Ecosyste.ms: Awesome
An open API service indexing awesome lists of open source software.
https://github.com/advancedresearch/joker_calculus
An implementation of Joker Calculus in Rust
https://github.com/advancedresearch/joker_calculus
Last synced: 1 day ago
JSON representation
An implementation of Joker Calculus in Rust
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/advancedresearch/joker_calculus
- Owner: advancedresearch
- License: mit
- Created: 2021-11-19T05:17:09.000Z (almost 3 years ago)
- Default Branch: main
- Last Pushed: 2023-10-12T11:51:38.000Z (about 1 year ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-05-22T21:33:57.151Z (6 months ago)
- Language: Rust
- Size: 53.7 KB
- Stars: 5
- Watchers: 4
- Forks: 2
- Open Issues: 25
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- License: LICENSE
Awesome Lists containing this project
- awesome-rust-formalized-reasoning - Joker Calculus - implementation of Joker Calculus in Rust. (Projects / Libraries)
README
# Joker Calculus
An implementation of Joker Calculus in Rust
Based on paper [Joker Calculus](https://github.com/advancedresearch/path_semantics/blob/master/papers-wip2/joker-calculus.pdf),
by Daniel Fischer, William Alexander Morris and Sven Nilsen (2021).
*Plato, an influential figure in Western philosophy. [Source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism#/media/File:Head_Platon_Glyptothek_Munich_548.jpg)*
### What is Joker Calculus?
Joker Calculus is a formal language that can describe higher dualities.
It generalizes `0` and `1` to `0 1`, `1 0`, `?0`, `?1`, `0 ?0` etc.
### Cheat sheet
This library supports emojis for improving readability and memorization.
| OJC | Emoji | CJC | Examples (OJC) | [*] |
| ------------: |:-----:| -------: | ------------------------------- | - |
| 0 | 🙂↓/😇 | 0 | 0 0, (0, 0), !1, !!0, !(1 1) | ✅ |
| 1 | 🙂↑/😈 | 1 | 1 1, (1, 1), !0, !!1, !(0 0) | ✅ |
| 1 0 | 🧐↓/😎 | 1 0 | (1 1) 0, 1 (1 0) | 🤨 |
| 0 1 | 🧐↑/🤯 | 0 1 | (0 0) 1, 0 (0 1) | 🤨 |
| ?0 | 🤡↓/🥸 | ?0 | (0, 1), !?1, ?0 ?0, !(?1 0) | 🤨 |
| ?1 | 🤡↑/🤥 | ?1 | (1, 0), !?0, ?1 ?1, !(?0 1) | 🤨 |
| 0 ?0 | 😡↓/😭 | 0 ?0 | !(1 0) | 🤨 |
| 1 ?1 | 😡↑/😤 | 1 ?1 | !(0 1) | 🤨 |
| 1 ?0 | 🤗↓/🥳 | 1 | (1 1) ?0 | 🤨 |
| 0 ?1 | 🤗↑/🤩 | 0 | (0 0) ?1 | 🤨 |
| ?0 0 | 😂↓/🥹 | ?0 0 | !?1 0 | 🤨 |
| ?1 1 | 😂↑/😝 | ?1 1 | !?0 1 | 🤨 |
| ?1 0 | 😢↓/😱 | ?1 0 | !?0 0 | 🤨 |
| ?0 1 | 😢↑/😰 | ?0 1 | !?1 1 | 🤨 |
| ?1 ?0 | 😅↓/😬 | ?1 ?0 | !(?0 0) | 🤨 |
| ?0 ?1 | 😅↑/🫤 | ?0 ?1 | !(?1 1) | 🤨 |
| (0 ?0) 0 | 😄↓/🤑 | (0 ?0) 0 | 0 (?0 0) | 🤨 |
| (1 ?1) 1 | 😄↑/🤠 | (1 ?1) 1 | 1 (?1 1) | 🤨 |
| (1 ?0) 0 | 😘↓/😴 | 1 0 | 1 (?0 0) | 🤨 |
| (0 ?1) 1 | 😘↑/😪 | 0 1 | 0 (?1 1) | 🤨 |
| ??0 | 😜↓/🤫 | 0 | (?0, ?1), ?(0, 1) | 🤨 |
| ??1 | 😜↑/🫢 | 1 | (?1, ?0), ?(1, 0) | 🤨 |
| ???0 | 🤪↓/👻 | ?0 | (??0, ??1) | 🤨 |
| ???1 | 🤪↑/👽 | ?1 | (??1, ??0) | 🤨 |
| 0 ??0 | 😋↓/👎 | 0 | !(1 ?0) | 🤨 |
| 1 ??1 | 😋↑/👍 | 1 | !(0 ?1) | 🤨 |
| 1 ??0 | 🤓↓/👌 | 1 0 | !(0 ?0) | 🤨 |
| 0 ??1 | 🤓↑/🖖 | 0 1 | !(1 ?1) | 🤨 |
| 0 ???0 | 🤬↓/👊 | 0 ?0 | !(1 ??0) | 🤨 |
| 1 ???1 | 🤬↑/🦶 | 1 ?1 | !(0 ??1) | 🤨 |
| 1 ???0 | 🥰↓/🤝 | 1 | !(0 ??1) | 🤨 |
| 0 ???1 | 🥰↑/🤘 | 0 | !(1 ??1) | 🤨 |
| ?0 ??0 | 🤣↓/😁 | ?0 0 | !(?1 ?0) | 🤨 |
| ?1 ??1 | 🤣↑/😆 | ?1 1 | !(?0 ?1) | 🤨 |
| ?1 ???0 | 😍↓/👏 | ?1 ?0 | !(?0 ??0) | 🤨 |
| ?0 ???1 | 😍↑/👋 | ?0 ?1 | !(?1 ??1) | 🤨 |
[*] ✅ = stable, 🤨 = emoji might change, ❓ = rules might change
### Example: Hello Joker
```rust
use joker_calculus::*;
fn main() {
let a = platonism();
let b = not(a.clone());
assert_eq!(b.eval_closed(), seshatism());
}
```
### Example: Emoji
```rust
use joker_calculus::*;
fn main() {
let a = jc!("😇");
let b = not(a.clone());
assert_eq!(b.eval_closed(), jc!("😈"));
let a = jc!("👻");
let b = not(a.clone());
assert_eq!(b.eval_open(), jc!("👽"));
assert_eq!(b.eval_closed(), jc!("🤥"));
let a = jc!("👽");
let b = not(a.clone());
assert_eq!(b.eval_open(), jc!("👻"));
assert_eq!(b.eval_closed(), jc!("🥸"));
let a = jc!("🤥");
let b = not(a.clone());
assert_eq!(b.eval_closed(), jc!("🥸"));
let a = jc!("🥳");
let b = not(a.clone());
assert_eq!(b.eval_open(), jc!("👎"));
assert_eq!(b.eval_closed(), jc!("😇"));
let a = jc!("🤩");
let b = not(a.clone());
assert_eq!(b.eval_open(), jc!("👍"));
assert_eq!(b.eval_closed(), jc!("😈"));
let a = jc!("😇" "🤡↑");
let b = jc!("😇" "🤥");
assert_eq!(a, b);
let a = jc!(("😇", "😈"));
assert_eq!(a.eval_closed(), jc!("🥸"));
let a = jc!(("😈", "😇"));
assert_eq!(a.eval_closed(), jc!("🤥"));
}
```
### Introduction
Joker Calculus is used to describe language bias in philosophical positions.
You can think of Joker Calculus as extending bits with two modes of evaluation (Open and Closed):
```text
0 = Platonism
1 = Seshatism
!0 = 1 (in both Open and Closed variant)
!1 = 0 (in both Open and Closed variant)
```
There is a "Joker" operator `?`:
```text
?0 = (0, 1) = Something that appears to be 1 but actually is 0
?1 = (1, 0) = Something that appears to be 0 but actually is 1
(0, 0) = 0
(1, 1) = 1
```
There is also a perspective operator:
```text
0 1 = Something that is like 1 but seen from the perspective of 0
1 0 = Something that is like 0 but seen from the perspective of 1
```
These operators are used to build more complex expressions, such as:
```text
0 ?1 = 0 (in Closed variant) = Something who stands for 1 but "embraces" 0
1 ?0 = 1 (in Closed variant) = Something who stands for 0 but "embraces" 1
```
This also allows expressing positions that are co-dependingly "stuck in inauthenticity":
```text
!(1 0) = 0 ?0 = Something who stands for 0 but "can not perceive itself from" 1
!(0 1) = 1 ?1 = Something who stands for 1 but "can not perceive itself from" 0
```
### Authenticity and inauthenticity in sense of Heidegger
[Martin Heidegger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger) thought a lot about "authenticity and "inauthenticity" in Being.
This idea has been used in Joker Calculus from a Wittgensteinean perspective of the relationship between language and logic.
In Joker Calculus, one says a language bias is "inauthentic" if it contains a Joker after being evaluated in the Closed variant.
This means, the language can not get rid of some internal boundary between two languages of different biases.
For example, when I see your position `0` from my position `1`, I can express this as `1 0`.
This is considered an authentic position, even though I am biased.
However, when I pretend to have some position `0` while actually having a position `1`,
this is considered an inauthentic position, since it can be expressed as `(1, 0) = ?1`.
This language bias is inauthentic because it contains a Joker.
A third example is when I "embrace" a position `0` while holding a position `1`, which is expressed as `0 ?1 = 0` in the Closed variant.
- I hold the position `1`
- I appear to hold the position `0`, hence `(1, 0) = ?1`
- My position is seen from the position `0` as embracing `0`, hence `0 ?1 = 0` in the Closed variant
Joker Calculus can sometimes get rid of Jokers when evaluating in the Closed variant.
These positions are considered authentic.
### Identity as evaluation termination
The `id` operator preserves the identity of the argument.
For example, `!id(0)` does not evaluate to `1`.
However, Joker Calculus can still reason about it.
In the Closed variant, `!!id(0)` becomes `id(0)`.
In philosophy, this corresponds to opaque language bias.
You can also think of it as treating involutions along an unknown language dimension.
### Motivation
Joker Calculus is a strongly normalizing formal model
of higher duality between [Platonism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism)
and [Seshatism](https://github.com/advancedresearch/path_semantics/blob/master/papers-wip2/seshatism.pdf).
In philosophy of metaphysics, Platonism
is the view that there exists such things as abstract objects.
Platonism had a profound effect on Western thought.
In the philosophy of mathematical language design,
the [core axiom of Path Semantics](https://github.com/advancedresearch/path_semantics/blob/master/papers-wip/path-semantics.pdf)
implies the existence of a dual version of Platonism
called "Seshatism".
With other words, to the degree one can take the view of Platonism in philosophy,
there is a corresponding but opposite position of Seshatism.
Seshatism is just as deep and complex as Platonism, because there is a precise mathematical
relation between the two ways of constructing mathematical languages.
Seshatism must not be confused with [Nominalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalism),
which is important in the debate about philosophy of metaphysics.
Nominalism plays a less important role in the philosophy of mathematical language design.
You can learn more about this in the essay
[What is Wrong With Platonism?](https://github.com/advancedresearch/path_semantics/blob/master/papers-wip2/what-is-wrong-with-platonism.pdf).
Seshatism is currently being studied under the
[AdvancedResearch](https://advancedresearch.github.io/) organisation.
"The Joker" as a mathematical universe was inspired by the philosophy of
[Alan Watts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Watts),
who held a [lecture](https://archive.org/details/joker-alan-watts-org-official)
about the topic.
A higher duality, in the sense of the Joker Calculus, means
that languages can have different surface and depth levels.
These configurations of surface and depth levels also have their duals.
### Open vs Closed Joker Calculus
Joker Calculus comes in two variants, one called "open" and one called "closed".
- In the closed variant, the higher dualities are [involutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(mathematics))
- In the open variant, the higher dualities are [adjoints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_functors)
### Example: Open vs Closed
```rust
use joker_calculus::*;
fn main() {
let a = seshatic(platonism());
let b = not(a.clone());
let b_open = b.eval_open();
let b_closed = b.eval_closed();
assert_eq!(b_open, platonic(joker(platonism())));
assert_eq!(b_closed, platonic(joker(platonism())));
let a_open = not(b_open).eval_open();
let a_closed = not(b_closed).eval_closed();
assert_eq!(a_open, seshatic(joker(joker(platonism()))));
assert_eq!(a_closed, seshatic(platonism()));
}
```