures, topics and algorithms. Contains illustrated figures and implementations for the algorithms in the book.
• Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages - Intensive study of Type Systems, covering topics such as, but not limited to: Precise Type Analyses; Type Systems for Low-Level Languages and Advanced Techniques in ML-style Type Inference..
• A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation - Examines the design and implementation of Icc, a production-quality, retargetable compiler, designed at AT&T Bell Labs for the ANSI C programming language.
• Building an Optimizing Compiler - Fills the gap in the domain of code optimization. This book provides a high level design for a thorough optimizer, code generator, scheduler and register allocator for a generic modern RISC processor.
• Compiling with Continuations - Introduction to CPS (Continuation-Passing Style) as an Intermediate Representation in Compiler for doing optimizations and program transformations.
• Design Concepts in Programming Languages - Systematic exploration of techniques and ideas used in Programming Language Design, covers topics such as: Operational and Denotational Semantic techniques, Dynamic Semantic techniques and Static Semantic techniques.
• Instruction Level Parallelism - This book precisely formulates and simplifies the presentation of Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP) compilation techniques.
• Linkers and Loaders - Definitive text on the compile-time and runtime processes of linking and loading.
• Optimizing Compilers for Modern Architectures - Optimizing program generation based on recent gains and breakthroughs in modern high-performance CPU architectures.
• Parsing Techniques: A Practical Guide - Definitive guide on parsing algorithms and techniques, also contains an introduction to Formal Grammar and Parsing Theory.
• 1st Edition, PDF
• The Garbage Collection Handbook: The Art of Automatic Memory Management - The living-classic and definitive text on the topic of Garbage Collection, also covers hardware-based optimizations in light of modern advances in CPU architectures.
• The Implementation of Functional Programming Languages - Classic textbook on implementing Functional Languages, covers Structured Types, Pattern Matching Semantics, Lambda Calculus Transformation, Polymorphic Type Checking and many other topics.
• The SSA Book - The only in-depth study of SSA-form (Static Single Assignment Form) in book format.
• Types and Programming Languages - Comprehensive introduction to the topic of Type Systems and Programming Languages from a Type-Theoretic perspective.
• Warren's Abstract Machine: Prolog in Haskell - Introduction to WAM from Logic Programming in Prolog.
• HTML5/EPUB version
• GitHub Repo
• Create Your Own Programming Languauge - Example-driven approach to building your own programming language with video tutorials and source code projects.
• 2013 Edition
• The BEAM Book - Description of the ERTS (Erlang Runtime System) and the BEAM Virtual Machine.
• Warren's Abstract Machine: Prolog in Haskell - Introduction to WAM from Logic Programming in Prolog.
• Build Your Own Lisp - Learn C and build your own Lisp Programming Language in 1000 LoC.
• Warren's Abstract Machine: Prolog in Haskell - Introduction to WAM from Logic Programming in Prolog.
• Optimizing Compilers for Modern Architectures - Optimizing program generation based on recent gains and breakthroughs in modern high-performance CPU architectures.

Community Discussions

• Can we stop recommending the Dragon Book, please? - StackExchange thread criticising the Dragons Book in favor of alternatives.
• What is difference between an LL and Recursive Descent parser?
• @HN - Article discussions on HN and Reddit.
• How to Write a Compiler - Article discussion on Reddit.
• How to Write a Very Basic Compiler
• How to Write a Prolog Interpreter in a Purely Functional Language
• Reddit
• Implementing Type Inference
• I want to build a VM, any good references?
• Resources for Amatuer Compilers Writers
• What are the good open source implementations of Java Virtual Machine?
• What are the latest research trends in Compilers and PLs
• What are the good open source implementations of Java Virtual Machine?
• What is difference between an LL and Recursive Descent parser?
• Implementing Type Inference

Courses

• Compilers Construction, Cambridge - Introduction to compiler construction course from the University of Cambridge.
• Compiler Construction for Undergrads, RICE University - Introduction to compiler construction and language translators course from the RICE University.