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https://github.com/Bup/Bup

Very efficient backup system based on the git packfile format, providing fast incremental saves and global deduplication (among and within files, including virtual machine images). Please post problems or patches to the mailing list for discussion (see the end of the README below).
https://github.com/Bup/Bup

Last synced: 15 days ago
JSON representation

Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/Bup/Bup
Owner: bup
License: other
Created: 2012-09-03T22:51:40.000Z (about 12 years ago)
Default Branch: main
Last Pushed: 2024-08-27T23:25:14.000Z (2 months ago)
Last Synced: 2024-08-28T00:36:09.574Z (2 months ago)
Language: Python
Homepage: https://bup.github.io/
Size: 6.2 MB
Stars: 7,119
Watchers: 214
Forks: 420
Open Issues: 14
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README
- Contributing: .github/CONTRIBUTING.md
- License: LICENSE

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README

bup: It backs things up
=======================

bup is a program that backs things up. It's short for "backup." Can you
believe that nobody else has named an open source program "bup" after all
this time? Me neither.

Despite its unassuming name, bup is pretty cool. To give you an idea of
just how cool it is, I wrote you this poem:

Bup is teh awesome
What rhymes with awesome?
I guess maybe possum
But that's irrelevant.

Hmm. Did that help? Maybe prose is more useful after all.

Reasons bup is awesome
----------------------

bup has a few advantages over other backup software:

- It uses a rolling checksum algorithm (similar to rsync) to split large
files into chunks. The most useful result of this is you can backup huge
virtual machine (VM) disk images, databases, and XML files incrementally,
even though they're typically all in one huge file, and not use tons of
disk space for multiple versions.

- It uses the packfile format from git (the open source version control
system), so you can access the stored data even if you don't like bup's
user interface.

- Unlike git, it writes packfiles *directly* (instead of having a separate
garbage collection / repacking stage) so it's fast even with gratuitously
huge amounts of data. bup's improved index formats also allow you to
track far more filenames than git (millions) and keep track of far more
objects (hundreds or thousands of gigabytes).

- Data is "automagically" shared between incremental backups without having
to know which backup is based on which other one - even if the backups
are made from two different computers that don't even know about each
other. You just tell bup to back stuff up, and it saves only the minimum
amount of data needed.

- You can back up directly to a remote bup server, without needing tons of
temporary disk space on the computer being backed up. And if your backup
is interrupted halfway through, the next run will pick up where you left
off. And it's easy to set up a bup server: just install bup on any
machine where you have ssh access.

- Bup can use "par2" redundancy to recover corrupted backups even if your
disk has undetected bad sectors.

- Even when a backup is incremental, you don't have to worry about
restoring the full backup, then each of the incrementals in turn; an
incremental backup *acts* as if it's a full backup, it just takes less
disk space.

- You can mount your bup repository as a FUSE filesystem and access the
content that way, and even export it over Samba.

- It's written in python (with some C parts to make it faster) so it's easy
for you to extend and maintain.

Reasons you might want to avoid bup
-----------------------------------

- It's not remotely as well tested as something like tar, so it's
more likely to eat your data. It's also missing some
probably-critical features, though fewer than it used to be.

- It requires python 3.7 or newer, a C compiler, and an installed git
version >= 1.5.6. It also requires par2 if you want fsck to be
able to generate the information needed to recover from some types
of corruption.

- It currently only works on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OS X >= 10.4,
Solaris, or Windows (with Cygwin, and WSL). Patches to support
other platforms are welcome.

- Any items in "Things that are stupid" below.

Notable changes introduced by a release
=======================================

- Changes in 0.33.4 as compared to 0.33.3
- Changes in 0.33.3 as compared to 0.33.2
- Changes in 0.33.2 as compared to 0.33.1
- Changes in 0.33.1 as compared to 0.33
- Changes in 0.33 as compared to 0.32
- Changes in 0.32.1 as compared to 0.32
- Changes in 0.32 as compared to 0.31
- Changes in 0.31 as compared to 0.30.1
- Changes in 0.30.1 as compared to 0.30
- Changes in 0.30 as compared to 0.29.3
- Changes in 0.29.3 as compared to 0.29.2
- Changes in 0.29.2 as compared to 0.29.1
- Changes in 0.29.1 as compared to 0.29
- Changes in 0.29 as compared to 0.28.1
- Changes in 0.28.1 as compared to 0.28
- Changes in 0.28 as compared to 0.27.1
- Changes in 0.27.1 as compared to 0.27

Test status
===========

| main |
|--------|
| [![main branch test status](https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/bup/bup.svg?branch=main)](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/bup/bup) |

Getting started
===============

From source
-----------

- Check out the bup source code using git (for Cygwin, use a Cygwin
installed git so that symlinks will work by defaul):

```sh
git clone https://github.com/bup/bup
```

- This will leave you on the main branch, which is perfect if you
would like to help with development, but if you'd just like to use
bup, please check out the latest stable release like this:

```sh
git checkout 0.33.4
```

You can see the latest stable release here:
https://github.com/bup/bup/tags

- Ensure you have a Python 3.7+ development environment available and
install the required python libraries (including the development
libraries).

See the relevant [platform specific information](#platform-specific-information)
below, if available, and if not, refer to the [Debian notes](#notes-on-debian)
to get a general idea of what's required. You might also want to
look at the `dev/prep-for-*` scripts. Those include all the
commands used to prepare to build bup for testing on the platform.

For `bup fuse` you will need to install
[python-fuse](https://github.com/libfuse/python-fuse) rather than
[fusepy](https://github.com/fusepy/fusepy). For example, in
Debian, install python3-fuse rather than python3-fusepy.

If you would like to use the optional bup web server on systems
without a tornado package, you may want to try this:

```sh
pip install tornado
```

- Build (below, replace `make` with whatever GNU make is called on
the current system if it isn't `make`, e.g. commonly `gmake`):

```sh
make
```

At the moment the build treats compiler warnings as errors. If the
build fails as a result, try this:

```sh
CFLAGS=-Wno-error ./configure
make
```

- Run the tests:

```sh
make long-check
```

or if you're in a bit more of a hurry:

```sh
make check
```

If you have the Python xdist module installed, then you can
probably run the tests faster by adding the make -j option (see ./HACKING for additional information):

```sh
make -j check
```

The tests should pass (with some skipped tests that weren't
applicable in your environment). If they don't pass for you, stop
here and send an email to [email protected]. Though if
there are symbolic links along the current working directory path,
the tests may fail. Running something like this before "make
test" should sidestep the problem:

```sh
cd "$(pwd -P)"
```

- You can install bup via "make install", and override the default
destination with DESTDIR and PREFIX.

Files are normally installed to "$DESTDIR/$PREFIX" where DESTDIR is
empty by default, and PREFIX is set to /usr/local. So if you wanted to
install bup to /opt/bup, you might do something like this:

```sh
make install DESTDIR=/opt/bup PREFIX=''
```

- The Python version that bup will use is determined by the
`python-config` program chosen by `./configure`, which will search
for a reasonable version unless `BUP_PYTHON_CONFIG` is set in the
environment. You can see which Python executable was chosen by
looking at the configure output, or examining
`config/config.var/bup-python-config`, and you can change the
selection by re-running `./configure`.

- If you want to specify your own `CPPFLAGS`, `CFLAGS`, or `LDFLAGS`,
you can set them for individual `make` invocations, e.g. `make
CFLAGS=-O0 check`, or persistently via `./configure` with
`CFLAGS=-O0 ./configure`. At the moment, `make clean` clears the
configuration, but we may change that at some point, perhaps by
adding and requiring a `make distclean` to clear the configuration.

From binary packages
--------------------

Binary packages of bup are known to be built for the following OSes:

- [Debian](https://packages.debian.org/bup)
- [Ubuntu](https://packages.ubuntu.com/bup)
- [pkgsrc.se (NetBSD, Dragonfly, and others)](https://pkgsrc.se/sysutils/bup)
- [NetBSD](https://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/pkgsrc/sysutils/bup/)
- [Arch Linux](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?sort=&q=bup)
- [macOS (Homebrew)](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/bup)

Using bup
---------

- Get help for any bup command:

```sh
bup help
bup help init
bup help index
bup help save
bup help restore
...
```

- Initialize the default bup repository (~/.bup -- you can choose
another by either specifying `bup -d DIR ...` or setting the
`BUP_DIR` environment variable for a command):

```sh
bup init
```

- Make a local backup (-v or -vv will increase the verbosity):

```sh
bup index /etc
bup save -n local-etc /etc
```

- Restore a local backup to ./dest:

```sh
bup restore -C ./dest local-etc/latest/etc
ls -l dest/etc
```

- Look at how much disk space your backup took:

```sh
du -s ~/.bup
```

- Make another backup (which should be mostly identical to the last one;
notice that you don't have to *specify* that this backup is incremental,
it just saves space automatically):

```sh
bup index /etc
bup save -n local-etc /etc
```

- Look how little extra space your second backup used (on top of the first):

```sh
du -s ~/.bup
```

- Get a list of your previous backups:

```sh
bup ls local-etc
```

- Restore your first backup again:

```sh
bup restore -C ./dest-2 local-etc/2013-11-23-11195/etc
```

- Make a backup to a remote server which must already have the 'bup' command
somewhere in its PATH (see /etc/profile, etc/environment, ~/.profile, or
~/.bashrc), and be accessible via ssh.
Make sure to replace SERVERNAME with the actual hostname of your server:

```sh
bup init -r SERVERNAME:path/to/remote-bup-dir
bup index /etc
bup save -r SERVERNAME:path/to/remote-bup-dir -n local-etc /etc
```

- Make a remote backup to ~/.bup on SERVER:

```sh
bup index /etc
bup save -r SERVER: -n local-etc /etc
```

- See what saves are available in ~/.bup on SERVER:

```sh
bup ls -r SERVER:
```

- Restore the remote backup to ./dest:

```sh
bup restore -r SERVER: -C ./dest local-etc/latest/etc
ls -l dest/etc
```

- Defend your backups from death rays (OK fine, more likely from the
occasional bad disk block). This writes parity information
(currently via par2) for all of the existing data so that bup may
be able to recover from some amount of repository corruption:

```sh
bup fsck -g
```

- Use split/join instead of index/save/restore. Try making a local
backup using tar:

```sh
tar -cvf - /etc | bup split -n local-etc -vv
```

- Try restoring the tarball:

```sh
bup join local-etc | tar -tf -
```

- Look at how much disk space your backup took:

```sh
du -s ~/.bup
```

- Make another tar backup:

```sh
tar -cvf - /etc | bup split -n local-etc -vv
```

- Look at how little extra space your second backup used on top of
the first:

```sh
du -s ~/.bup
```

- Restore the first tar backup again (the ~1 is git notation for "one
older than the most recent"):

```sh
bup join local-etc~1 | tar -tf -
```

- Get a list of your previous split-based backups:

```sh
GIT_DIR=~/.bup git log local-etc
```

- Save a tar archive to a remote server (without tar -z to facilitate
deduplication):

```sh
tar -cvf - /etc | bup split -r SERVERNAME: -n local-etc -vv
```

- Restore the archive:

```sh
bup join -r SERVERNAME: local-etc | tar -tf -
```

That's all there is to it!

Platform specific information
=============================

Notes on Debian (and likely, on derivatives like Ubuntu)
--------------------------------------------------------

If your distribution is recent enough, or includes new enough `apt`
sources, this may be sufficient (run as root):

```sh
apt-get build-dep bup
```

Otherwise try this:

```sh
apt-get install python3-dev python3-fuse
apt-get install python3-pyxattr python3-pytest
apt-get install python3-distutils
apt-get install pkg-config linux-libc-dev libacl1-dev
apt-get install gcc make acl attr rsync
apt-get isntall python3-pytest-xdist # optional (parallel tests)
apt-get install par2 # optional (error correction)
apt-get install libreadline-dev # optional (bup ftp)
apt-get install python3-tornado # optional (bup web)
```

Notes on FreeBSD
----------------

- In order to compile the code, run tests and install bup, you need to
install and run GNU Make from the `gmake` port.

- Python's development headers are automatically installed with the 'python'
port so there's no need to install them separately.

- To use the 'bup fuse' command, you need to install the fuse kernel module
from the 'fusefs-kmod' port in the 'sysutils' section and the libraries from
the port named 'py-fusefs' in the 'devel' section.

- The 'par2' command can be found in the port named 'par2cmdline'.

- In order to compile the documentation, you need pandoc which can be found in
the port named 'hs-pandoc' in the 'textproc' section.

Notes on NetBSD/pkgsrc
----------------------

- See pkgsrc/sysutils/bup, which should be the most recent stable
release and includes man pages. It also has a reasonable set of
dependencies (git, par2, py-fuse-bindings).

- The "fuse-python" package referred to is hard to locate, and is a
separate tarball for the python language binding distributed by the
fuse project on sourceforge. It is available as
pkgsrc/filesystems/py-fuse-bindings and on NetBSD 5, "bup fuse"
works with it.

- "bup fuse" presents every directory/file as inode 0. The directory
traversal code ("fts") in NetBSD's libc will interpret this as a
cycle and error out, so "ls -R" and "find" will not work.

- There is no support for ACLs. If/when some enterprising person
fixes this, adjust dev/compare-trees.

Notes on Cygwin
---------------

- To prepare to build build bup, install the gcc-core, git,
python3-devel, make, and rsync packages. Optionally, install
libreadline-devel (for `bup ftp`) and par2. To generate the help
pages, install pandoc (outside of Cygwin).

Use a Cygwin installed git so that symlinks will work by default.
If you try some other git version, ensure that the symlinks (e.g.
`./bup`) are not converted to text files.

- There is no support for ACLs. If/when some enterprising person
fixes this, adjust dev/compare-trees.

- In test/ext/test-misc, two tests have been disabled. These tests
check to see that repeated saves produce identical trees and that
an intervening index doesn't change the SHA1. Apparently Cygwin
has some unusual behaviors with respect to access times (that
probably warrant further investigation). Possibly related:
http://cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2007-06/msg00436.html

Notes on OS X
-------------

- There is no support for ACLs. If/when some enterprising person
fixes this, adjust dev/compare-trees.

How it works
============

Basic storage:
--------------

bup stores its data in a git-formatted repository. Unfortunately, git
itself doesn't actually behave very well for bup's use case (huge numbers of
files, files with huge sizes, retaining file permissions/ownership are
important), so we mostly don't use git's *code* except for a few helper
programs. For example, bup has its own git packfile writer written in
python.

Basically, 'bup split' reads the data on stdin (or from files specified on
the command line), breaks it into chunks using a rolling checksum (similar to
rsync), and saves those chunks into a new git packfile. There is at least one
git packfile per backup.

When deciding whether to write a particular chunk into the new packfile, bup
first checks all the other packfiles that exist to see if they already have that
chunk. If they do, the chunk is skipped.

git packs come in two parts: the pack itself (*.pack) and the index (*.idx).
The index is pretty small, and contains a list of all the objects in the
pack. Thus, when generating a remote backup, we don't have to have a copy
of the packfiles from the remote server: the local end just downloads a copy
of the server's *index* files, and compares objects against those when
generating the new pack, which it sends directly to the server.

The "-n" option to 'bup split' and 'bup save' is the name of the backup you
want to create, but it's actually implemented as a git branch. So you can
do cute things like checkout a particular branch using git, and receive a
bunch of chunk files corresponding to the file you split.

If you use '-b' or '-t' or '-c' instead of '-n', bup split will output a
list of blobs, a tree containing that list of blobs, or a commit containing
that tree, respectively, to stdout. You can use this to construct your own
scripts that do something with those values.

The bup index:
--------------

'bup index' walks through your filesystem and updates a file (whose name is,
by default, ~/.bup/bupindex) to contain the name, attributes, and an
optional git SHA1 (blob id) of each file and directory.

'bup save' basically just runs the equivalent of 'bup split' a whole bunch
of times, once per file in the index, and assembles a git tree
that contains all the resulting objects. Among other things, that makes
'git diff' much more useful (compared to splitting a tarball, which is
essentially a big binary blob). However, since bup splits large files into
smaller chunks, the resulting tree structure doesn't *exactly* correspond to
what git itself would have stored. Also, the tree format used by 'bup save'
will probably change in the future to support storing file ownership, more
complex file permissions, and so on.

If a file has previously been written by 'bup save', then its git blob/tree
id is stored in the index. This lets 'bup save' avoid reading that file to
produce future incremental backups, which means it can go *very* fast unless
a lot of files have changed.

Things that are stupid for now but which we'll fix later
========================================================

Help with any of these problems, or others, is very welcome. Join the
mailing list (see below) if you'd like to help.

- 'bup save' and 'bup restore' have immature metadata support.

On the plus side, they actually do have support now, but it's new,
and not remotely as well tested as tar/rsync/whatever's. However,
you have to start somewhere, and as of 0.25, we think it's ready
for more general use. Please let us know if you have any trouble.

Also, if any strip or graft-style options are specified to 'bup
save', then no metadata will be written for the root directory.
That's obviously less than ideal.

- bup is overly optimistic about mmap. Right now bup just assumes
that it can mmap as large a block as it likes, and that mmap will
never fail. Yeah, right... If nothing else, this has failed on
32-bit architectures (and 31-bit is even worse -- looking at you,
s390).

To fix this, we might just implement a FakeMmap[1] class that uses
normal file IO and handles all of the mmap methods[2] that bup
actually calls. Then we'd swap in one of those whenever mmap
fails.

This would also require implementing some of the methods needed to
support "[]" array access, probably at a minimum __getitem__,
__setitem__, and __setslice__ [3].

[1] http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.sysutils.backup.bup/613
[2] http://docs.python.org/3/library/mmap.html
[3] http://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#emulating-container-types

- 'bup index' is slower than it should be.

It's still rather fast: it can iterate through all the filenames on my
600,000 file filesystem in a few seconds. But it still needs to rewrite
the entire index file just to add a single filename, which is pretty
nasty; it should just leave the new files in a second "extra index" file
or something.

- bup could use inotify for *really* efficient incremental backups.

You could even have your system doing "continuous" backups: whenever a
file changes, we immediately send an image of it to the server. We could
give the continuous-backup process a really low CPU and I/O priority so
you wouldn't even know it was running.

- bup has never been tested on anything but Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD,
OS X, and Windows+Cygwin.

There's nothing that makes it *inherently* non-portable, though, so
that's mostly a matter of someone putting in some effort. (For a
"native" Windows port, the most annoying thing is the absence of ssh in
a default Windows installation.)

- bup needs better documentation.

According to an article about bup in Linux Weekly News
(https://lwn.net/Articles/380983/), "it's a bit short on examples and
a user guide would be nice." Documentation is the sort of thing that
will never be great unless someone from outside contributes it (since
the developers can never remember which parts are hard to understand).

- bup is "relatively speedy" and has "pretty good" compression.

...according to the same LWN article. Clearly neither of those is good
enough. We should have awe-inspiring speed and crazy-good compression.
Must work on that. Writing more parts in C might help with the speed.

- bup has no GUI.

Actually, that's not stupid, but you might consider it a
limitation. See the ["Related Projects"](https://bup.github.io/)
list for some possible options.

More Documentation
==================

bup has an extensive set of man pages. Try using 'bup help' to get
started, or use 'bup help SUBCOMMAND' for any bup subcommand (like split,
join, index, save, etc.) to get details on that command.

For further technical details, please see ./DESIGN.

How you can help
================

bup is a work in progress and there are many ways it can still be improved.
If you'd like to contribute patches, ideas, or bug reports, please join the
bup mailing list:

You can find the mailing list archives here:

http://groups.google.com/group/bup-list

and you can subscribe by sending a message to:

[email protected]

You can also reach us via the
\#bup IRC channel at ircs://irc.libera.chat:6697/bup
on the [libera.chat](https://libera.chat/) network or via this
[web interface](https://web.libera.chat/?channels=bup).

Please see ./HACKING for
additional information, i.e. how to submit patches (hint - no pull
requests), how we handle branches, etc.

Have fun,

Avery