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https://github.com/karenetheridge/JSON-Schema-Modern

Validate data against a schema
https://github.com/karenetheridge/JSON-Schema-Modern

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Validate data against a schema

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=pod



=encoding UTF-8



=for stopwords schema subschema metaschema validator evaluator listref



=head1 NAME



JSON::Schema::Modern - Validate data against a schema



=head1 VERSION



version 0.582



=head1 SYNOPSIS



  use JSON::Schema::Modern;



  $js = JSON::Schema::Modern->new(

    specification_version => 'draft2020-12',

    output_format => 'flag',

    ... # other options

  );

  $result = $js->evaluate($instance_data, $schema_data);



=head1 DESCRIPTION



This module aims to be a fully-compliant L evaluator and

validator, targeting the currently-latest

L

version of the specification.



=head1 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS



These values are all passed as arguments to the constructor.



=head2 specification_version



Indicates which version of the JSON Schema specification is used during evaluation. When not set,

this value is derived from the C<$schema> keyword in the schema used in evaluation, or defaults to

the latest version (currently C).



The use of this option is I encouraged to ensure continued correct operation of your schema.

The current default value will not stay the same over time.



May be one of:



=over 4



=item *



L or C<2020-12>|https://json-schema.org/specification-links.html#2020-12>, corresponding to metaschema C



=item *



L or C<2019-09>|https://json-schema.org/specification-links.html#2019-09-formerly-known-as-draft-8>, corresponding to metaschema C



=item *



L or C<7>|https://json-schema.org/specification-links.html#draft-7>, corresponding to metaschema C



=back



Note that you can also use a C<$schema> keyword in the schema itself, to specify a different metaschema or

specification version.



=head2 output_format



One of: C, C, C, C, C, C. Defaults to C.

C can only be used with C.

Passed to L.



=head2 short_circuit



When true, evaluation will return early in any execution path as soon as the outcome can be

determined, rather than continuing to find all errors or annotations.

This option is safe to use in all circumstances, even in the presence of

C and C keywords: the validation result will not change;

only some errors will be omitted from the result.



Defaults to true when C is C, and false otherwise.



=head2 max_traversal_depth



The maximum number of levels deep a schema traversal may go, before evaluation is halted. This is to

protect against accidental infinite recursion, such as from two subschemas that each reference each

other, or badly-written schemas that could be optimized. Defaults to 50.



=head2 validate_formats



When true, the C keyword will be treated as an assertion, not merely an annotation. Defaults

to true when specification_version is draft7, and false for all other versions, but this may change in the future.



Note that the use of a format that does not have a defined handler will B be interpreted as an

error in this mode; instead, the undefined format will simply be ignored. If you instead want this

to be treated as an evaluation error, you must define a custom schema dialect that uses the

format-assertion vocabulary (available in specification version C) and reference it in

your schema with the C<$schema> keyword.



=head2 format_validations



=for stopwords subref



An optional hashref that allows overriding the validation method for formats, or adding new ones.

Overrides to existing formats (see L)

must be specified in the form of C<< { $format_name => $format_sub } >>, where

the format sub is a subref that takes one argument and returns a boolean result. New formats must

be specified in the form of C<< { $format_name => { type => $type, sub => $format_sub } } >>,

where the type indicates which of the core JSON Schema types (null, object, array, boolean, string,

number, or integer) the instance value must be for the format validation to be considered.



=head2 validate_content_schemas



When true, the C and C keywords are not treated as pure annotations:

C (when present) is used to decode the applied data payload and then

C will be used as the media-type for decoding to produce the data payload which is

then applied to the schema in C for validation. (Note that treating these keywords as

anything beyond simple annotations is contrary to the specification, therefore this option defaults

to false.)



See L and L for adding additional type support.



=for stopwords shhh



Technically only draft7 allows this and drafts 2019-09 and 2020-12 prohibit ever returning the

subschema evaluation results together with their parent schema's results, so shhh. I'm trying to get this

fixed for the next draft.



=head2 collect_annotations



When true, annotations are collected from keywords that produce them, when validation succeeds.

These annotations are available in the returned result (see L).

Not operational when L is C.

Defaults to false.



=head2 scalarref_booleans



When true, any value that is expected to be a boolean B may also be expressed

as the scalar references C<\0> or C<\1> (which are serialized as booleans by JSON backends).



Defaults to false.



=head2 stringy_numbers



When true, any value that is expected to be a number or integer B may also be

expressed as a string. This applies only to the following keywords:



=over 4



=item *



C (where both C and C (and possibly C) are considered valid)



=item *



C and C (where the string C<"1"> will match with C<"const": 1>)



=item *



C (where strings and numbers are compared numerically to each other, if either or both are numeric)



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C (for formats defined to validate numbers)



=back



This allows you to write a schema like this (which validates a string representing an integer):



  type: string

  pattern: ^[0-9]$

  multipleOf: 4

  minimum: 16

  maximum: 256



Such keywords are only applied if the value looks like a number, and do not generate a failure

otherwise. Values are determined to be numbers via L.

This option is only intended to be used for evaluating data from sources that can only be strings,

such as the extracted value of an HTTP header or query parameter.



Defaults to false.



=head2 strict



When true, unrecognized keywords are disallowed in schemas (they will cause an immediate abort

in L or L).



Defaults to false.



=head1 METHODS



=for Pod::Coverage BUILDARGS FREEZE THAW



=head2 evaluate_json_string



  $result = $js->evaluate_json_string($data_as_json_string, $schema);

  $result = $js->evaluate_json_string($data_as_json_string, $schema, { collect_annotations => 1});



Evaluates the provided instance data against the known schema document.



The data is in the form of a JSON-encoded string (in accordance with

L). B



The schema must be in one of these forms:



=over 4



=item *



a Perl data structure, such as what is returned from a JSON decode operation,



=item *



a L object,



=item *



or a URI string indicating the location where such a schema is located.



=back



Optionally, a hashref can be passed as a third parameter which allows changing the values of the

L, L, L,

L, L, L, and/or L

settings for just this evaluation call.



You can also pass use these keys to alter behaviour (these are generally only used by custom validation

applications that contain embedded JSON Schemas):



=over 4



=item *



C: adjusts the effective path of the data instance as of the start of evaluation



=item *



C: adjusts the accumulated path as of the start of evaluation (or last C<$id> or C<$ref>)



=item *



C: adjusts the recorded absolute keyword location as of the start of evaluation



=item *



C: locations in errors and annotations are resolved against this URI



=back



The return value is a L object, which can also be used as a boolean.



=head2 evaluate



  $result = $js->evaluate($instance_data, $schema);

  $result = $js->evaluate($instance_data, $schema, { short_circuit => 0 });



Evaluates the provided instance data against the known schema document.



The data is in the form of an unblessed nested Perl data structure representing any type that JSON

allows: null, boolean, string, number, object, array. (See L below.)



The schema must be in one of these forms:



=over 4



=item *



a Perl data structure, such as what is returned from a JSON decode operation,



=item *



a L object,



=item *



or a URI string indicating the location where such a schema is located.



=back



Optionally, a hashref can be passed as a third parameter which allows changing the values of the

L, L, L,

L, L, L, and/or L

settings for just this evaluation call.



You can also pass use these keys to alter behaviour (these are generally only used by custom validation

applications that contain embedded JSON Schemas):



=over 4



=item *



C: adjusts the effective path of the data instance as of the start of evaluation



=item *



C: adjusts the accumulated path as of the start of evaluation (or last C<$id> or C<$ref>)



=item *



C: adjusts the recorded absolute keyword location as of the start of evaluation



=item *



C: locations in errors and annotations are resolved against this URI



=back



You can pass a series of callback subs to this method corresponding to keywords, which is useful for

identifying various data that are not exposed by annotations.

This feature is highly experimental and may change in the future.



For example, to find the locations where all C<$ref> keywords are applied B:



  my @used_ref_at;

  $js->evaluate($data, $schema_or_uri, {

    callbacks => {

      '$ref' => sub ($data, $schema, $state) {

        push @used_ref_at, $state->{data_path};

      }

    },

  });



The return value is a L object, which can also be used as a boolean.

Callbacks are not compatible with L mode.



=head2 validate_schema



  $result = $js->validate_schema($schema);

  $result = $js->validate_schema($schema, $config_override);



Evaluates the provided schema as instance data against its metaschema. Accepts C<$schema> and

C<$config_override> parameters in the same form as L.



=head2 traverse



  $result = $js->traverse($schema);

  $result = $js->traverse($schema, { initial_schema_uri => 'http://example.com' });



Traverses the provided schema without evaluating it against any instance data. Returns the

internal state object accumulated during the traversal, including any identifiers found therein, and

any errors found during parsing. For internal purposes only.



Optionally, a hashref can be passed as a second parameter which alters some

behaviour (these are generally only used by custom validation

applications that contain embedded JSON Schemas):



=over 4



=item *



C: adjusts the accumulated path as of the start of evaluation (or last C<$id> or C<$ref>)



=item *



C: adjusts the recorded absolute keyword location as of the start of evaluation



=item *



C: use the indicated URI as the metaschema



=back



You can pass a series of callback subs to this method corresponding to keywords, which is useful for

extracting data from within schemas and skipping properties that may look like keywords but actually

are not (for example C<{"const": {"$ref": "this is not actually a $ref"}}>). This feature is highly

experimental and is highly likely to change in the future.



For example, to find the resolved targets of all C<$ref> keywords in a schema document:



  my @refs;

  JSON::Schema::Modern->new->traverse($schema, {

    callbacks => {

      '$ref' => sub ($schema, $state) {

        push @refs, Mojo::URL->new($schema->{'$ref'})

          ->to_abs(JSON::Schema::Modern::Utilities::canonical_uri($state));

      }

    },

  });



=head2 add_schema



  $js->add_schema($uri => $schema);

  $js->add_schema($uri => $document);

  $js->add_schema($schema);

  $js->add_schema($document);



Introduces the (unblessed, nested) Perl data structure or L

object, representing a JSON Schema, to the implementation, registering it under the indicated URI if

provided (and if not, C<''> will be used if no other identifier can be found within).



You B call C for any external resources that a schema may reference via C<$ref>

before calling L, other than the standard metaschemas which are loaded from a local cache

as needed.



Returns C if the resource could not be found;

if there were errors in the document, will die with these errors;

otherwise returns the L that contains the added schema.



=head2 add_format_validation



  $js->add_format_validation(all_lc => sub ($value) { lc($value) eq $value });



=for comment we are the nine Eleven Deniers



or



  $js->add_format_validation(no_nines => { type => 'number', sub => sub ($value) { $value =~ m/^[0-8]$$/ });



Adds support for a custom format. If not supplied, the data type(s) that this format applies to

defaults to string; all values of any other type will automatically be deemed to be valid, and will

not be passed to the subref.



Additionally, you can redefine the definition for any core format (see L), but

the data type(s) supported by that format may not be changed.



Be careful to not mutate the type of the value while checking it -- for example, if it is a string,

do not apply arithmetic operators to it -- or subsequent type checks on this value may fail.



=head2 add_vocabulary



  $js->add_vocabulary('My::Custom::Vocabulary::Class');



Makes a custom vocabulary class available to metaschemas that make use of this vocabulary.

as described in the specification at

L<"Meta-Schemas and Vocabularies"|https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-core.html#rfc.section.8.1>.



The class must compose the L role and implement the

L and

L methods, as well as

C<< _traverse_keyword_ >> methods for each keyword. C<< _eval_keyword_ >>

methods are optional; when not provided, evaluation will always return a true result.



=head2 add_media_type



  $js->add_media_type('application/furble' => sub ($content_ref) {

    return ...;  # data representing the deserialized text for Content-Type: application/furble

  });



Takes a media-type name and a subref which takes a single scalar reference, which is expected to be

a reference to a string, which might contain wide characters (i.e. not octets), especially when used

in conjunction with L below. Must return B (which is

then dereferenced for the C keyword).



These media types are already known:



=over 4



=item *



C - see L



=item *



C - see L



=item *



C - see L



=item *



C - passes strings through unchanged



=item *



C



=item *



C - see L



=item *



C - passes strings through unchanged



=back



=head2 get_media_type



Fetches a decoder sub for the indicated media type. Lookups are performed B.



=for stopwords thusly



You can use it thusly:



  $js->add_media_type('application/furble' => sub { ... }); # as above

  my $decoder = $self->get_media_type('application/furble') or die 'cannot find media type decoder';

  my $content_ref = $decoder->(\$content_string);



=head2 add_encoding



  $js->add_encoding('bloop' => sub ($content_ref) {

    return \ ...;  # data representing the deserialized content for Content-Transfer-Encoding: bloop

  });



Takes an encoding name and a subref which takes a single scalar reference, which is expected to be

a reference to a string, which SHOULD be a 7-bit or 8-bit string. Result values MUST be a scalar-reference

to a string (which is then dereferenced for the C keyword).



=for stopwords natively



Encodings handled natively are:



=over 4



=item *



C - passes strings through unchanged



=item *



C - see L



=item *



C - see L



=back



See also L.



=head2 get_encoding



Fetches a decoder sub for the indicated encoding. Incoming values MUST be a reference to an octet

string. Result values will be a scalar-reference to a string, which might be passed to a media_type

decoder (see above).



You can use it thusly:



  my $decoder = $self->get_encoding('base64') or die 'cannot find encoding decoder';

  my $content_ref = $decoder->(\$content_string);



=head2 get



  my $schema = $js->get($uri);

  my ($schema, $canonical_uri) = $js->get($uri);



Fetches the Perl data structure representing the JSON Schema at the indicated identifier (uri or

uri-reference). When called in list context, the canonical URI of that location is also returned, as

a L. Returns C if the schema with that URI has not been loaded (or cached).



=head2 get_document



  my $document = $js->get_document($uri_reference);



Fetches the L object that contains the provided identifier (uri or

uri-reference). C if the schema with that URI has not been loaded (or cached).



=head1 LIMITATIONS



=head2 Types



Perl is a more loosely-typed language than JSON. This module delves into a value's internal

representation in an attempt to derive the true "intended" type of the value. However, if a value is

used in another context (for example, a numeric value is concatenated into a string, or a numeric

string is used in an arithmetic operation), additional flags can be added onto the variable causing

it to resemble the other type. This should not be an issue if data validation is occurring

immediately after decoding a JSON payload, or if the JSON string itself is passed to this module.

If you are still having difficulties, make sure you are using Perl's fastest and most trusted and

reliable JSON decoder, L.

Other JSON decoders are known to produce data with incorrect data types.



For more information, see L.



=head2 Format Validation



By default (and unless you specify a custom metaschema with the C<$schema> keyword or

L),

formats are treated only as annotations, not assertions. When L is

true, strings are also checked against the format as specified in the schema. At present the

following formats are supported (use of any other formats than these will always evaluate as true,

but remember you can always supply custom format handlers; see L above):



=over 4



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=item *



C



=back



A few optional prerequisites are needed for some of these (if the prerequisite is missing,

validation will always succeed):



=over 4



=item *



C, C, and C



=item *



C and C require L version 1.04 (or higher)



=item *



C and C require L



=item *



C requires L



=back



=head2 Specification Compliance



This implementation is now fully specification-compliant (for versions draft7, draft2019-09,

draft2020-12), but until version 1.000 is released, it is

still deemed to be missing some optional but quite useful features, such as:



=for stopwords Mojolicious



=over 4



=item *



loading schema documents from disk



=item *



loading schema documents from the network



=item *



loading schema documents from a local web application (e.g. L)



=item *



additional output formats beyond C, C, and C (L)



=back



=head1 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS



The C and C keywords evaluate regular expressions from the schema,

the C format validator evaluates regular expressions from the data, and some keywords

in the Validation vocabulary perform floating point operations on potentially-very large numbers.

No effort is taken (at this time) to sanitize the regular expressions for embedded code or

detect potentially pathological constructs that may pose a security risk, either via denial of

service or by allowing exposure to the internals of your application. B



(In particular, see vulnerability

L,

which is closed in Perl releases 5.34.3, 5.36.3 and 5.38.1.)



=head1 SEE ALSO



=for stopwords OpenAPI



=over 4



=item *



L



=item *



L



=item *



L



=item *



L



=item *



L: contains the official JSON Schema test suite



=item *



L: a more stripped-down implementation of the specification, with fewer dependencies and faster evaluation



=item *



L



=item *



L



=item *



L



=item *



L: tutorial-focused documentation



=item *



L: a parser and evaluator for OpenAPI v3.1 documents



=item *



L: a Mojolicious plugin providing OpenAPI functionality



=item *



L: test your Mojolicious application's OpenAPI compliance



=back



=head1 SUPPORT



Bugs may be submitted through L.



I am also usually active on irc, as 'ether' at C and C.



You can also find me on the L and L, which are also great resources for finding help.



=head1 AUTHOR



Karen Etheridge 



=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE



This software is copyright (c) 2020 by Karen Etheridge.



This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under

the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.



=cut