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https://github.com/jaraco/inflect

Correctly generate plurals, ordinals, indefinite articles; convert numbers to words
https://github.com/jaraco/inflect

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Correctly generate plurals, ordinals, indefinite articles; convert numbers to words

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README 

        
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NAME

====



inflect.py - Correctly generate plurals, singular nouns, ordinals, indefinite articles; convert numbers to words.



SYNOPSIS

========



.. code-block:: python



    import inflect



    p = inflect.engine()



    # METHODS:



    # plural plural_noun plural_verb plural_adj singular_noun no num

    # compare compare_nouns compare_nouns compare_adjs

    # a an

    # present_participle

    # ordinal number_to_words

    # join

    # inflect classical gender

    # defnoun defverb defadj defa defan



    # UNCONDITIONALLY FORM THE PLURAL



    print("The plural of ", word, " is ", p.plural(word))



    # CONDITIONALLY FORM THE PLURAL



    print("I saw", cat_count, p.plural("cat", cat_count))



    # FORM PLURALS FOR SPECIFIC PARTS OF SPEECH



    print(

        p.plural_noun("I", N1),

        p.plural_verb("saw", N1),

        p.plural_adj("my", N2),

        p.plural_noun("saw", N2),

    )



    # FORM THE SINGULAR OF PLURAL NOUNS



    print("The singular of ", word, " is ", p.singular_noun(word))



    # SELECT THE GENDER OF SINGULAR PRONOUNS



    print(p.singular_noun("they"))  # 'it'

    p.gender("feminine")

    print(p.singular_noun("they"))  # 'she'



    # DEAL WITH "0/1/N" -> "no/1/N" TRANSLATION:



    print("There ", p.plural_verb("was", errors), p.no(" error", errors))



    # USE DEFAULT COUNTS:



    print(

        p.num(N1, ""),

        p.plural("I"),

        p.plural_verb(" saw"),

        p.num(N2),

        p.plural_noun(" saw"),

    )

    print("There ", p.num(errors, ""), p.plural_verb("was"), p.no(" error"))



    # COMPARE TWO WORDS "NUMBER-INSENSITIVELY":



    if p.compare(word1, word2):

        print("same")

    if p.compare_nouns(word1, word2):

        print("same noun")

    if p.compare_verbs(word1, word2):

        print("same verb")

    if p.compare_adjs(word1, word2):

        print("same adj.")



    # ADD CORRECT "a" OR "an" FOR A GIVEN WORD:



    print("Did you want ", p.a(thing), " or ", p.an(idea))



    # CONVERT NUMERALS INTO ORDINALS (i.e. 1->1st, 2->2nd, 3->3rd, etc.)



    print("It was", p.ordinal(position), " from the left\n")



    # CONVERT NUMERALS TO WORDS (i.e. 1->"one", 101->"one hundred and one", etc.)

    # RETURNS A SINGLE STRING...



    words = p.number_to_words(1234)

    # "one thousand, two hundred and thirty-four"

    words = p.number_to_words(p.ordinal(1234))

    # "one thousand, two hundred and thirty-fourth"



    # GET BACK A LIST OF STRINGS, ONE FOR EACH "CHUNK"...



    words = p.number_to_words(1234, wantlist=True)

    # ("one thousand","two hundred and thirty-four")



    # OPTIONAL PARAMETERS CHANGE TRANSLATION:



    words = p.number_to_words(12345, group=1)

    # "one, two, three, four, five"



    words = p.number_to_words(12345, group=2)

    # "twelve, thirty-four, five"



    words = p.number_to_words(12345, group=3)

    # "one twenty-three, forty-five"



    words = p.number_to_words(1234, andword="")

    # "one thousand, two hundred thirty-four"



    words = p.number_to_words(1234, andword=", plus")

    # "one thousand, two hundred, plus thirty-four"

    # TODO: I get no comma before plus: check perl



    words = p.number_to_words(555_1202, group=1, zero="oh")

    # "five, five, five, one, two, oh, two"



    words = p.number_to_words(555_1202, group=1, one="unity")

    # "five, five, five, unity, two, oh, two"



    words = p.number_to_words(123.456, group=1, decimal="mark")

    # "one two three mark four five six"

    # TODO: DOCBUG: perl gives commas here as do I



    # LITERAL STYLE ONLY NAMES NUMBERS LESS THAN A CERTAIN THRESHOLD...



    words = p.number_to_words(9, threshold=10)  # "nine"

    words = p.number_to_words(10, threshold=10)  # "ten"

    words = p.number_to_words(11, threshold=10)  # "11"

    words = p.number_to_words(1000, threshold=10)  # "1,000"



    # JOIN WORDS INTO A LIST:



    mylist = p.join(("apple", "banana", "carrot"))

    # "apple, banana, and carrot"



    mylist = p.join(("apple", "banana"))

    # "apple and banana"



    mylist = p.join(("apple", "banana", "carrot"), final_sep="")

    # "apple, banana and carrot"



    # REQUIRE "CLASSICAL" PLURALS (EG: "focus"->"foci", "cherub"->"cherubim")



    p.classical()  # USE ALL CLASSICAL PLURALS



    p.classical(all=True)  # USE ALL CLASSICAL PLURALS

    p.classical(all=False)  # SWITCH OFF CLASSICAL MODE



    p.classical(zero=True)  #  "no error" INSTEAD OF "no errors"

    p.classical(zero=False)  #  "no errors" INSTEAD OF "no error"



    p.classical(herd=True)  #  "2 buffalo" INSTEAD OF "2 buffalos"

    p.classical(herd=False)  #  "2 buffalos" INSTEAD OF "2 buffalo"



    p.classical(persons=True)  # "2 chairpersons" INSTEAD OF "2 chairpeople"

    p.classical(persons=False)  # "2 chairpeople" INSTEAD OF "2 chairpersons"



    p.classical(ancient=True)  # "2 formulae" INSTEAD OF "2 formulas"

    p.classical(ancient=False)  # "2 formulas" INSTEAD OF "2 formulae"



    # INTERPOLATE "plural()", "plural_noun()", "plural_verb()", "plural_adj()", "singular_noun()",

    # a()", "an()", "num()" AND "ordinal()" WITHIN STRINGS:



    print(p.inflect("The plural of {0} is plural('{0}')".format(word)))

    print(p.inflect("The singular of {0} is singular_noun('{0}')".format(word)))

    print(p.inflect("I saw {0} plural('cat',{0})".format(cat_count)))

    print(

        p.inflect(

            "plural('I',{0}) "

            "plural_verb('saw',{0}) "

            "plural('a',{1}) "

            "plural_noun('saw',{1})".format(N1, N2)

        )

    )

    print(

        p.inflect(

            "num({0}, False)plural('I') "

            "plural_verb('saw') "

            "num({1}, False)plural('a') "

            "plural_noun('saw')".format(N1, N2)

        )

    )

    print(p.inflect("I saw num({0}) plural('cat')\nnum()".format(cat_count)))

    print(p.inflect("There plural_verb('was',{0}) no('error',{0})".format(errors)))

    print(p.inflect("There num({0}, False)plural_verb('was') no('error')".format(errors)))

    print(p.inflect("Did you want a('{0}') or an('{1}')".format(thing, idea)))

    print(p.inflect("It was ordinal('{0}') from the left".format(position)))



    # ADD USER-DEFINED INFLECTIONS (OVERRIDING INBUILT RULES):



    p.defnoun("VAX", "VAXen")  # SINGULAR => PLURAL



    p.defverb(

        "will",  # 1ST PERSON SINGULAR

        "shall",  # 1ST PERSON PLURAL

        "will",  # 2ND PERSON SINGULAR

        "will",  # 2ND PERSON PLURAL

        "will",  # 3RD PERSON SINGULAR

        "will",  # 3RD PERSON PLURAL

    )



    p.defadj("hir", "their")  # SINGULAR => PLURAL



    p.defa("h")  # "AY HALWAYS SEZ 'HAITCH'!"



    p.defan("horrendous.*")  # "AN HORRENDOUS AFFECTATION"



DESCRIPTION

===========



The methods of the class ``engine`` in module ``inflect.py`` provide plural

inflections, singular noun inflections, "a"/"an" selection for English words,

and manipulation of numbers as words.



Plural forms of all nouns, most verbs, and some adjectives are

provided. Where appropriate, "classical" variants (for example: "brother" ->

"brethren", "dogma" -> "dogmata", etc.) are also provided.



Single forms of nouns are also provided. The gender of singular pronouns

can be chosen (for example "they" -> "it" or "she" or "he" or "they").



Pronunciation-based "a"/"an" selection is provided for all English

words, and most initialisms.



It is also possible to inflect numerals (1,2,3) to ordinals (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

and to English words ("one", "two", "three").



In generating these inflections, ``inflect.py`` follows the Oxford

English Dictionary and the guidelines in Fowler's Modern English

Usage, preferring the former where the two disagree.



The module is built around standard British spelling, but is designed

to cope with common American variants as well. Slang, jargon, and

other English dialects are *not* explicitly catered for.



Where two or more inflected forms exist for a single word (typically a

"classical" form and a "modern" form), ``inflect.py`` prefers the

more common form (typically the "modern" one), unless "classical"

processing has been specified

(see `MODERN VS CLASSICAL INFLECTIONS`).



FORMING PLURALS AND SINGULARS

=============================



Inflecting Plurals and Singulars

--------------------------------



All of the ``plural...`` plural inflection methods take the word to be

inflected as their first argument and return the corresponding inflection.

Note that all such methods expect the *singular* form of the word. The

results of passing a plural form are undefined (and unlikely to be correct).

Similarly, the ``si...`` singular inflection method expects the *plural*

form of the word.



The ``plural...`` methods also take an optional second argument,

which indicates the grammatical "number" of the word (or of another word

with which the word being inflected must agree). If the "number" argument is

supplied and is not ``1`` (or ``"one"`` or ``"a"``, or some other adjective that

implies the singular), the plural form of the word is returned. If the

"number" argument *does* indicate singularity, the (uninflected) word

itself is returned. If the number argument is omitted, the plural form

is returned unconditionally.



The ``si...`` method takes a second argument in a similar fashion. If it is

some form of the number ``1``, or is omitted, the singular form is returned.

Otherwise the plural is returned unaltered.



The various methods of ``inflect.engine`` are:



``plural_noun(word, count=None)``



 The method ``plural_noun()`` takes a *singular* English noun or

 pronoun and returns its plural. Pronouns in the nominative ("I" ->

 "we") and accusative ("me" -> "us") cases are handled, as are

 possessive pronouns ("mine" -> "ours").



``plural_verb(word, count=None)``



 The method ``plural_verb()`` takes the *singular* form of a

 conjugated verb (that is, one which is already in the correct "person"

 and "mood") and returns the corresponding plural conjugation.



``plural_adj(word, count=None)``



 The method ``plural_adj()`` takes the *singular* form of

 certain types of adjectives and returns the corresponding plural form.

 Adjectives that are correctly handled include: "numerical" adjectives

 ("a" -> "some"), demonstrative adjectives ("this" -> "these", "that" ->

 "those"), and possessives ("my" -> "our", "cat's" -> "cats'", "child's"

 -> "childrens'", etc.)



``plural(word, count=None)``



 The method ``plural()`` takes a *singular* English noun,

 pronoun, verb, or adjective and returns its plural form. Where a word

 has more than one inflection depending on its part of speech (for

 example, the noun "thought" inflects to "thoughts", the verb "thought"

 to "thought"), the (singular) noun sense is preferred to the (singular)

 verb sense.



 Hence ``plural("knife")`` will return "knives" ("knife" having been treated

 as a singular noun), whereas ``plural("knifes")`` will return "knife"

 ("knifes" having been treated as a 3rd person singular verb).



 The inherent ambiguity of such cases suggests that,

 where the part of speech is known, ``plural_noun``, ``plural_verb``, and

 ``plural_adj`` should be used in preference to ``plural``.



``singular_noun(word, count=None)``



 The method ``singular_noun()`` takes a *plural* English noun or

 pronoun and returns its singular. Pronouns in the nominative ("we" ->

 "I") and accusative ("us" -> "me") cases are handled, as are

 possessive pronouns ("ours" -> "mine"). When third person

 singular pronouns are returned they take the neuter gender by default

 ("they" -> "it"), not ("they"-> "she") nor ("they" -> "he"). This can be

 changed with ``gender()``.



Note that all these methods ignore any whitespace surrounding the

word being inflected, but preserve that whitespace when the result is

returned. For example, ``plural(" cat  ")`` returns " cats  ".



``gender(genderletter)``



 The third person plural pronoun takes the same form for the female, male and

 neuter (e.g. "they"). The singular however, depends upon gender (e.g. "she",

 "he", "it" and "they" -- "they" being the gender neutral form.) By default

 ``singular_noun`` returns the neuter form, however, the gender can be selected with

 the ``gender`` method. Pass the first letter of the gender to

 ``gender`` to return the f(eminine), m(asculine), n(euter) or t(hey)

 form of the singular. e.g.

 gender('f') followed by singular_noun('themselves') returns 'herself'.



Numbered plurals

----------------



The ``plural...`` methods return only the inflected word, not the count that

was used to inflect it. Thus, in order to produce "I saw 3 ducks", it

is necessary to use:



.. code-block:: python



    print("I saw", N, p.plural_noun(animal, N))



Since the usual purpose of producing a plural is to make it agree with

a preceding count, inflect.py provides a method

(``no(word, count)``) which, given a word and a(n optional) count, returns the

count followed by the correctly inflected word. Hence the previous

example can be rewritten:



.. code-block:: python



    print("I saw ", p.no(animal, N))



In addition, if the count is zero (or some other term which implies

zero, such as ``"zero"``, ``"nil"``, etc.) the count is replaced by the

word "no". Hence, if ``N`` had the value zero, the previous example

would print (the somewhat more elegant)::



    I saw no animals



rather than::



    I saw 0 animals



Note that the name of the method is a pun: the method

returns either a number (a *No.*) or a ``"no"``, in front of the

inflected word.



Reducing the number of counts required

--------------------------------------



In some contexts, the need to supply an explicit count to the various

``plural...`` methods makes for tiresome repetition. For example:



.. code-block:: python



    print(

        plural_adj("This", errors),

        plural_noun(" error", errors),

        plural_verb(" was", errors),

        " fatal.",

    )



inflect.py therefore provides a method

(``num(count=None, show=None)``) which may be used to set a persistent "default number"

value. If such a value is set, it is subsequently used whenever an

optional second "number" argument is omitted. The default value thus set

can subsequently be removed by calling ``num()`` with no arguments.

Hence we could rewrite the previous example:



.. code-block:: python



    p.num(errors)

    print(p.plural_adj("This"), p.plural_noun(" error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), "fatal.")

    p.num()



Normally, ``num()`` returns its first argument, so that it may also

be "inlined" in contexts like:



.. code-block:: python



    print(p.num(errors), p.plural_noun(" error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), " detected.")

    if severity > 1:

        print(

            p.plural_adj("This"), p.plural_noun(" error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), "fatal."

        )



However, in certain contexts (see `INTERPOLATING INFLECTIONS IN STRINGS`)

it is preferable that ``num()`` return an empty string. Hence ``num()``

provides an optional second argument. If that argument is supplied (that is, if

it is defined) and evaluates to false, ``num`` returns an empty string

instead of its first argument. For example:



.. code-block:: python



    print(p.num(errors, 0), p.no("error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), " detected.")

    if severity > 1:

        print(

            p.plural_adj("This"), p.plural_noun(" error"), p.plural_verb(" was"), "fatal."

        )



Number-insensitive equality

---------------------------



inflect.py also provides a solution to the problem

of comparing words of differing plurality through the methods

``compare(word1, word2)``, ``compare_nouns(word1, word2)``,

``compare_verbs(word1, word2)``, and ``compare_adjs(word1, word2)``.

Each  of these methods takes two strings, and  compares them

using the corresponding plural-inflection method (``plural()``, ``plural_noun()``,

``plural_verb()``, and ``plural_adj()`` respectively).



The comparison returns true if:



- the strings are equal, or

- one string is equal to a plural form of the other, or

- the strings are two different plural forms of the one word.



Hence all of the following return true:



.. code-block:: python



    p.compare("index", "index")  # RETURNS "eq"

    p.compare("index", "indexes")  # RETURNS "s:p"

    p.compare("index", "indices")  # RETURNS "s:p"

    p.compare("indexes", "index")  # RETURNS "p:s"

    p.compare("indices", "index")  # RETURNS "p:s"

    p.compare("indices", "indexes")  # RETURNS "p:p"

    p.compare("indexes", "indices")  # RETURNS "p:p"

    p.compare("indices", "indices")  # RETURNS "eq"



As indicated by the comments in the previous example, the actual value

returned by the various ``compare`` methods encodes which of the

three equality rules succeeded: "eq" is returned if the strings were

identical, "s:p" if the strings were singular and plural respectively,

"p:s" for plural and singular, and "p:p" for two distinct plurals.

Inequality is indicated by returning an empty string.



It should be noted that two distinct singular words which happen to take

the same plural form are *not* considered equal, nor are cases where

one (singular) word's plural is the other (plural) word's singular.

Hence all of the following return false:



.. code-block:: python



    p.compare("base", "basis")  # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "bases"

    p.compare("syrinx", "syringe")  # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "syringes"

    p.compare("she", "he")  # ALTHOUGH BOTH -> "they"



    p.compare("opus", "operas")  # ALTHOUGH "opus" -> "opera" -> "operas"

    p.compare("taxi", "taxes")  # ALTHOUGH "taxi" -> "taxis" -> "taxes"



Note too that, although the comparison is "number-insensitive" it is *not*

case-insensitive (that is, ``plural("time","Times")`` returns false. To obtain

both number and case insensitivity, use the ``lower()`` method on both strings

(that is, ``plural("time".lower(), "Times".lower())`` returns true).



Related Functionality

=====================



Shout out to these libraries that provide related functionality:



* `WordSet `_

  parses identifiers like variable names into sets of words suitable for re-assembling

  in another form.



* `word2number `_ converts words to

  a number.



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==============



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