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https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting

Chronos: Pretrained (Language) Models for Probabilistic Time Series Forecasting
https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting

artificial-intelligence forecasting foundation-models huggingface huggingface-transformers large-language-models llm machine-learning pretrained-models time-series time-series-forecasting timeseries transformers

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Chronos: Pretrained (Language) Models for Probabilistic Time Series Forecasting

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# Chronos: Learning the Language of Time Series



[![preprint](https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=arXiv&message=2403.07815&color=B31B1B&logo=arXiv)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815)

[![huggingface](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-Models-FFD21E)](https://huggingface.co/collections/amazon/chronos-models-65f1791d630a8d57cb718444)

[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache--2.0-green.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0)




## 🚀 News



- **19 Apr 2024**: 🚀 Chronos is now supported on [AutoGluon-TimeSeries](https://auto.gluon.ai/stable/tutorials/timeseries/index.html), the powerful AutoML package for time series forecasting which enables model ensembles, cloud deployments, and much more. Get started with the [tutorial](https://auto.gluon.ai/stable/tutorials/timeseries/forecasting-chronos.html).

- **08 Apr 2024**: 🧪 Experimental [MLX inference support](https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting/tree/mlx) added. If you have an Apple Silicon Mac, you can now obtain significantly faster forecasts from Chronos compared to CPU inference. This provides an alternative way to exploit the GPU on your Apple Silicon Macs together with the "mps" support in PyTorch.

- **25 Mar 2024**: [v1.1.0 released](https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting/releases/tag/v1.1.0) with inference optimizations and `pipeline.embed` to extract encoder embeddings from Chronos.

- **13 Mar 2024**: Chronos [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815) and inference code released.



## ✨ Introduction



Chronos is a family of **pretrained time series forecasting models** based on language model architectures. A time series is transformed into a sequence of tokens via scaling and quantization, and a language model is trained on these tokens using the cross-entropy loss. Once trained, probabilistic forecasts are obtained by sampling multiple future trajectories given the historical context. Chronos models have been trained on a large corpus of publicly available time series data, as well as synthetic data generated using Gaussian processes.



For details on Chronos models, training data and procedures, and experimental results, please refer to the paper [Chronos: Learning the Language of Time Series](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815).





  

  


  

    Fig. 1: High-level depiction of Chronos. (Left) The input time series is scaled and quantized to obtain a sequence of tokens. (Center) The tokens are fed into a language model which may either be an encoder-decoder or a decoder-only model. The model is trained using the cross-entropy loss. (Right) During inference, we autoregressively sample tokens from the model and map them back to numerical values. Multiple trajectories are sampled to obtain a predictive distribution.

  




### Architecture



The models in this repository are based on the [T5 architecture](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683). The only difference is in the vocabulary size: Chronos-T5 models use 4096 different tokens, compared to 32128 of the original T5 models, resulting in fewer parameters.






| Model                                                                  | Parameters | Based on                                                               |

| ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |

| [**chronos-t5-tiny**](https://huggingface.co/amazon/chronos-t5-tiny)   | 8M         | [t5-efficient-tiny](https://huggingface.co/google/t5-efficient-tiny)   |

| [**chronos-t5-mini**](https://huggingface.co/amazon/chronos-t5-mini)   | 20M        | [t5-efficient-mini](https://huggingface.co/google/t5-efficient-mini)   |

| [**chronos-t5-small**](https://huggingface.co/amazon/chronos-t5-small) | 46M        | [t5-efficient-small](https://huggingface.co/google/t5-efficient-small) |

| [**chronos-t5-base**](https://huggingface.co/amazon/chronos-t5-base)   | 200M       | [t5-efficient-base](https://huggingface.co/google/t5-efficient-base)   |

| [**chronos-t5-large**](https://huggingface.co/amazon/chronos-t5-large) | 710M       | [t5-efficient-large](https://huggingface.co/google/t5-efficient-large) |






### Zero-Shot Results



The following figure showcases the remarkable **zero-shot** performance of Chronos models on 27 datasets against local models, task-specific models and other pretrained models. For details on the evaluation setup and other results, please refer to [the paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815). 





  

  


  

    Fig. 2: Performance of different models on Benchmark II, comprising 27 datasets not seen by Chronos models during training. This benchmark provides insights into the zero-shot performance of Chronos models against local statistical models, which fit parameters individually for each time series, task-specific models trained on each task, and pretrained models trained on a large corpus of time series. Pretrained Models (Other) indicates that some (or all) of the datasets in Benchmark II may have been in the training corpus of these models. The probabilistic (WQL) and point (MASE) forecasting metrics were normalized using the scores of the Seasonal Naive baseline and aggregated through a geometric mean to obtain the Agg. Relative WQL and MASE, respectively.

  




## 📈 Usage



To perform inference with Chronos models, install this package by running:



```

pip install git+https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting.git

```

> [!TIP]  

> The recommended way of using Chronos for production use cases is through [AutoGluon](https://auto.gluon.ai), which features ensembling with other statistical and machine learning models for time series forecasting as well as seamless deployments on AWS with SageMaker 🧠. Check out the AutoGluon Chronos [tutorial](https://auto.gluon.ai/stable/tutorials/timeseries/forecasting-chronos.html).



> [!NOTE]  

> We have added 🧪experimental support for [MLX](https://github.com/ml-explore/mlx) inference. If you have an Apple Silicon Mac, check out the [`mlx`](https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting/tree/mlx) branch of this repository for instructions on how to install and use the MLX version of Chronos. 



### Forecasting



A minimal example showing how to perform forecasting using Chronos models:



```python

# for plotting, run: pip install pandas matplotlib

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

import pandas as pd

import torch

from chronos import ChronosPipeline



pipeline = ChronosPipeline.from_pretrained(

    "amazon/chronos-t5-small",

    device_map="cuda",  # use "cpu" for CPU inference and "mps" for Apple Silicon

    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,

)



df = pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AileenNielsen/TimeSeriesAnalysisWithPython/master/data/AirPassengers.csv")



# context must be either a 1D tensor, a list of 1D tensors,

# or a left-padded 2D tensor with batch as the first dimension

context = torch.tensor(df["#Passengers"])

prediction_length = 12

forecast = pipeline.predict(

    context,

    prediction_length,

    num_samples=20,

    temperature=1.0,

    top_k=50,

    top_p=1.0,

) # forecast shape: [num_series, num_samples, prediction_length]



# visualize the forecast

forecast_index = range(len(df), len(df) + prediction_length)

low, median, high = np.quantile(forecast[0].numpy(), [0.1, 0.5, 0.9], axis=0)



plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4))

plt.plot(df["#Passengers"], color="royalblue", label="historical data")

plt.plot(forecast_index, median, color="tomato", label="median forecast")

plt.fill_between(forecast_index, low, high, color="tomato", alpha=0.3, label="80% prediction interval")

plt.legend()

plt.grid()

plt.show()

```



### Extracting Encoder Embeddings



A minimal example showing how to extract encoder embeddings from Chronos models:



```python

import pandas as pd

import torch

from chronos import ChronosPipeline



pipeline = ChronosPipeline.from_pretrained(

    "amazon/chronos-t5-small",

    device_map="cuda",

    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,

)



df = pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AileenNielsen/TimeSeriesAnalysisWithPython/master/data/AirPassengers.csv")



# context must be either a 1D tensor, a list of 1D tensors,

# or a left-padded 2D tensor with batch as the first dimension

context = torch.tensor(df["#Passengers"])

embeddings, tokenizer_state = pipeline.embed(context)

```



## 🔥 Coverage



- [Adapting language model architectures for time series forecasting](https://www.amazon.science/blog/adapting-language-model-architectures-for-time-series-forecasting) (Amazon Science blog post)

- [Amazon AI Researchers Introduce Chronos: A New Machine Learning Framework for Pretrained Probabilistic Time Series Models](https://www.marktechpost.com/2024/03/15/amazon-ai-researchers-introduce-chronos-a-new-machine-learning-framework-for-pretrained-probabilistic-time-series-models/) (Marktechpost blog post)

- [Chronos: The Rise of Foundation Models for Time Series Forecasting](https://towardsdatascience.com/chronos-the-rise-of-foundation-models-for-time-series-forecasting-aaeba62d9da3) (Towards Data Science blog post by Luís Roque and Rafael Guedes)

- [Moirai: Time Series Foundation Models for Universal Forecasting](https://towardsdatascience.com/moirai-time-series-foundation-models-for-universal-forecasting-dc93f74b330f) (Towards Data Science blog post by Luís Roque and Rafael Guedes, includes comparison of Chronos with Moirai)

- [Chronos: The Latest Time Series Forecasting Foundation Model by Amazon](https://towardsdatascience.com/chronos-the-latest-time-series-forecasting-foundation-model-by-amazon-2687d641705a) (Towards Data Science blog post by Marco Peixeiro)

  - The original article had a critical bug affecting the metric computation for Chronos. We opened a [pull request](https://github.com/marcopeix/time-series-analysis/pull/10) to fix it.

- [How to Effectively Forecast Time Series with Amazon's New Time Series Forecasting Model](https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-effectively-forecast-time-series-with-amazons-new-time-series-forecasting-model-9e04d4ccf67e) (Towards Data Science blog post by Eivind Kjosbakken)

- [Chronos: Learning the Language of Time Series](https://minimizeregret.com/linked/2024/03/27/chronos-forecasting/) (Minimize Regret blog post by Tim Radtke)

- [Chronos: Another Zero-Shot Time Series Forecaster LLM](https://levelup.gitconnected.com/chronos-another-zero-shot-time-series-forecaster-llm-0e80753a7ad0) (Level Up Coding blog post by Level Up Coding AI TutorMaster)

- [Paper Review: Chronos: Learning the Language of Time Series](https://andlukyane.com/blog/paper-review-chronos) (Review by Andrey Lukyanenko)

- [Foundation Models for Forecasting: the Future or Folly?](https://insights.radix.ai/blog/foundation-models-for-forecasting-the-future-or-folly) (Blog post by Radix)

- [Learning the Language of Time Series with Chronos](https://medium.com/@ManueleCaddeo/learning-the-language-of-time-series-with-chronos-fea7d0fedde4) (Medium post by Manuele Caddeo)

- [The latest advancement in Time Series Forecasting from AWS: Chronos](https://medium.com/chat-gpt-now-writes-all-my-articles/the-latest-advancement-in-time-series-forecasting-from-aws-chronos-python-code-included-0205d01248f3) (Medium post by Abish Pius)

- [Decoding the Future: How Chronos Redefines Time Series Forecasting with the Art of Language](https://medium.com/@zamalbabar/decoding-the-future-how-chronos-redefines-time-series-forecasting-with-the-art-of-language-cecc2174e400) (Medium post by Zamal)

- [Comparison of Chronos against the SCUM ensemble of statistical models](https://github.com/Nixtla/nixtla/tree/main/experiments/amazon-chronos) (Benchmark by Nixtla)

  - We opened a [pull request](https://github.com/Nixtla/nixtla/pull/281) extending the analysis to 28 datasets (200K+ time series) and showing that **zero-shot** Chronos models perform comparably to this strong ensemble of 4 statistical models while being significantly faster on average. Our complete response can be [found here](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/extended-comparison-chronos-against-statistical-ensemble-ansari-4aste/).

- [Comparison of Chronos against a variety of forecasting models](https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7178398371815051267/) (Benchmark by ReadyTensor)



## 📝 Citation



If you find Chronos models useful for your research, please consider citing the associated [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815):



```

@article{ansari2024chronos,

  author  = {Ansari, Abdul Fatir and Stella, Lorenzo and Turkmen, Caner and Zhang, Xiyuan, and Mercado, Pedro and Shen, Huibin and Shchur, Oleksandr and Rangapuram, Syama Syndar and Pineda Arango, Sebastian and Kapoor, Shubham and Zschiegner, Jasper and Maddix, Danielle C. and Mahoney, Michael W. and Torkkola, Kari and Gordon Wilson, Andrew and Bohlke-Schneider, Michael and Wang, Yuyang},

  title   = {Chronos: Learning the Language of Time Series},

  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.07815},

  year    = {2024}

}

```



## 🛡️ Security



See [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md#security-issue-notifications) for more information.



## 📃 License



This project is licensed under the Apache-2.0 License.