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https://github.com/ag-sanjjeev/php-notes

This repository contains PHP topics and their notes to learn from beginner level to advanced level.
https://github.com/ag-sanjjeev/php-notes

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This repository contains PHP topics and their notes to learn from beginner level to advanced level.

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README 

        
# PHP NOTES



This repository contains PHP topics and their notes to learn from beginner level to advanced level.



*Refer the below contents, To kick start the learning of important concepts in PHP for web application development. which gives you __step by step__ approach to the concepts.*

\

 



## ☰ CONTENTS 



### Fundamentals

1. [Introduction:](./introduction.md)

	- [What is PHP?](./introduction.md#-what-is-php)

	- [History and evolution](./introduction.md#-history-and-evolution)

	- [Role in Web Development](./introduction.md#-role-in-web-development)

	- [Benefits of Using PHP](./introduction.md#-benefits-of-using-php)

2. [Basic Syntax:](./docs/basic-syntax.md)

	- [Variables](./docs/basic-syntax.md#-variables)

	- [Data Types](./docs/basic-syntax.md#-data-types)

	- [Strings](./docs/basic-syntax.md#-strings)

	- [Operators](./docs/basic-syntax.md#-operators)

3. [Comments:](./docs/comments.md)

	- [Single Line Comments](./docs/comments.md#-single-line-comments)

	- [Multi Line Comments](./docs/comments.md#-multi-line-comments)

	- [Doc Comments](./docs/comments.md#-doc-comments)

	- [Hash Comments](./docs/comments.md#-hash-comments)

4. [Control flow:](./docs/control-flow.md)

	- [If Else Statements](./docs/control-flow.md#-if-else-statements)

	- [Nested If Else Statements](./docs/control-flow.md#-nested-if-else-statements)

	- [Switch Statements](./docs/control-flow.md#-switch-statements)

5. [Functions:](./docs/functions.md)

	- [Function Definition](./docs/functions.md#-function-definition)

	- [Function Calling](./docs/functions.md#-function-calling)

	- [Function Arguments and Parameters](./docs/functions.md#-function-arguments-and-parameters)

	- [Function Return Values](./docs/functions.md#-function-return-values)

	- [Pass by Value](./docs/functions.md#-pass-by-value)

	- [Pass by Reference](./docs/functions.md#-pass-by-reference)

	- [Scope of Variables](./docs/functions.md#-scope-of-variables)

	- [Variable Length Argument Lists](./docs/functions.md#-variable-length-argument-lists)

	- [Anonymous Functions](./docs/functions.md#-anonymous-functions)

	- [Recursion](./docs/functions.md#-recursion)

	- [Variable Functions](./docs/functions.md#-variable-functions)

	- [Type Hinting](./docs/functions.md#-type-hinting)

	- [Return Type Declarations](./docs/functions.md#-return-type-declarations)

	- [Generators](./docs/functions.md#-generators)

	- [Arrow Functions](./docs/functions.md#-arrow-functions)

	- [String Functions](./docs/functions.md#-string-functions)

	- [Mathematical Functions](./docs/functions.md#-mathematical-functions)

	- [Date and Time Functions](./docs/functions.md#-date-and-time-functions)

	- [File and Directory Functions](./docs/functions.md#-file-and-directory-functions)

	- [Array Functions](./docs/functions.md#-array-functions)

	- [Other Common Functions](./docs/functions.md#-other-common-functions)

6. [Arrays:](./docs/arrays.md)

	- [Array Types](./docs/arrays.md#-array-types)

	- [Indexed Array](./docs/arrays.md#-indexed-array)

	- [Associative Array](./docs/arrays.md#-associative-array)

	- [Multi Dimensional Array](./docs/arrays.md#-multi-dimensional-array)

	- [Choosing Array](./docs/arrays.md#-choosing-array)

	- [Adding Elements in Array](./docs/arrays.md#-adding-elements-in-array)

	- [Accessing Array Elements](./docs/arrays.md#-accessing-array-elements)

	- [Array Elements Unpack](./docs/arrays.md#-array-elements-unpack)

	- [Iterating Array Elements](./docs/arrays.md#-iterating-array-elements)

	- [Common Array Functions](./docs/arrays.md#-common-array-functions)

7. [Short-Hand Syntax:](./docs/short-hand-syntax.md)

	- [Ternary Operator](./docs/short-hand-syntax.md#-ternary-operator)

	- [Null Coalescing Operator](./docs/short-hand-syntax.md#-null-coalescing-operator)

	- [Null Coalescing Assignment Operator](./docs/short-hand-syntax.md#-null-coalescing-assignment-operator)

	- [Short Echo Tag](./docs/short-hand-syntax.md#-short-echo-tag)

	- [Spaceship Operator](./docs/short-hand-syntax.md#-spaceship-operator)

	- [Short-Hand Control Structures](./docs/short-hand-syntax.md#-short-hand-control-structures)



### Core PHP Concepts

1. [Super globals:](./docs/super-globals.md)

	- [GET Variable](./docs/super-globals.md#-get-variable)

	- [POST Variable](./docs/super-globals.md#-post-variable)

	- [REQUEST Variable](./docs/super-globals.md#-request-variable)

	- [FILES Variable](./docs/super-globals.md#-files-variable)

	- [SESSION Variable](./docs/super-globals.md#-session-variable)

	- [COOKIE Variable](./docs/super-globals.md#-cookie-variable)

	- [SERVER Variable](./docs/super-globals.md#-server-variable)

	- [ENV Variable](./docs/super-globals.md#-env-variable)

2. [Forms and Data Handling:](./docs/forms-and-data-handling.md)

	- [Creating Forms](./docs/forms-and-data-handling.md#-creating-forms)

	- [Handling Forms](./docs/forms-and-data-handling.md#-handling-forms)

	- [Processing Data](./docs/forms-and-data-handling.md#-processing-data)

	- [Input Validation](./docs/forms-and-data-handling.md#-input-validation)

	- [Input Sanitization](./docs/forms-and-data-handling.md#-input-sanitization)

	- [Filter Variable Flags](./docs/forms-and-data-handling.md#-filter-variable-flags)

	- [Prevent Duplicate Form Submission](./docs/forms-and-data-handling.md#-prevent-duplicate-form-submission)

3. [Headers:](./docs/headers.md)

	- [Setting a Header](./docs/headers.md#-setting-a-header)

	- [Common Headers](./docs/headers.md#-common-headers)

	- [Content Type](./docs/headers.md#-content-type)

	- [Redirection](./docs/headers.md#-redirection)

	- [Cache Control](./docs/headers.md#-cache-control)

	- [Order of Usage](./docs/headers.md#-order-of-usage)

	- [Headers with Output Buffers](./docs/headers.md#-headers-with-output-buffers)

	- [Security Headers](./docs/headers.md#-security-headers)

4. [HTTP Status Code:](./docs/http-status-code.md)

	- [1xx Information](./docs/http-status-code.md#-1xx-information)

	- [2xx Success](./docs/http-status-code.md#-2xx-success)

	- [3xx Redirection](./docs/http-status-code.md#-3xx-redirection)

	- [4xx Client Error](./docs/http-status-code.md#-4xx-client-error)

	- [5xx Server Error](./docs/http-status-code.md#-5xx-server-error)

	- [Usage](./docs/http-status-code.md#-usage)

5. [Sessions:](./docs/sessions.md)

	- [Need and Usage](./docs/sessions.md#-need-and-usage)

	- [Creating Session](./docs/sessions.md#-creating-session)

	- [Storing Data in Session](./docs/sessions.md#-storing-data-in-session)

	- [Retrieving Data from Session](./docs/sessions.md#-retrieving-data-from-session)

	- [Removing Session Data](./docs/sessions.md#-removing-session-data)

	- [Destroying Session](./docs/sessions.md#-destroying-session)

	- [Pros](./docs/sessions.md#-pros)

	- [Cons](./docs/sessions.md#-cons)

	- [Functions Related To Session](./docs/sessions.md#-functions-related-to-session)

	- [Constants Related To Session](./docs/sessions.md#-constants-related-to-session)

	- [Configuration Flags Related To Session](./docs/sessions.md#-configuration-flags-related-to-session)

	- [Different Session Handling Techniques](./docs/sessions.md#-different-session-handling-techniques)

	- [Secure Session Handling](./docs/sessions.md#-secure-session-handling)

	- [Strong Session Name](./docs/sessions.md#-strong-session-name)

	- [Session Handlers](./docs/sessions.md#-session-handlers)

	- [Example For Custom Session Handlers](./docs/sessions.md#-example-for-custom-session-handlers)

	- [Protecting Against Session Fixation](./docs/sessions.md#-protecting-against-session-fixation)

6. [Cookies:](./docs/cookies.md)

	- [Need and Usage](./docs/cookies.md#-need-and-usage)

	- [Creating a cookie](./docs/cookies.md#-creating-a-cookie)

	- [Modifying a cookie](./docs/cookies.md#-modifying-a-cookie)

	- [Deleting a cookie](./docs/cookies.md#-deleting-a-cookie)

	- [Pros](./docs/cookies.md#-pros)

	- [Cons](./docs/cookies.md#-cons)

7. [File Handling:](./docs/file-handling.md)

	- [Handling Directory](./docs/file-handling.md#-handling-directory)

	- [Handling File](./docs/file-handling.md#-handling-file)

	- [Uploading a file](./docs/file-handling.md#-uploading-a-file)

	- [Downloading a file](./docs/file-handling.md#-downloading-a-file)

	- [File Handling Flags](./docs/file-handling.md#-file-handling-flags)

	- [Common File Handling Functions](./docs/file-handling.md#-common-file-handling-functions)

	- [Security Considerations](./docs/file-handling.md#-security-considerations)

8. [Include and Require Statements:](./docs/include-and-require-statements.md)

	- [Include Statement](./docs/include-and-require-statements.md#-include-statement)

	- [Require Statement](./docs/include-and-require-statements.md#-require-statement)

	- [Differences Between Statements](./docs/include-and-require-statements.md#-differences-between-statements)

9. [Error Handling and Debugging:](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md)

	- [Identifying Errors](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-identifying-errors)

	- [Debugging Techniques](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-debugging-techniques)

	- [Error Levels](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-error-levels)

	- [Log Levels](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-log-levels)

	- [Logging to a File](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-logging-to-a-file)

	- [Logging to a Database](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-logging-to-a-database)

	- [Error Logging Formats](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-error-logging-formats)

	- [Key Points](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-key-points)

	- [Log Rotation](./docs/error-handling-and-debugging.md#-log-rotation)



### Object-Oriented Programming in PHP

1. [Classes and Objects:](./docs/classes-and-objects.md)

	- [Defining Classes](./docs/classes-and-objects.md#-defining-classes)

	- [Properties and Methods](./docs/classes-and-objects.md#-properties-and-methods)

	- [Creating Objects](./docs/classes-and-objects.md#-creating-objects)

	- [Object Destruction](./docs/classes-and-objects.md#-object-destruction)

	- [Key Points](./docs/classes-and-objects.md#-key-points)

2. [Inheritance:](./docs/inheritance.md)

	- [Extending Classes](./docs/inheritance.md#-extending-classes)

	- [Overriding Methods](./docs/inheritance.md#-overriding-methods)

	- [Key Points](./docs/inheritance.md#-key-points)

3. [Polymorphism:](./docs/polymorphism.md)

	- [Method Overloading](./docs/polymorphism.md#-method-overloading)

	- [Method Overriding](./docs/polymorphism.md#-method-overriding)

4. [Encapsulation:](./docs/encapsulation.md)

	- [Access Modifiers](./docs/encapsulation.md#-access-modifiers)

		- [Public](./docs/encapsulation.md#-public)

		- [Protected](./docs/encapsulation.md#-protected)

		- [Private](./docs/encapsulation.md#-private)

5. [Abstraction:](./docs/abstraction.md)

	- [Abstract Classes](./docs/abstraction.md#-abstract-classes)

	- [Interfaces](./docs/abstraction.md#-interfaces)

	- [Traits](./docs/abstraction.md#-traits)

	- [Key Points](./docs/abstraction.md#-key-points)

	- [Real World Usages](./docs/abstraction.md#-real-world-usages)

6. [Namespace:](./docs/namespace.md)

	- [Use of Namespace](./docs/namespace.md#-use-of-namespace)

	- [Global Namespace](./docs/namespace.md#-global-namespace)

	- [Declaration of Namespace](./docs/namespace.md#-declaration-of-namespace)

	- [Implementation of Namespace](./docs/namespace.md#-implementation-of-namespace)

	- [Namespace Alias](./docs/namespace.md#-namespace-alias)

	- [Key Points](./docs/namespace.md#-key-points)

7. [Autoload in PHP:](./docs/autoload-in-php.md)

	- [Built-in Autoloader](./docs/autoload-in-php.md#-built-in-autoloader)

	- [How it works](./docs/autoload-in-php.md#-how-it-works)

8. [Composer:](./docs/composer.md)

	- [Dependency Management](./docs/composer.md#-dependency-management)

	- [Autoloading](./docs/composer.md#-autoloading)

	- [Handling Packages](./docs/composer.md#-handling-packages)

	- [Basic Usage](./docs/composer.md#-basic-usage)

	- [Composer Commands and Flags](./docs/composer.md#-composer-commands-and-flags)



### Database Integration

1. [Database Abstraction Layers:](./docs/database-abstraction-layers.md)

	- [PDO](./docs/database-abstraction-layers.md#-pdo)

	- [Prepared Statements](./docs/database-abstraction-layers.md#-prepared-statements)

	- [Positional and Parameterized Queries](./docs/database-abstraction-layers.md#-positional-and-parameterized-queries)

2. [PHP-MySQL Integration:](./docs/php-mysql-integration.md)

	- [MySQL Overview](./docs/php-mysql-integration.md#-mysql-overview)

	- [Connecting to a MySQL Database](./docs/php-mysql-integration.md#-connecting-to-a-mysql-database)

	- [Executing SQL Queries](./docs/php-mysql-integration.md#-executing-sql-queries)

	- [Updating and Deleting Data](./docs/php-mysql-integration.md#-updating-and-deleting-data)



### Web Development with PHP

1. [Remember Logged In User:](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md)

	- [Best Practice](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md#-best-practice)

	- [Session Management](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md#-session-management)

	- [Generate Unique ID](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md#-generate-unique-id)

	- [Regenerate Unique ID](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md#-regenerate-unique-id)

	- [Set Unique ID](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md#-set-unique-id)

	- [Check for Unique ID](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md#-check-for-unique-id)

	- [Expiry Remember Token](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md#-expiry-remember-token)

	- [Remove Remember Token](./docs/remember-logged-in-user.md#-remove-remember-token)

2. [Web Frameworks:](./docs/web-frameworks.md)

	- [Need of Framework in PHP](./docs/web-frameworks.md#-need-of-framework-in-php)

	- [Popular Frameworks](./docs/web-frameworks.md#-popular-frameworks)

3. [MVC Architecture:](./docs/mvc-architecture.md)

	- [Understanding MVC Architecture](./docs/mvc-architecture.md#-understanding-mvc-architecture)

	- [Building MVC](./docs/mvc-architecture.md#-building-mvc)

	- [How it works](./docs/mvc-architecture.md#-how-it-works)

	- [Advantages of MVC](./docs/mvc-architecture.md#-advantages-of-mvc)

4. [Security Best Practices:](./docs/security-best-practices.md)

	- [Common Web Attacks](./docs/security-best-practices.md#-common-web-attacks)

	- [Protecting Applications](./docs/security-best-practices.md#-protecting-applications)



### Advanced Topics

1. [Regular Expressions:](./docs/regular-expressions.md)

	- [Pattern Matching](./docs/regular-expressions.md#-pattern-matching)

	- [Find and Replacing Text](./docs/regular-expressions.md#-find-and-replacing-text)

	- [Extracting Text](./docs/regular-expressions.md#-extracting-text)

	- [Validate Text](./docs/regular-expressions.md#-validate-text)

	- [Common Patterns](./docs/regular-expressions.md#-common-patterns)

2. [Cryptographic Functionalities:](./docs/cryptographic-functionalities.md)

	- [Random Unique ID Generation](./docs/cryptographic-functionalities.md#-random-unique-id-generation)

	- [Hashing and Salting](./docs/cryptographic-functionalities.md#-hashing-and-salting)

	- [HMAC](./docs/cryptographic-functionalities.md#-hmac)

	- [Encryption and Decryption](./docs/cryptographic-functionalities.md#-encryption-and-decryption)

3. [XML and JSON:](./docs/xml-and-json.md)

	- [Parsing XML](./docs/xml-and-json.md#-parsing-xml)

	- [Parsing JSON](./docs/xml-and-json.md#-parsing-json)

	- [Generating XML](./docs/xml-and-json.md#-generating-xml)

	- [Generating JSON](./docs/xml-and-json.md#-generating-json)

	- [Key Points](./docs/xml-and-json.md#-key-points)

4. [CLI with PHP:](./docs/cli-with-php.md)

	- [Executing PHP Script in Command Line](./docs/cli-with-php.md#-executing-php-script-in-command-line)

	- [Accepting Command Line Arguments](./docs/cli-with-php.md#-accepting-command-line-arguments)

	- [Common PHP CLI Options](./docs/cli-with-php.md#-common-php-cli-options)

5. [Performance optimization:](./docs/performance-optimization.md)

	- [Caching Techniques](./docs/performance-optimization.md#-caching-techniques)

	- [Code Optimization](./docs/performance-optimization.md#-code-optimization)



By following this road map and consistently practicing, you can develop a strong foundation in PHP and build impressive web applications. For better understanding and double check with Official [PHP manual](https://www.php.net/manual/en/index.php), Before proceed in real-time implementations.



## ⚑ Contribution

Contributions are welcome! If you have any suggestions, bug reports, or feature requests, please open an issue or submit a pull request. Make sure to follow the existing coding style and provide clear documentation for your changes.



## ⚑ License

This reference licensed under the [MIT license](LICENSE). Feel free to use, modify, and distribute it as per the terms of the license.



## ⚑ Contact

If you have any questions or need further assistance, please feel free to reach me by referring [My Github Profile](https://github.com/ag-sanjjeev/)



Thanks for reviewing this reference notes!