https://github.com/awesome-spectral-indices/spyndex

Awesome Spectral Indices in Python.
https://github.com/awesome-spectral-indices/spyndex

List: spyndex

earth-engine google-earth-engine numpy pandas python python3 remote-sensing satellite-imagery spectral spectral-data spectral-index spectral-indices xarray

Last synced: about 2 months ago
JSON representation

Awesome Spectral Indices in Python.

• Host: GitHub
• URL: https://github.com/awesome-spectral-indices/spyndex
• Owner: awesome-spectral-indices
• License: mit
• Created: 2021-09-01T18:53:45.000Z (almost 3 years ago)
• Default Branch: main
• Last Pushed: 2024-04-26T01:14:22.000Z (2 months ago)
• Last Synced: 2024-05-01T21:41:23.093Z (2 months ago)
• Topics: earth-engine, google-earth-engine, numpy, pandas, python, python3, remote-sensing, satellite-imagery, spectral, spectral-data, spectral-index, spectral-indices, xarray
• Language: Python
• Homepage: https://spyndex.readthedocs.io/
• Size: 3.58 MB
• Stars: 172
• Watchers: 7
• Forks: 18
• Open Issues: 6
• Metadata Files:
  • Readme: README.md
  • Contributing: docs/contributing.rst
  • Funding: .github/FUNDING.yml
  • License: LICENSE
  • Citation: CITATION.bib

Lists

• Awesome-Geospatial - spyndex - Awesome Spectral Indices in Python. (Python)
• SpectralIndices.jl - Spyndex - generated by dalle3 through ChatGPT and modified by the talented [David Montero](https://github.com/davemlz). (Acknowledgments ✨ / Using `compute`)
• awesome-hyperspectral - spyndex - Allows use of awesome-spectral-indices formulae in Python. (Software / Libraries)
• awesome-ASI - spyndex - Official ASI Python Package. Spectral Indices can be computed for Google Earth Engine objects. (Google Earth Engine / Python)

README

        


  





    

    Awesome Spectral Indices in Python:





    

    Numpy | 

    Pandas | 

    GeoPandas | 

    Xarray | 

    Earth Engine | 

    Planetary Computer | 

    Dask 







    





    





    





    





    





    





    





    





    





    





    





    





---

**GitHub**: [https://github.com/davemlz/spyndex](https://github.com/davemlz/spyndex)

**Documentation**: [https://spyndex.readthedocs.io/](https://spyndex.readthedocs.io/)

**Paper**: [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02096-0](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02096-0)

**PyPI**: [https://pypi.org/project/spyndex/](https://pypi.org/project/spyndex/)

**Conda-forge**: [https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/spyndex](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/spyndex)

**Tutorials**: [https://spyndex.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials.html](https://spyndex.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials.html)

---

## Citation

If you use this work, please consider citing the following paper:

```bibtex

@article{montero2023standardized,

  title={A standardized catalogue of spectral indices to advance the use of remote sensing in Earth system research},

  author={Montero, David and Aybar, C{\'e}sar and Mahecha, Miguel D and Martinuzzi, Francesco and S{\"o}chting, Maximilian and Wieneke, Sebastian},

  journal={Scientific Data},

  volume={10},

  number={1},

  pages={197},

  year={2023},

  publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London}

}

```

## Overview

The [Awesome Spectral Indices](https://github.com/davemlz/awesome-spectral-indices) is a standardized ready-to-use curated list of spectral indices

that can be used as expressions for computing spectral indices in remote sensing applications. The list was born initially to supply spectral 

indices for [Google Earth Engine](https://earthengine.google.com/) through [eemont](https://github.com/davemlz/eemont) and 

[spectral](https://github.com/davemlz/spectral), but given the necessity to compute spectral indices for other object classes outside the Earth 

Engine ecosystem, a new package was required.

Spyndex is a python package that uses the spectral indices from the *Awesome Spectral Indices* list and creates an expression evaluation method that is

compatible with python object classes that support [overloaded operators](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#emulating-numeric-types)

(e.g. [numpy.ndarray](https://github.com/numpy/numpy), [pandas.Series](https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas),

[xarray.DataArray](https://github.com/pydata/xarray)).

Some of the `spyndex` features are listed here:

- Access to Spectral Indices from the Awesome Spectral Indices list.

- Multiple Spectral Indices computation.

- Kernel Indices computation.

- Parallel processing.

- Compatibility with a lot of python objects!

Check the simple usage of spyndex here:

```python

import spyndex

import numpy as np

import xarray as xr

N = np.random.normal(0.6,0.10,10000)

R = np.random.normal(0.1,0.05,10000)

da = xr.DataArray(

    np.array([N,R]).reshape(2,100,100),

    dims = ("band","x","y"),

    coords = {"band": ["NIR","Red"]}

)

idx = spyndex.computeIndex(

    index = ["NDVI","SAVI"],

    params = {

        "N": da.sel(band = "NIR"),

        "R": da.sel(band = "Red"),

        "L": 0.5

    }

)

```

Bands can also be passed as keywords arguments:

```python

idx = spyndex.computeIndex(

    index = ["NDVI","SAVI"],

    N = da.sel(band = "NIR"),

    R = da.sel(band = "Red"),

    L = 0.5

)

```

And indices can be computed from their class:

```python

idx = spyndex.indices.NDVI.compute(

    N = da.sel(band = "NIR"),

    R = da.sel(band = "Red"),

)

```

## How does it work?

Any python object class that supports overloaded operators can be used with spyndex methods.

---

*"Hey... what do you mean by 'overloaded operators'?"*

---

That's the million dollars' question! An object class that supports overloaded operators is the one that allows you to compute mathematical 

operations using common operators (`+`, `-`, `/`, `*`, `**`) like `a + b`, `a + b * c` or `(a - b) / (a + b)`. You know the last one, right? That's 

the formula of the famous [NDVI](https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(79)90013-0).

So, if you can use the overloaded operators with an object class, you can use that class with [spyndex](https://github.com/davemlz/spyndex)!

> BE CAREFUL! Not all overloaded operators work as mathematical operators. In a `list` object class, the addition operator (`+`) concatenates two objects instead of performing an addition operation! So you must convert the `list` into a `numpy.ndarray` before using spyndex!

Here is a little list of object classes that support mathematical overloaded operators:

- `float` (Python Built-in type) or `numpy.float*` (with [numpy](https://github.com/numpy/numpy))

- `int` (Python Built-in type) or `numpy.int*` (with [numpy](https://github.com/numpy/numpy))

- `numpy.ndarray` (with [numpy](https://github.com/numpy/numpy))

- `pandas.Series` (with [pandas](https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas) or [geopandas](https://github.com/geopandas/geopandas))

- `xarray.DataArray` (with [xarray](https://github.com/pydata/xarray))

- `ee.Image` (with [earthengine-api](https://github.com/google/earthengine-api) and [eemont](https://github.com/davemlz/eemont))

- `ee.Number` (with [earthengine-api](https://github.com/google/earthengine-api) and [eemont](https://github.com/davemlz/eemont))

And wait, there is more! If objects that support overloaded operatores can be used in spyndex, that means that you can work in **parallel**

with [dask](https://docs.dask.org/en/latest/)!

Here is the list of the dask objects that you can use with spyndex:

- `dask.Array` (with [dask](https://docs.dask.org/en/latest/))

- `dask.Series` (with [dask](https://docs.dask.org/en/latest/))

This means that you can actually use spyndex in a lot of processes! For example, you can download a Sentinel-2 image with

[sentinelsat](https://github.com/sentinelsat/sentinelsat), open and read it with [rasterio](https://github.com/mapbox/rasterio) and then compute 

the desired spectral indices with [spyndex](https://github.com/davemlz/spyndex). Or you can search through the Landsat-8 STAC in the 

[Planetary Computer](https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/) ecosystem using [pystac-client](https://github.com/stac-utils/pystac-client),

convert it to an `xarray.DataArray` with [stackstac](https://github.com/gjoseph92/stackstac) and then compute spectral indices using

[spyndex](https://github.com/davemlz/spyndex) in parallel with [dask](https://docs.dask.org/en/latest/)! Amazing, right!?

## Installation

Install the latest version from PyPI:

```

pip install spyndex

```

Upgrade spyndex by running:

```

pip install -U spyndex

```

Install the latest version from conda-forge:

```

conda install -c conda-forge spyndex

```

Install the latest dev version from GitHub by running:

```

pip install git+https://github.com/davemlz/spyndex

```

## Features

### Exploring Spectral Indices

Spectral Indices from the Awesome Spectral Indices list can be accessed through

`spyndex.indices`. This is a `Box` object where each one of the indices in the list

can be accessed as well as their [attributes](https://github.com/davemlz/awesome-ee-spectral-indices#attributes):

```python

import spyndex

# All indices

spyndex.indices

# NDVI index

spyndex.indices["NDVI"]

# Or with dot notation

spyndex.indices.NDVI

# Formula of the NDVI

spyndex.indices["NDVI"]["formula"]

# Or with dot notation

spyndex.indices.NDVI.formula

# Reference of the NDVI

spyndex.indices["NDVI"]["reference"]

# Or with dot notation

spyndex.indices.NDVI.reference

```

### Default Values

Some Spectral Indices require constant values in order to be computed. Default values

can be accessed through `spyndex.constants`. This is a `Box` object where each one

of the [constants](https://github.com/davemlz/awesome-spectral-indices#expressions) can be

accessed:

```python

import spyndex

# All constants

spyndex.constants

# Canopy Background Adjustment

spyndex.constants["L"]

# Or with dot notation

spyndex.constants.L

# Default value

spyndex.constants["L"]["default"]

# Or with dot notation

spyndex.constants.L.default

```

### Band Parameters

The standard band parameters description can be accessed through `spyndex.bands`. This is 

a `Box` object where each one of the [bands](https://github.com/davemlz/awesome-spectral-indices#expressions) 

can be accessed:

```python

import spyndex

# All bands

spyndex.bands

# Blue band

spyndex.bands["B"]

# Or with dot notation

spyndex.bands.B

```

### One (or more) Spectral Indices Computation

Use the `computeIndex()` method to compute as many spectral indices as you want!

The `index` parameter receives the spectral index or a list of spectral indices to

compute, while the `params` parameter receives a dictionary with the

[required parameters](https://github.com/davemlz/awesome-ee-spectral-indices#expressions)

for the spectral indices computation.

```python

import spyndex

import xarray as xr

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from rasterio import plot

# Open a dataset (in this case a xarray.DataArray)

snt = spyndex.datasets.open("sentinel")

# Scale the data (remember that the valid domain for reflectance is [0,1])

snt = snt / 10000

# Compute the desired spectral indices

idx = spyndex.computeIndex(

    index = ["NDVI","GNDVI","SAVI"],

    params = {

        "N": snt.sel(band = "B08"),

        "R": snt.sel(band = "B04"),

        "G": snt.sel(band = "B03"),

        "L": 0.5

    }

)

# Plot the indices (and the RGB image for comparison)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(2,2,figsize = (10,10))

plot.show(snt.sel(band = ["B04","B03","B02"]).data / 0.3,ax = ax[0,0],title = "RGB")

plot.show(idx.sel(index = "NDVI").data,ax = ax[0,1],title = "NDVI")

plot.show(idx.sel(index = "GNDVI").data,ax = ax[1,0],title = "GNDVI")

plot.show(idx.sel(index = "SAVI").data,ax = ax[1,1],title = "SAVI")

```



  



### Kernel Indices Computation

Use the `computeKernel()` method to compute the required kernel for kernel indices like

the kNDVI! The `kernel` parameter receives the kernel to compute, while the `params` 

parameter receives a dictionary with the

[required parameters](https://github.com/davemlz/awesome-ee-spectral-indices#expressions)

for the kernel computation (e.g., `a`, `b` and `sigma` for the RBF kernel).

```python

import spyndex

import xarray as xr

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from rasterio import plot

# Open a dataset (in this case a xarray.DataArray)

snt = spyndex.datasets.open("sentinel")

# Scale the data (remember that the valid domain for reflectance is [0,1])

snt = snt / 10000

# Compute the kNDVI and the NDVI for comparison

idx = spyndex.computeIndex(

    index = ["NDVI","kNDVI"],

    params = {

        # Parameters required for NDVI

        "N": snt.sel(band = "B08"),

        "R": snt.sel(band = "B04"),

        # Parameters required for kNDVI

        "kNN" : 1.0,

        "kNR" : spyndex.computeKernel(

            kernel = "RBF",

            params = {

                "a": snt.sel(band = "B08"),

                "b": snt.sel(band = "B04"),

                "sigma": snt.sel(band = ["B08","B04"]).mean("band")

            }),

    }

)

# Plot the indices (and the RGB image for comparison)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,3,figsize = (15,15))

plot.show(snt.sel(band = ["B04","B03","B02"]).data / 0.3,ax = ax[0],title = "RGB")

plot.show(idx.sel(index = "NDVI").data,ax = ax[1],title = "NDVI")

plot.show(idx.sel(index = "kNDVI").data,ax = ax[2],title = "kNDVI")

```



  



### A `pandas.DataFrame`? Sure!

No matter what kind of python object you're working with, it can be used with `spyndex` as long as it supports mathematical overloaded operators! 

```python

import spyndex

import pandas as pd

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Open a dataset (in this case a pandas.DataFrame)

df = spyndex.datasets.open("spectral")

# Compute the desired spectral indices

idx = spyndex.computeIndex(

    index = ["NDVI","NDWI","NDBI"],

    params = {

        "N": df["SR_B5"],

        "R": df["SR_B4"],

        "G": df["SR_B3"],

        "S1": df["SR_B6"]

    }

)

# Add the land cover column to the result

idx["Land Cover"] = df["class"]

# Create a color palette for plotting

colors = ["#E33F62","#3FDDE3","#4CBA4B"]

# Plot a pairplot to check the indices behaviour

plt.figure(figsize = (15,15))

g = sns.PairGrid(idx,hue = "Land Cover",palette = sns.color_palette(colors))

g.map_lower(sns.scatterplot)

g.map_upper(sns.kdeplot,fill = True,alpha = .5)

g.map_diag(sns.kdeplot,fill = True)

g.add_legend()

plt.show()

```



  



### Parallel Processing

Parallel processing is possible with `spyndex` and `dask`! You can use `dask.array` or `dask.dataframe` objects to compute spectral indices with spyndex!

If you're using `xarray`, you can also define a chunk size and work in parallel!

```python

import spyndex

import numpy as np

import dask.array as da

# Define the array shape

array_shape = (10000,10000)

# Define the chunk size

chunk_size = (1000,1000)

# Create a dask.array object

dask_array = da.array([

    da.random.normal(0.6,0.10,array_shape,chunks = chunk_size),

    da.random.normal(0.1,0.05,array_shape,chunks = chunk_size)

])

# "Compute" the desired spectral indices

idx = spyndex.computeIndex(

    index = ["NDVI","SAVI"],

    params = {

        "N": dask_array[0],

        "R": dask_array[1],

        "L": 0.5

    }

)

# Since dask works in lazy mode,

# you have to tell it that you want to compute the indices!

idx.compute()

```

### Plotting Spectral Indices

All posible values of a spectral index can be visualized using `spyndex.plot.heatmap()`! This is a module that doesn't require data,

just specify the index, the bands, and BOOM! Heatmap of all the possible values of the index!

```python

import spyndex

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import seaborn as sns

# Define subplots grid

fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,2,figsize = (20,8))

# Plot the NDVI with the Red values on the x-axis and the NIR on the y-axis

ax[0].set_title("NDVI heatmap with default parameters")

spyndex.plot.heatmap("NDVI","R","N",ax = ax[0])

# Keywords arguments can be passed for sns.heatmap()

ax[1].set_title("NDVI heatmap with seaborn keywords arguments")

spyndex.plot.heatmap("NDVI","R","N",annot = True,cmap = "Spectral",ax = ax[1])

plt.show()

```



  



## License

The project is licensed under the MIT license.

## Contributing

Check the [contributing page](https://spyndex.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing.html).