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https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib

RDFLib is a Python library for working with RDF, a simple yet powerful language for representing information.
https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib

graph json-ld linked-data n3 namespace nquads ntriples parser pypi python python-library rdf rdf-xml rdflib semantic-web serializer sparql turtle turtle-rdf uri

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RDFLib is a Python library for working with RDF, a simple yet powerful language for representing information.

Lists

README 

        
![](docs/_static/RDFlib.png)    



RDFLib

======

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RDFLib is a pure Python package for working with [RDF](http://www.w3.org/RDF/). RDFLib contains most things you need to work with RDF, including:



* parsers and serializers for RDF/XML, N3, NTriples, N-Quads, Turtle, TriX, Trig and JSON-LD

* a Graph interface which can be backed by any one of a number of Store implementations

* store implementations for in-memory, persistent on disk (Berkeley DB) and remote SPARQL endpoints

* a SPARQL 1.1 implementation - supporting SPARQL 1.1 Queries and Update statements

* SPARQL function extension mechanisms



## RDFlib Family of packages

The RDFlib community maintains many RDF-related Python code repositories with different purposes. For example:



* [rdflib](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib) - the RDFLib core

* [sparqlwrapper](https://github.com/RDFLib/sparqlwrapper) - a simple Python wrapper around a SPARQL service to remotely execute your queries

* [pyLODE](https://github.com/RDFLib/pyLODE) - An OWL ontology documentation tool using Python and templating, based on LODE.

* [pyrdfa3](https://github.com/RDFLib/pyrdfa3) - RDFa 1.1 distiller/parser library: can extract RDFa 1.1/1.0 from (X)HTML, SVG, or XML in general.

* [pymicrodata](https://github.com/RDFLib/pymicrodata) - A module to extract RDF from an HTML5 page annotated with microdata. 

* [pySHACL](https://github.com/RDFLib/pySHACL) - A pure Python module which allows for the validation of RDF graphs against SHACL graphs.

* [OWL-RL](https://github.com/RDFLib/OWL-RL) - A simple implementation of the OWL2 RL Profile which expands the graph with all possible triples that OWL RL defines.



Please see the list for all packages/repositories here:



* 



Help with maintenance of all of the RDFLib family of packages is always welcome and appreciated.



## Versions & Releases



* `7.1.0a0` current `main` branch.

* `7.x.y` current release, supports Python 3.8.1+ only.

    * see [Releases](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/releases)

* `6.x.y` supports Python 3.7+ only. Many improvements over 5.0.0

    * see [Releases](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/releases)

* `5.x.y` supports Python 2.7 and 3.4+ and is [mostly backwards compatible with 4.2.2](https://rdflib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/upgrade4to5.html).



See  for the release overview.



## Documentation

See  for our documentation built from the code. Note that there are `latest`, `stable` `5.0.0` and `4.2.2` documentation versions, matching releases.



## Installation

The stable release of RDFLib may be installed with Python's package management tool *pip*:



    $ pip install rdflib



Some features of RDFLib require optional dependencies which may be installed using *pip* extras:



    $ pip install rdflib[berkeleydb,networkx,html,lxml]



Alternatively manually download the package from the Python Package

Index (PyPI) at https://pypi.python.org/pypi/rdflib



The current version of RDFLib is 7.0.0, see the ``CHANGELOG.md`` file for what's new in this release.



### Installation of the current main branch (for developers)



With *pip* you can also install rdflib from the git repository with one of the following options:



    $ pip install git+https://github.com/rdflib/rdflib@main



or



    $ pip install -e git+https://github.com/rdflib/rdflib@main#egg=rdflib



or from your locally cloned repository you can install it with one of the following options:



    $ poetry install  # installs into a poetry-managed venv



or



    $ pip install -e .



## Getting Started

RDFLib aims to be a pythonic RDF API. RDFLib's main data object is a `Graph` which is a Python collection

of RDF *Subject, Predicate, Object* Triples:



To create graph and load it with RDF data from DBPedia then print the results:



```python

from rdflib import Graph

g = Graph()

g.parse('http://dbpedia.org/resource/Semantic_Web')



for s, p, o in g:

    print(s, p, o)

```

The components of the triples are URIs (resources) or Literals

(values).



URIs are grouped together by *namespace*, common namespaces are included in RDFLib:



```python

from rdflib.namespace import DC, DCTERMS, DOAP, FOAF, SKOS, OWL, RDF, RDFS, VOID, XMLNS, XSD

```



You can use them like this:



```python

from rdflib import Graph, URIRef, Literal

from rdflib.namespace import RDFS, XSD



g = Graph()

semweb = URIRef('http://dbpedia.org/resource/Semantic_Web')

type = g.value(semweb, RDFS.label)

```

Where `RDFS` is the RDFS namespace, `XSD` the XML Schema Datatypes namespace and `g.value` returns an object of the triple-pattern given (or an arbitrary one if multiple exist).



Or like this, adding a triple to a graph `g`:



```python

g.add((

    URIRef("http://example.com/person/nick"),

    FOAF.givenName,

    Literal("Nick", datatype=XSD.string)

))

```

The triple (in n-triples notation) `  "Nick"^^ .`

is created where the property `FOAF.givenName` is the URI `` and `XSD.string` is the

URI ``.



You can bind namespaces to prefixes to shorten the URIs for RDF/XML, Turtle, N3, TriG, TriX & JSON-LD serializations:



 ```python

g.bind("foaf", FOAF)

g.bind("xsd", XSD)

```

This will allow the n-triples triple above to be serialised like this:

 ```python

print(g.serialize(format="turtle"))

```



With these results:

```turtle

PREFIX foaf: 

PREFIX xsd: 



 foaf:givenName "Nick"^^xsd:string .

```



New Namespaces can also be defined:



```python

dbpedia = Namespace('http://dbpedia.org/ontology/')



abstracts = list(x for x in g.objects(semweb, dbpedia['abstract']) if x.language=='en')

```



See also [./examples](./examples)



## Features

The library contains parsers and serializers for RDF/XML, N3,

NTriples, N-Quads, Turtle, TriX, JSON-LD, RDFa and Microdata.



The library presents a Graph interface which can be backed by

any one of a number of Store implementations.



This core RDFLib package includes store implementations for

in-memory storage and persistent storage on top of the Berkeley DB.



A SPARQL 1.1 implementation is included - supporting SPARQL 1.1 Queries and Update statements.



RDFLib is open source and is maintained on [GitHub](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/). RDFLib releases, current and previous

are listed on [PyPI](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/rdflib/)



Multiple other projects are contained within the RDFlib "family", see .



## Running tests



### Running the tests on the host



Run the test suite with `pytest`.

```shell

poetry install

poetry run pytest

```



### Running test coverage on the host with coverage report



Run the test suite and generate a HTML coverage report with `pytest` and `pytest-cov`.

```shell

poetry run pytest --cov

```



### Viewing test coverage



Once tests have produced HTML output of the coverage report, view it by running:

```shell

poetry run pytest --cov --cov-report term --cov-report html

python -m http.server --directory=htmlcov

```



## Contributing



RDFLib survives and grows via user contributions!

Please read our [contributing guide](https://rdflib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/CONTRIBUTING.html) and [developers guide](https://rdflib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/developers.html) to get started.

Please consider lodging Pull Requests here:



* 



To get a development environment consider using Gitpod or Google Cloud Shell.



[![Open in Gitpod](https://gitpod.io/button/open-in-gitpod.svg)](https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib)

[![Open in Cloud Shell](https://gstatic.com/cloudssh/images/open-btn.svg)](https://shell.cloud.google.com/cloudshell/editor?cloudshell_git_repo=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FRDFLib%2Frdflib&cloudshell_git_branch=main&cloudshell_open_in_editor=README.md)



You can also raise issues here:



* 



## Support & Contacts

For general "how do I..." queries, please use https://stackoverflow.com and tag your question with `rdflib`.

Existing questions:



* 



If you want to contact the rdflib maintainers, please do so via:



* the rdflib-dev mailing list: 

* the chat, which is available at [gitter](https://gitter.im/RDFLib/rdflib) or via matrix [#RDFLib_rdflib:gitter.im](https://matrix.to/#/#RDFLib_rdflib:gitter.im)