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https://github.com/webrecorder/warcio

Streaming WARC/ARC library for fast web archive IO
https://github.com/webrecorder/warcio

python pywb warc web-archives web-archiving

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Streaming WARC/ARC library for fast web archive IO

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README 

        
WARCIO: WARC (and ARC) Streaming Library

========================================

.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/webrecorder/warcio.svg?branch=master

      :target: https://travis-ci.org/webrecorder/warcio

.. image:: https://codecov.io/gh/webrecorder/warcio/branch/master/graph/badge.svg

      :target: https://codecov.io/gh/webrecorder/warcio



Background

----------



This library provides a fast, standalone way to read and write `WARC

Format `__ commonly used in

web archives. Supports Python 2.7+ and Python 3.4+ (using

`six `__, the only external dependency)



warcio supports reading and writing of WARC files compliant with both the `WARC 1.0 `__

and `WARC 1.1 `__ ISO standards.



Install with: ``pip install warcio``



This library is a spin-off of the WARC reading and writing component of

the `pywb `__ high-fidelity replay

library, a key component of

`Webrecorder `__



The library is designed for fast, low-level access to web archival

content, oriented around a stream of WARC records rather than files.



Reading WARC Records

--------------------



A key feature of the library is to be able to iterate over a stream of

WARC records using the ``ArchiveIterator``.



It includes the following features:



- Reading a WARC 1.0, WARC 1.1 or ARC stream

- On the fly ARC to WARC record conversion

- Decompressing and de-chunking HTTP payload content stored in WARC/ARC files.



For example, the following prints the the url for each WARC ``response``

record:



.. code:: python



    from warcio.archiveiterator import ArchiveIterator



    with open('path/to/file', 'rb') as stream:

        for record in ArchiveIterator(stream):

            if record.rec_type == 'response':

                print(record.rec_headers.get_header('WARC-Target-URI'))



The stream object could be a file on disk or a remote network stream.

The ``ArchiveIterator`` reads the WARC content in a single pass. The

``record`` is represented by an ``ArcWarcRecord`` object which contains

the format (ARC or WARC), record type, the record headers, http headers

(if any), and raw stream for reading the payload.



.. code:: python



    class ArcWarcRecord(object):

        def __init__(self, *args):

            (self.format, self.rec_type, self.rec_headers, self.raw_stream,

             self.http_headers, self.content_type, self.length) = args



Reading WARC Content

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



The ``raw_stream`` can be used to read the rest of the payload directly.

A special ``ArcWarcRecord.content_stream()`` function provides a stream that

automatically decompresses and de-chunks the HTTP payload, if it is

compressed and/or transfer-encoding chunked.



ARC Files

~~~~~~~~~



The library provides support for reading (but not writing ARC) files.

The ARC format is legacy but is important to support in a consistent

matter. The ``ArchiveIterator`` can equally iterate over ARC and WARC

files to emit ``ArcWarcRecord`` objects. The special ``arc2warc`` option

converts ARC records to WARCs on the fly, allowing for them to be

accessed using the same API.



(Special ``WARCIterator`` and ``ARCIterator`` subclasses of ``ArchiveIterator``

are also available to read only WARC or only ARC files).



WARC and ARC Streaming

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For example, here is a snippet for reading an ARC and a WARC using the

same API.



The example streams a WARC and ARC file over HTTP using

`requests `__, printing the

``warcinfo`` record (or ARC header) and any response records (or all ARC

records) that contain HTML:



.. code:: python



    import requests

    from warcio.archiveiterator import ArchiveIterator



    def print_records(url):

        resp = requests.get(url, stream=True)



        for record in ArchiveIterator(resp.raw, arc2warc=True):

            if record.rec_type == 'warcinfo':

                print(record.raw_stream.read())



            elif record.rec_type == 'response':

                if record.http_headers.get_header('Content-Type') == 'text/html':

                    print(record.rec_headers.get_header('WARC-Target-URI'))

                    print(record.content_stream().read())

                    print('')



    # WARC

    print_records('https://archive.org/download/ExampleArcAndWarcFiles/IAH-20080430204825-00000-blackbook.warc.gz')



    # ARC with arc2warc

    print_records('https://archive.org/download/ExampleArcAndWarcFiles/IAH-20080430204825-00000-blackbook.arc.gz')



Writing WARC Records

--------------------



Starting with 1.6, warcio introduces a way to capture HTTP/S traffic directly

to a WARC file, by monkey-patching Python's ``http.client`` library.



This approach works well with the popular ``requests`` library often used to fetch

HTTP/S content. Note that ``requests`` must be imported after the ``capture_http`` module.



Quick Start to Writing a WARC

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Fetching the url ``https://example.com/`` while capturing the response and request

into a gzip compressed WARC file named ``example.warc.gz`` can be done with the following four lines:



.. code:: python



    from warcio.capture_http import capture_http

    import requests  # requests must be imported after capture_http



    with capture_http('example.warc.gz'):

        requests.get('https://example.com/')



The WARC ``example.warc.gz`` will contain two records (the response is written first, then the request).



To write to a default in-memory buffer (``BufferWARCWriter``), don't specify a filename, using ``with capture_http() as writer:``.



Additional requests in the ``capture_http`` context and will be appended to the WARC as expected.



The ``WARC-IP-Address`` header will also be added for each record if the IP address is available.



The following example (similar to a `unit test from the test suite `__) demonstrates the resulting records created with ``capture_http``:



.. code:: python



    with capture_http() as writer:

        requests.get('http://example.com/')

        requests.get('https://google.com/')



    expected = [('http://example.com/', 'response', True),

                ('http://example.com/', 'request', True),

                ('https://google.com/', 'response', True),

                ('https://google.com/', 'request', True),

                ('https://www.google.com/', 'response', True),

                ('https://www.google.com/', 'request', True)

               ]



     actual = [

                (record.rec_headers['WARC-Target-URI'],

                 record.rec_type,

                 'WARC-IP-Address' in record.rec_headers)



                for record in ArchiveIterator(writer.get_stream())

              ]



     assert actual == expected

        



Customizing WARC Writing

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



The library provides a simple and extensible interface for writing

standards-compliant WARC files.



The library comes with a basic ``WARCWriter`` class for writing to a

single WARC file and ``BufferWARCWriter`` for writing to an in-memory

buffer. The ``BaseWARCWriter`` can be extended to support more complex

operations.



(There is no support for writing legacy ARC files)



For more flexibility, such as to use a custom ``WARCWriter`` class,

the above example can be written as:



.. code:: python



    from warcio.capture_http import capture_http

    from warcio import WARCWriter

    import requests  # requests *must* be imported after capture_http



    with open('example.warc.gz', 'wb') as fh:

        warc_writer = WARCWriter(fh)

        with capture_http(warc_writer):

            requests.get('https://example.com/')

            

WARC/1.1 Support

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



By default, warcio creates WARC 1.0 records for maximum compatibility with existing tools.

To create WARC/1.1 records, simply specify the warc version as follows:



.. code:: python

   

    with capture_http('example.warc.gz', warc_version='1.1'):

        ...



.. code:: python



    WARCWriter(fh, warc_version='1.1)

    ...

    

When using WARC 1.1, the main difference is that the ``WARC-Date`` timestamp header

will be written with microsecond precision, while WARC 1.0 only supports second precision.



WARC 1.0:



.. code::

 

    WARC/1.0

    ...

    WARC-Date: 2018-12-26T10:11:12Z



WARC 1.1:



.. code::



    WARC/1.1

    ...

    WARC-Date: 2018-12-26T10:11:12.456789Z

    

    



Filtering HTTP Capture

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



When capturing via HTTP, it is possible to provide a custom filter function, 

which can be used to determine if a particular request and response records

should be written to the WARC file or skipped.



The filter function is called with the request and response record

before they are written, and can be used to substitute a different record (for example, a revisit

instead of a response), or to skip writing altogether by returning nothing, as shown below:



.. code:: python



    def filter_records(request, response, request_recorder):

        # return None, None to indicate records should be skipped

        if response.http_headers.get_statuscode() != '200':

            return None, None

            

        # the response record can be replaced with a revisit record

        elif check_for_dedup():

            response = create_revisit_record(...)

            

        return request, response



    with capture_http('example.warc.gz', filter_records):

         requests.get('https://example.com/')

         

Please refer to

`test/test\_capture_http.py `__ for additional examples

of capturing ``requests`` traffic to WARC.



Manual/Advanced WARC Writing

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Before 1.6, this was the primary method for fetching a url and then

writing to a WARC. This process is a bit more verbose,

but provides for full control of WARC creation and avoid monkey-patching.



The following example loads ``http://example.com/``, creates a WARC

response record, and writes it, gzip compressed, to ``example.warc.gz``

The block and payload digests are computed automatically.



.. code:: python



    from warcio.warcwriter import WARCWriter

    from warcio.statusandheaders import StatusAndHeaders



    import requests



    with open('example.warc.gz', 'wb') as output:

        writer = WARCWriter(output, gzip=True)



        resp = requests.get('http://example.com/',

                            headers={'Accept-Encoding': 'identity'},

                            stream=True)



        # get raw headers from urllib3

        headers_list = resp.raw.headers.items()



        http_headers = StatusAndHeaders('200 OK', headers_list, protocol='HTTP/1.0')



        record = writer.create_warc_record('http://example.com/', 'response',

                                            payload=resp.raw,

                                            http_headers=http_headers)



        writer.write_record(record)



The library also includes additional semantics for:

 - Creating ``warcinfo`` and ``revisit`` records

 - Writing ``response`` and ``request`` records together

 - Writing custom WARC records

 - Reading a full WARC record from a stream



Please refer to `warcwriter.py `__ and

`test/test\_writer.py `__ for additional examples.



WARCIO CLI: Indexing and Recompression

--------------------------------------



The library currently ships with a few simple command line tools.



Index

~~~~~



The ``warcio index`` cmd will print a simple index of the records in the

warc file as newline delimited JSON lines (NDJSON).



WARC header fields to include in the index can be specified via the

``-f`` flag, and are included in the JSON block (in order, for

convenience).



::



    warcio index ./test/data/example-iana.org-chunked.warc -f warc-type,warc-target-uri,content-length

    {"warc-type": "warcinfo", "content-length": "137"}

    {"warc-type": "response", "warc-target-uri": "http://www.iana.org/", "content-length": "7566"}

    {"warc-type": "request", "warc-target-uri": "http://www.iana.org/", "content-length": "76"}



HTTP header fields can be included by prefixing them with the prefix

``http:``. The special field ``offset`` refers to the record offset within

the warc file.



::



    warcio index ./test/data/example-iana.org-chunked.warc -f offset,content-type,http:content-type,warc-target-uri

    {"offset": "0", "content-type": "application/warc-fields"}

    {"offset": "405", "content-type": "application/http;msgtype=response", "http:content-type": "text/html; charset=UTF-8", "warc-target-uri": "http://www.iana.org/"}

    {"offset": "8379", "content-type": "application/http;msgtype=request", "warc-target-uri": "http://www.iana.org/"}



(Note: this library does not produce CDX or CDXJ format indexes often

associated with web archives. To create these indexes, please see the

`cdxj-indexer `__ tool which extends warcio indexing to provide this functionality)



Check

~~~~~



The ``warcio check`` command will check the payload and block digests

of WARC records, if possible. An exit value of 1 indicates a failure.

``warcio check -v`` will print verbose output for each record in the

WARC file.



Recompress

~~~~~~~~~~



The ``recompress`` command allows for re-compressing or normalizing WARC

(or ARC) files to a record-compressed, gzipped WARC file.



Each WARC record is compressed individually and concatenated. This is

the 'canonical' WARC storage format used by

`Webrecorder `__ and other

web archiving institutions, and usually stored with a ``.warc.gz``

extension.



It can be used to: - Compress an uncompressed WARC - Convert any ARC

file to a compressed WARC - Fix an improperly compressed WARC file (eg.

a WARC compressed entirely instead of by record)



::



    warcio recompress ./input.arc.gz ./output.warc.gz



Extract

~~~~~~~



The  ``extract`` command provides a way to extract either the WARC and HTTP headers and/or payload of a WARC record

to stdout. Given a WARC filename and an offset, ``extract`` will print the (decompressed) record at that offset

in the file to stdout



Specifying --payload or --headers will output only the payload or only the WARC + HTTP headers (if any), respectively.



::



    warcio extract [--payload | --headers] filename offset



License

~~~~~~~



``warcio`` is licensed under the Apache 2.0 License and is part of the

Webrecorder project.



See `NOTICE `__ and `LICENSE `__ for details.