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https://github.com/BafS/Java8-CheatSheet

A Java 8+ Cheat Sheet for functional programming
https://github.com/BafS/Java8-CheatSheet

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A Java 8+ Cheat Sheet for functional programming

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# JAVA 8 - Cheat Sheet



## Lambda Expression



```java

(int a) -> a * 2; // Calculate the double of a

a -> a * 2; // or simply without type

```



```java

(a, b) -> a + b; // Sum of 2 parameters

```



If the lambda is more than one expression we can use `{ }` and `return`



```java

(x, y) -> {

    int sum = x + y;

    int avg = sum / 2;

    return avg;

}

```



A lambda expression cannot stand alone in Java, it need to be associated to a functional interface.



```java

interface MyMath {

    int getDoubleOf(int a);

}



MyMath d = a -> a * 2; // associated to the interface

d.getDoubleOf(4); // is 8

```



---



All examples with "list" use :



```java

List list = [Bohr, Darwin, Galilei, Tesla, Einstein, Newton]

```



## Collections



**sort** `sort(list, comparator)`



```java

list.sort((a, b) -> a.length() - b.length())

list.sort(Comparator.comparing(n -> n.length())); // same

list.sort(Comparator.comparing(String::length)); // same

//> [Bohr, Tesla, Darwin, Newton, Galilei, Einstein]

```



**removeIf**



```java

list.removeIf(w -> w.length() < 6);

//> [Darwin, Galilei, Einstein, Newton]

```



**merge**

`merge(key, value, remappingFunction)`



```java

Map names = new HashMap<>();

names.put("Albert", "Ein?");

names.put("Marie", "Curie");

names.put("Max", "Plank");



// Value "Albert" exists

// {Marie=Curie, Max=Plank, Albert=Einstein}

names.merge("Albert", "stein", (old, val) -> old.substring(0, 3) + val);



// Value "Newname" don't exists

// {Marie=Curie, Newname=stein, Max=Plank, Albert=Einstein}

names.merge("Newname", "stein", (old, val) -> old.substring(0, 3) + val);

```



## Method Expressions `Class::staticMethod`



Allows to reference methods (and constructors) without executing them



```java

// Lambda Form:

getPrimes(numbers, a -> StaticMethod.isPrime(a));



// Method Reference:

getPrimes(numbers, StaticMethod::isPrime);

```



| Method Reference | Lambda Form |

| ---------------- | ----------- |

| `StaticMethod::isPrime` | `n -> StaticMethod.isPrime(n)` |

| `String::toUpperCase`   | `(String w) -> w.toUpperCase()` |

| `String::compareTo`     | `(String s, String t) -> s.compareTo(t)` |

| `System.out::println`   | `x -> System.out.println(x)` |

| `Double::new`           | `n -> new Double(n)` |

| `String[]::new`         | `(int n) -> new String[n]` |



## Streams



Similar to collections, but



 - They don't store their own data

 - The data comes from elsewhere (collection, file, db, web, ...)

 - *immutable* (produce new streams)

 - *lazy* (only computes what is necessary !)

 

```java

// Will compute just 3 "filter"

Stream longNames = list

   .filter(n -> n.length() > 8)

   .limit(3);

```



**Create a new stream**



```java

Stream stream = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11);

Stream stream = Stream.of("Jazz", "Blues", "Rock");

Stream stream = Stream.of(myArray); // or from an array

Stream stream = list.stream(); // or from a list



// Infinit stream [0; inf[

Stream integers = Stream.iterate(0, n -> n + 1);

```



**Collecting results**



```java

// Collect into an array (::new is the constructor reference)

String[] myArray = stream.toArray(String[]::new);



// Collect into a List or Set

List myList = stream.collect(Collectors.toList());

Set mySet = stream.collect(Collectors.toSet());



// Collect into a String

String str = list.collect(Collectors.joining(", "));

```



**map** `map(mapper)`


Applying a function to each element



```java

// Apply "toLowerCase" for each element

Stream res = stream.map(w -> w.toLowerCase());

Stream res = stream.map(String::toLowerCase);

//> bohr darwin galilei tesla einstein newton



Stream res = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).map(x -> x + 1);

//> 2 3 4 5 6

```



**filter** `filter(predicate)`


Retains elements that match the predicate



```java

// Filter elements that begin with "E"

res = stream.filter(n -> n.substring(0, 1).equals("E"));

//> Einstein



res = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).filter(x -> x < 3);

//> 1 2

```



**reduce**


Reduce the elements to a single value



```java

String reduced = stream.reduce("", (acc, el) -> acc + "|" + el);

//> |Bohr|Darwin|Galilei|Tesla|Einstein|Newton

```



**limit** `limit(maxSize)`


Select the n first elements



```java

res = stream.limit(3);

//> Bohr Darwin Galilei

```



**skip**


Discarding the first n elements



```java

res = stream.skip(2); // skip Bohr and Darwin

//> Galilei Tesla Einstein Newton

```



**distinct**


Remove duplicated elemetns



```java

res = Stream.of(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1).distinct();

//> 1 0

```



**sorted**


Sort elements (must be *Comparable*)



```java

res = stream.sorted();

//> Bohr Darwin Einstein Galilei Newton Tesla 

```



**allMatch** / **noneMatch**



```java

// Check if there is a "e" in each elements

boolean res = words.allMatch(n -> n.contains("e"));

```



anyMatch: Check if there is a "e" in an element


noneMatch: Check if there is no "e" in elements



**parallel**


Returns an equivalent stream that is parallel



**findAny**


faster than findFirst on parallel streams



### Primitive-Type Streams



Wrappers (like Stream) are inefficients. It requires a lot of unboxing and boxing for each element. Better to use `IntStream`, `DoubleStream`, etc.



**Creation**



```java

IntStream stream = IntStream.of(1, 2, 3, 5, 7);

stream = IntStream.of(myArray); // from an array

stream = IntStream.range(5, 80); // range from 5 to 80



Random gen = new Random();

IntStream rand = gen(1, 9); // stream of randoms

```



Use *mapToX* (mapToObj, mapToDouble, etc.) if the function yields Object, double, etc. values.



### Grouping Results



**Collectors.groupingBy**



```java

// Groupe by length

Map> groups = stream.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(w -> w.length()));

//> {4=[Bohr], 5=[Tesla], 6=[Darwin, Newton], 7=[Galilei], 8=[Einstein]}

```



**Collectors.toSet**



```java

// Same as before but with Set

Map> groups2 = stream.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(w -> w.substring(0, 1), Collectors.toSet()));

//> {B=[Bohr], T=[Tesla], D=[Darwin], E=[Einstein], G=[Galilei], N=[Newton]}

```



**Collectors.counting**


Count the number of values in a group



**Collectors.summing__**


`summingInt`, `summingLong`, `summingDouble` to sum group values



**Collectors.averaging__**


`averagingInt`, `averagingLong`, ... to average group values



```java

// Average length of each element of a group

Collectors.averagingInt(String::length)

```



*PS*: Don't forget Optional (like `Map>`) with some Collection methods (like `Collectors.maxBy`).



### Parallel Streams



**Creation**



```java

Stream parStream = list.parallelStream();

Stream parStream = Stream.of(myArray).parallel();

```



**unordered**

Can speed up the `limit` or `distinct`



```java

stream.parallelStream().unordered().distinct();

```



*PS*: Work with the streams library. Eg. use `filter(x -> x.length() < 9)` instead of a `forEach` with an `if`.



## Optional



In Java, it is common to use null to denote absence of result.


Problems when no checks: `NullPointerException`.



```java

// Optional contains a string or nothing

Optional res = stream

   .filter(w -> w.length() > 10)

   .findFirst();



// length of the value or "" if nothing

int length = res.orElse("").length();



// run the lambda if there is a value

res.ifPresent(v -> results.add(v));

```



Return an Optional



```java

Optional squareRoot(double x) {

   if (x >= 0) { return Optional.of(Math.sqrt(x)); }

   else { return Optional.empty(); }

}

```



---



**Note on inferance limitations**



```java

interface Pair {

    A first();

    B second();

}

```



A steam of type `Stream>` :

- `stream.sorted(Comparator.comparing(Pair::first)) // ok`

- `stream.sorted(Comparator.comparing(Pair::first).thenComparing(Pair::second)) // dont work`



Java cannot infer type for the `.comparing(Pair::first)` part and fallback to Object, on which `Pair::first` cannot be applied.



The required type for the whole expression cannot be propagated through the method call (`.thenComparing`) and used to infer type of the first part.



Type *must* be given explicitly.



```java

stream.sorted(

    Comparator., String>comparing(Pair::first)

    .thenComparing(Pair::second)

) // ok

```



---



This cheat sheet was based on the lecture of Cay Horstmann

http://horstmann.com/heig-vd/spring2015/poo/