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https://github.com/s6ruby/redpaper

Red Paper ++ sruby - Small, Smart, Secure, Safe, Solid & Sound (S6) Ruby - The Ruby Programming Language for Contract / Transaction Scripts on the Blockchain World Computer - Yes, It's Just Ruby
https://github.com/s6ruby/redpaper

blockchain contract contracts rubidity solidity sruby universum vyper yul

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Red Paper ++ sruby - Small, Smart, Secure, Safe, Solid & Sound (S6) Ruby - The Ruby Programming Language for Contract / Transaction Scripts on the Blockchain World Computer - Yes, It's Just Ruby

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_The Ruby Programming Language for Contract / Transaction Scripts on the Blockchain World Computer - Yes, It's Just Ruby_



# sruby - Small, Smart, Secure, Safe, Solid & Sound (S6) Ruby



sruby is a subset of mruby [1] that is a subset of "classic" ruby [2].



## What's missing and why?



Less is more. The golden rule of secure code is keep it simple, stupid.



- NO inheritance

- NO recursion

- NO re-entrance - auto-magic protection on function calls

- NO floating point numbers or arithmetic

- NO overflow & underflow in numbers - auto-magic "safe-math" protection

- NO null (`nil`) - all variables, structs and hash mappings have default (zero) values 

- and much much more



## What's the upside?



You can cross-compile (transpile) contract scripts (*) to:



- Solidity [3] - JavaScript-like contract scripts

- Vyper [4] - Python-like contract scripts

- Yul [5] - EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) Assembly-like intermediate contract scripts 

- Liquidity [6] - OCaml-like (or ReasonML-like) contract scripts

- and much much more



(*) in the future.



## Yes, yes, yes - It's just "plain-vanilla" ruby



Remember - the code is and always will be just "plain-vanilla" ruby

that runs with "classic" ruby or mruby "out-of-the-box".



## Contract Samples



**Hello, World! - Greeter**



``` ruby

############################

# Greeter Contract 



def setup( greeting )

  @owner    = msg.sender

  @greeting = greeting

end



def greet

  @greeting

end



def kill

  selfdestruct( msg.sender )  if msg.sender == @owner

end

```



**Mint Your Own Money - Minimal Viable Token**



``` ruby

#######################

# Token Contract



def setup( initial_supply )

  @balance_of = Mapping.of( Address => Money ).new   # or Mapping‹Address→Money›.new 

  @balance_of[ msg.sender] = initial_supply

end



def transfer( to, value )

  assert @balance_of[ msg.sender ] >= value

  assert @balance_of[ to ] + value >= @balance_of[ to ]



  @balance_of[ msg.sender ] -= value

  @balance_of[ to ]         += value



  true

end

```



**Win x65 000 - Roll the (Satoshi) Dice**



``` ruby

################################

# Satoshi Dice Contract



struct :Bet,

         user:   Address(0), 

         block:  0, 

         cap:    0, 

         amount: 0



## Fee (Casino House Edge) is 1.9%, that is, 19 / 1000

FEE_NUMERATOR   = 19

FEE_DENOMINATOR = 1000



MAXIMUM_CAP = 2**16   # 65_536 = 2^16 = 2 byte/16 bit

MAXIMUM_BET = 100_000_000

MINIMUM_BET = 100



event :BetPlaced, :id, :user, :cap, :amount

event :Roll,      :id, :rolled



def setup

  @owner   = msg.sender

  @counter = 0

  @bets    = Mapping.of( Integer => Bet ).new   # or Mapping‹Integer→Bet›.new

end



def bet( cap )

  assert cap >= 1 && cap <= MAXIMUM_CAP

  assert msg.value >= MINIMUM_BET && msg.value <= MAXIMUM_BET



  @counter += 1

  @bets[@counter] = Bet.new( msg.sender, block.number+3, cap, msg.value )

  log BetPlaced.new( @counter, msg.sender, cap, msg.value )

end



def roll( id )

  bet = @bets[id]



  assert msg.sender == bet.user

  assert block.number >= bet.block

  assert block.number <= bet.block + 255



  ## "provable" fair - random number depends on

  ##  - blockhash (of block in the future - t+3)

  ##  - nonce (that is, bet counter id)

  hex = sha256( "#{blockhash( bet.block )} #{id}" )

  ## get first 2 bytes (4 chars in hex string) and convert to integer number

  ##   results in a number between 0 and 65_535

  rolled = hex_to_i( hex[0,4] )



  if rolled < bet.cap

     payout = bet.amount * MAXIMUM_CAP / bet.cap

     fee = payout * FEE_NUMERATOR / FEE_DENOMINATOR

     payout -= fee



     msg.sender.transfer( payout )

  end



  log Roll.new( id, rolled )

  @bets.delete( id )

end



def fund

end



def kill

  assert msg.sender == @owner

  selfdestruct( @owner )

end

```



**Kick Start Your Project with a Crowd Funder**



``` ruby

##############################

# Crowd Funder Contract



enum :State, :fundraising, :expired_refund, :successful



struct :Contribution,

         amount:      0, 

         contributor: Address(0)



event :FundingReceived, :address, :amount, :current_total

event :WinnerPaid,      :winner_address



def setup(

      time_in_hours_for_fundraising,

      campaign_url,

      fund_recipient,

      minimum_to_raise )



  @creator          = msg.sender

  @fund_recipient   = fund_recipient   # note: creator may be different than recipient

  @campaign_url     = campaign_url

  @minimum_to_raise = minimum_to_raise # required to tip, else everyone gets refund

  @raise_by         = block.timestamp + (time_in_hours_for_fundraising * 1.hour )



  @state            = State.fundraising

  @total_raised     = 0

  @complete_at      = 0

  @contributions    = Array.of( Contribution ).new  # or Array‹Contribution›.new or Contribution[].new

end



def pay_out

  assert @state.successful?



  @fund_recipient.transfer( this.balance )

  log WinnerPaid.new( @fund_recipient )

end



def check_if_funding_complete_or_expired

  if @total_raised > @minimum_to_raise

    @state = State.successful

    pay_out()

  elsif block.timestamp > @raise_by

    # note: backers can now collect refunds by calling refund(id)

    @state = State.expired_refund

    @complete_at = block.timestamp

  end

end



def contribute

  assert @state.fundraising?



  @contributions.push( Contribution.new( msg.value, msg.sender ))

  @total_raised += msg.value



  log FundingReceived.new( msg.sender, msg.value, @total_raised )



  check_if_funding_complete_or_expired()



  @contributions.size - 1   # return (contribution) id

end



def refund( id )

  assert @state.expired_refund?

  assert @contributions.size > id && id >= 0 && @contributions[id].amount != 0



  amount_to_refund = @contributions[id].amount

  @contributions[id].amount = 0



  @contributions[id].contributor.transfer( amount_to_refund )



  true

end



def kill

  assert msg.sender == @creator

  # wait 24 weeks after final contract state before allowing contract destruction

  assert (@state.expired_refund? || @state.successful?) && @complete_at + 24.weeks < block.timestamp



  # note: creator gets all money that hasn't be claimed

  selfdestruct( msg.sender )

end

```



**Liquid / Delegative Democracy - Let's Vote (or Delegate Your Vote) on a Proposal**



``` ruby

#########################

# Ballot Contract



struct :Voter,

          weight:   0,

          voted:    false,

          vote:     0,

          delegate: Address(0)



struct :Proposal, 

          vote_count: 0



## Create a new ballot with $(num_proposals) different proposals.

def setup( num_proposals )

  @chairperson = msg.sender

  @voters      = Mapping.of( Address => Voter ).new       # or Mapping‹Address→Voter›.new

  @proposals   = Array.of( Proposal, num_proposals ).new  # or Proposal[ num_proposals ].new



  @voters[@chairperson].weight = 1

end



## Give $(to_voter) the right to vote on this ballot.

## May only be called by $(chairperson).

def give_right_to_vote( to_voter ) 

   assert msg.sender == @chairperson && @voters[to_voter].voted? == false

   @voters[to_voter].weight = 1

end



## Delegate your vote to the voter $(to).

def delegate( to )

  sender = @voters[msg.sender]  # assigns reference

  assert sender.voted? == false



  while @voters[to].delegate != Address(0) && @voters[to].delegate != msg.sender do

    to = @voters[to].delegate

  end

  assert to != msg.sender



  sender.voted    = true

  sender.delegate = to

  delegate_to = @voters[to]

  if delegate_to.voted

    @proposals[delegate_to.vote].vote_count += sender.weight

  else

    delegate_to.weight += sender.weight

  end

end



## Give a single vote to proposal $(to_proposal).

def vote( to_proposal )

  sender = @voters[msg.sender]

  assert sender.voted? == false && to_proposal < @proposals.length

  sender.voted = true

  sender.vote  = to_proposal

  @proposals[to_proposal].vote_count += sender.weight

end



def winning_proposal

  winning_vote_count = 0 

  winning_proposal   = 0

  @proposals.each_with_index do |proposal,i|

    if proposal.vote_count > winning_vote_count

      winning_vote_count = proposal.vote_count

      winning_proposal   = i

    end

  end

  winning_proposal

end

```



## Types



[Value Types](#value-types) •

[Reference Types](#reference-types)



### Value Types



Bool •

Integer (Money • Timestamp • Timedelta • Enum) •

Address •

String •

Byte Array / Bytes



#### Bool



Class: `Bool`



Values: true | false



Zero: false



``` ruby

Bool.zero   #=> false

```



#### Integer



Class: `Integer`



Zero: 0



``` ruby

Integer.zero   #=> false

```



**Integer Types**



Money • Timestamp • Timedelta • Enum



#### Money (Integer)



Money Units



#### Timestamp (Integer)



Time Units



``` ruby

Timestamp.now   #=> 1551122309

```



#### Timedelta (Integer)



#### Enum (Integer)



#### Address



Class: `Address`



Zero: `0x0000` or `0x0` or `Address(0)`



Example:



``` ruby

owner = '0x0000'  # or

owner = Address(0)

```



#### String



#### Byte Array / Bytes



### Reference Types



[Array](#array)  •

[Struct](#struct)  •

[Mapping](#mapping)



#### Array



Class Builder: `Safe::SafeArray`



Example:



``` ruby

Array.of()

```



#### Struct



Class Builder: `Safe::SafeStruct` or `Safe::Struct`



#### Mapping



Class Builder: `Safe::SafeHash`



## Event Logging



...



## Storage



The contract's state gets stored in contract storage.



...



## Request for Comments (RFC)



Send your questions and comments to the ruby-talk mailing list. Thanks!



## References



1. mruby programming language, see 

2. ruby programming language, see  

3. solidity programming language, see 

4. vyper programming language, see 

5. yul intermediate language for the EVM (ethereum virtual machine) assembly code, see the Yul section in the solidity programming language reference

6. liquidity programing language, see