https://github.com/airborne-commando/opsec-osint-tools
A list and guide of OSINT/OPSEC and some tools that I've made and or use.
https://github.com/airborne-commando/opsec-osint-tools
cybersecurity guide guidebook opensourceintelligence opsec opsectoolkit osint osint-tool-list osint-toolkit osint-tools osint-toolset
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A list and guide of OSINT/OPSEC and some tools that I've made and or use.
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/airborne-commando/opsec-osint-tools
- Owner: airborne-commando
- License: unlicense
- Created: 2024-11-03T00:07:32.000Z (about 1 year ago)
- Default Branch: main
- Last Pushed: 2026-01-16T01:19:49.000Z (9 days ago)
- Last Synced: 2026-01-16T11:33:29.750Z (8 days ago)
- Topics: cybersecurity, guide, guidebook, opensourceintelligence, opsec, opsectoolkit, osint, osint-tool-list, osint-toolkit, osint-tools, osint-toolset
- Homepage:
- Size: 9.35 MB
- Stars: 56
- Watchers: 2
- Forks: 4
- Open Issues: 0
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- License: LICENSE
Awesome Lists containing this project
README
----
# Table of Contents
1. [disclaimer](#disclaimer)
2. [Suggestions](#Suggestions)
3. [Why](#why)
4. [OSINT/OPSEC Tools](#osintopsec-Tools)
- [methodology](./markdown/methodology.md)
5. [key points](#key-points)
6. [OPSEC](#operations-security-is-a-systematic-process-for)
- [How to OPSEC](#how-to-opsec)
- [Physical Security](./markdown/Physical-Security.md)
- [disinformation](#disinformation)
- [scripts](./markdown/scripts.md) A collection of scripts from my gists
7. [Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)](#open-source-intelligence-osint)
- [Who uses Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)?](#who-uses-open-source-intelligence-osint)
- [Sources of OSINT](#sources-of-osint)
8. [Digital Profiling](#digital-profiling-osint-profiling)
9. [closed sourced](#closed-sourced-info)
- [Breached Data](#breached-data)
- [Curl commands](#curl-commands)
- [CSINT](./markdown/CSINT.md)
10. [IMINT](#imint)
- [Reverse search](./markdown/IMINT.md#reverse-search-google)
- [SOCMINT](./markdown/IMINT.md#socmint-social-intelligence)
11. [Real world examples of OSINT](#real-world-examples-of-osint)
- [2016 Airstrike Coordination](#in-the-year-2016-a-basket-weaving-image-board-used-osint-to-pay-some-supposed-terrorist-a-visit-from-a-govt-in-russia-resulting-in-airstrikes)
- [2017 Shia LaBeouf Protest](#in-2017-shia-labeouf-had-a-protest-due-to-trumps-election-this-resulted-in-a-basket-weaving-image-board-using-osint-and-sky-patterns-to-figure-out-where-a-flag-is)
12. [Tools](#tools)
- [Toolchain Recommendations](#toolchain-recommendations)
13. [People search tools (in the states)](#people-search-tools-in-the-states)
14. [Grey literature](#grey-literature)
15. [Breached Data](#breached-data)
16. [Social Media](#social-media)
17. [Curated lists](#curated-lists)
18. [External Links](#external-links)
19. [References](#references)
## ***DISCLAIMER***
I am **not responsible** for any misuse, abuse, or unethical actions taken with the tools or methods listed here. **OSINT is a neutral technique** anyone can use it, and anyone can be targeted.
**On a matter of privacy**
> “Privacy is necessary for an open society in the electronic age. Privacy is not secrecy. A private matter is something one doesn’t want the whole world to know, but a secret matter is something one doesn’t want anybody to know. Privacy is the power to selectively reveal oneself to the world.” (Hughes, 1993, para. 1)[^71]
Also a forward to **YOU** the practitioners **of all kinds**:
>Do not solely rely or depend on this guide alone, use various sources you may find out there on the Internet. Also see if in the **future*** there can be an AI that can gather info autonomously to supplement.
Select quotes from Metal Gear Solid 2 Ending, which **inspired me to create this**.
> "We've always kept records of our lives. Through words, pictures, symbols... from tablets to books... But not all the information was inherited by later generations ... in the current, digitized world, trivial information is accumulating every second, preserved in all its triteness. Never fading, always accessible. Rumors about petty issues, misinterpretations, slander... The digital society furthers human flaws and selectively rewards development of convenient half-truths."(GW, Metal Gear Solid 2)[^75]
## Suggestions
Open an [issue](https://github.com/airborne-commando/OPSEC-OSINT-Tools/issues) for any suggestions or feedback.
To update this guide use:
```
git pull
```
after cloning.
## Why?
People trust the internet too much. In today’s world, online and offline are practically the same—truth and fiction blur. This README exists to raise awareness. Clone it, fork it, remix it, or even turn it into a [Rentry](https://rentry.co/) page. Spread the knowledge however you like.
Also this guide can help prevent issues such as doxing. The obvious way is to follow [Key-Takeaways](#Key-Takeaways) and use [people search tools](#people-search-tools-in-the-states) with a self audit to reduce the amount of info you have on yourself publicly[^66] [^50].
Can you predict someone’s behavior with this? not exactly; people are unpredictable at times.
# OSINT/OPSEC Tools
A list of OSINT/OPSEC tools I made, forked, and/or use.
If you want some quick methodology I suggest you read this [markdown](./markdown/methodology.md).
## Key points
## Notable Examples of Bad Tor OPSEC
- **School Bomb Threats**
- Harvard’s Eldo Kim[^22] identified for using Tor on school network as the only user and admitting guilt.
- **Silk Road Case**
- Ross Ulbricht[^5] linked to Silk Road by using his real name/email, posting about Tor, and failing to hide server IPs. The laptop was basically seized according to the FBI.
> "On Oct. 1, 2013, an F.B.I. operation in a public library in San Francisco ended with the arrest of Ross Ulbricht, who was the brain behind Silk Road... At that moment, another agent took the open laptop while logged into the Silk Road administrator's panel" (Oliyaee, 2024, para. 2).[^60]
>"ULBRICHT created Silk Road in January 2011, and owned and operated the underground website until it was shut down by law enforcement authorities in October 2013"
(U.S. Department of Justice, 2015, para. 1).[^5]
>"The FBI arrested Ulbricht and seized his laptop on October 1, 2013. A judge sentenced Ulbricht to life in prison for drug trafficking, computer hacking, and money laundering in 2015" (FBI, n.d., para. 2).[^59]
>"In 2015, Ulbricht was sentenced to life in prison but was pardoned in 2025" (Reiff, 2025, para. 3).[^61]
Ross was pardoned[^62] [^70] in 2025 by the trump administration.
- **LulzSec Hacking Group**
- Members exposed themselves by discussing ops in public IRC[^56] [^58] [^21] [^20], revealing personal info, using stolen cards[^57] to home addresses, and trusting informants.
>"Spitler admitted to communicating during the data breach with his co-defendant, Andrew Auernheimer, 25, who was arrested January 18, 2011, in Fayetteville, Ark., while appearing in state court on unrelated drug charges. The two wrote each other during the breach using Internet Relay Chat, an Internet instant messaging program. Those chats included discussions between Spitler, Auernheimer, and other Goatse Security members about the best way to take advantage of the breach and associated theft"
(Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2012).[^57]
- **General Bad OPSEC Practices**
- Poor compartmentalization, leaking sensitive info, predictable naming, traceable work hours, and unsecured servers.
- **Mullvad VPN: Security Contrast**[^2] [^3]
- Features: anonymous accounts, strong encryption, no-logs, lockdown mode, DNS blockers, open-source, accepts Monero/cash and is independently audited[^64] [^65] [^63].
- **Caution:** No tool is foolproof; human error remains the weakest link.
## Digital Profiling and Behavioral Analysis Guide
- **Understand the Basics**
- Digital profiling gathers and analyzes online data; behavioral analysis infers motives, habits, and future actions.
- **Collect Digital Biographical Information**
- Gather identifiers, track online activity, search for recurring usernames, document findings.
- **Analyze Behavioral Patterns**
- Look for posting times, topics, language, interaction style, preferred platforms, and social networks.
- **Examples**
- Use AI tools to analyze old posts for recurring interests; tools like Blackbird/Maigret help track usernames across platforms.
- **Assess Competencies and Affinities**
- Evaluate technical skill, privacy awareness, sociability, and domain expertise.
- **Use Analytical Tools**
- Employ search engines, data aggregators, visualization/statistics tools and Natural Language Processing (NLPs) for deeper analysis.
- **Iterate and Refine**
- Continuously update the profile as new data emerges; use structured documentation.
- **Ethical and Legal Considerations**
- Only use legally accessible data; respect privacy and avoid harassment.
- **Defending Against OSINT Profiling**
- Practice good OPSEC, use disinformation, audit yourself, and set profiles to private.
## Real-World OSINT and OPSEC Examples
**Criminals**
*Sony Pictures Hack (2014):* Used OSINT on staff and infrastructure for phishing and breach.[^68]
>"Email notifications sent via accounts like designedcuratedamy58[@]gmail.com alerted operators whenever targets began assessments or ran malicious curl commands" (Priya, 2025, para. 14).[^69]
**Ashley Madison Breach (2015):** Used **CSINT** to leak sensitive user data, causing blackmail and public exposure.
>“When the company balked, the group published personal information about 36 million users. That’s a lot of very personal information of a lot of people” (Schifferle, 2016, para. 5).[^25]
**Civilians**
- *Identifying Russian Soldiers:* Used facial recognition and open-source images to ID participants in conflicts.[^55]
- *Cameroon Investigation:* Used metadata and geolocation to verify military abuses.[^23]
**Law Enforcement**
- *Tracking Stolen Property:* Monitored online marketplaces to recover stolen goods.[^24]
- *ShadowDragon’s SocialNet:* Mapped social networks from 200+ sources to aid investigations.[^4]
**OPSEC Failures**
- *Guccifer 2.0:* Forgot to activate VPN, exposing real IP and identity.[^3]
- *Silk Road’s Ross Ulbricht:* Used personal email and left digital traces, leading to arrest.[^5]
## (Operations Security) is a systematic process for:
1. Identifying[^33]
2. Protecting and controlling critical information[^33][^34]
It's a security discipline and operations function that involves a continuous cycle of:
* Identifying critical information and indicators (CII)
* Critical information and indicators are essential components of Operations Security aimed at protecting sensitive data that could be exploited by adversaries. Critical Information includes unclassified or controlled unclassified information about activities, intentions, capabilities, or limitations that adversaries can use to gain an advantage. Indicators are observable actions or pieces of information that reveal critical details about operations, such as sudden changes in procedures or increased security measures. Protecting this information involves identifying vulnerabilities and implementing countermeasures to prevent unauthorized disclosure
* Analyzing potential threats and vulnerabilities
* Assessing risks
* Developing countermeasures to protect CII
is used to protect information and activities from adversaries. It helps identify and protect sensitive information that could give an adversary an advantage. OPSEC principles can be applied in daily life, such as not sharing personal information like a DOB, street address, email, phone number.
**Examples of OPSEC mistakes include:**
* Over-sharing personal information online
* Chris Chan:
has a huge digital footprint and is easily fooled by trolls online.[^40][^41][^42"]
* suspectAGB: as stated by the BBC.
>"Tariq Monteiro, 23, and Siyad Mohamud, 24, were part of a group which targeted Alex Smith over a gang-based feud as he left a restaurant near Euston station on 12 August 2019. The pair fled to Kenya immediately after the incident and were arrested in Nairobi last year. They both refused to appear for their sentencing hearing at the Old Bailey. Monteiro, of no fixed address, was ordered to serve a minimum of 24 years in prison, while Mohamud, of Barker Drive, Camden, will serve at least 23 years." (Evans 2023, para. 1–4)[^44]
He shared a kitchen photo and people were able to deduce where he was due to an appliance. As stated by bugzorc opsecfail
>"Observant individuals quickly pinpointed his location, thanks to telltale signs like common household plugs and the typical kitchen setup. Moreover, the metadata of his posts gave him away."
(bugzorc 2025, para. 1)[^43]
* Leaving unused social media online
**Interaction/elicitation:**
Interacting with a target on social media has been shown to compromise anonymity, as noted by opsecfail. For instance, w0rmer uploaded a photo of his girlfriend that still contained GPS Exif data, which ultimately led investigators to her. When questioned, she admitted he had asked her to take the picture.
(bugzorc 2025, para. 3; opsecfail.github.io/blog.html?filecase=w0rmer)[^45]
Similarly, w0rmer himself explained in an interview that he often provoked people online and had a deliberate process for cleaning photos of metadata. However, during one publishing slip, he accidentally uploaded the wrong image that contained Exif data, which gave authorities critical information.
(“W0rmer – Darknet Diaries” 2020, 00:25:58–00:26:41; darknetdiaries.com/transcript/63)[^46]
* [examples of good and bad opsec and some osint.](./markdown/examples.md)
* Also some expanded [examples](./markdown/README.md#expanded-examples)
OPSEC supplements other security disciplines rather than replacing them.
### How to OPSEC:
* **Use services that can conceal your identity:**
---
| **Category** | **Tool/Technique** | **Description** | **Pros** | **Cons/Limitations** |
|---------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| **Encrypted Messaging** | [Telegram](https://telegram.org/) | Cloud-based messaging with optional E2E ("Secret Chats") | Widely adopted, feature-rich | Not E2E by default; stores data on servers; requires phone number |
| | [Simplex](https://simplex.chat/) | No user identifiers (not even random numbers) | Maximum metadata privacy | Less user-friendly; smaller network |
| | [Signal](https://signal.org/download/) | E2E encrypted by default; minimal metadata retention | Gold standard for privacy; court-resistant | Requires phone number |
| **Anonymity Networks** | [Tor](https://www.torproject.org/) | Routes traffic through encrypted nodes to hide IP | Free; robust against tracking | Slow; frequent CAPTCHAs |
| | [Mullvad VPN](https://mullvad.net/en) | No-logs VPN accepting Monero (XMR) payments | Strong privacy; anonymous payment options | VPNs can’t fix poor OPSEC habits |
| **Cryptocurrency** | [Monero (XMR)](https://www.getmonero.org/) | Untraceable cryptocurrency | Private transactions | Requires mining/local node for full anonymity + time |
| **Identity Management** | Unique Usernames | Use different credentials per site | Prevents correlation attacks | Hard to manage without a password manager |
| | Word Spinners | Paraphrase text to avoid detection | Evades plagiarism/identity linking | May sound unnatural |
| | AI-Generated Faces | Fake profile pictures (e.g., ThisPersonDoesNotExist.com) | Hides real identity | May look unnatural |
| **Self-OSINT** | Opt-Out Guides | Remove personal data from people-search sites | Reduces digital footprint | Time-consuming; not all sites honor requests without payment |
| **OPSEC Resources** | Bad OPSEC Examples | [List of pitfalls](./markdown/badopsec.md) | Learn from others’ mistakes | N/A |
| | Good OPSEC Practices | [Guidelines](./markdown/good-opsec.md) | Actionable tips | Requires discipline |
| **Tool Lists** | OPSEC Tools | [Curated list](./markdown/opsec.md) | Comprehensive resource | May need updates |
---
### **Key Takeaways**
1. **Messaging**:
- **Signal** OR **Simplex** > **Telegram** for privacy.[^30] [^31] [^32]
- Remember: E2E ≠ total anonymity (metadata leaks/habits matter)[^45] [^46] [^8] [^43].
2. **Anonymity**:
- **Tor** + **Mullvad VPN** + **XMR** = layered protection.
- Avoid logging into personal accounts while using these tools.
- Pitfalls: you need to use TOR and Mullvad separately for maximum Anonymity, use a [Virtual Machine](./markdown/opsec.md#virtualization) for VPN's and TOR on another (or the host).
3. **Identity**:
- **Unique usernames** + **Unique behavior** = harder to trace.
4. **Self-Audit**:
- Regularly **opt out** of data brokers and **OSINT yourself**.
5. **OPSEC Mindset**:
- Follow **[good OPSEC](./markdown/good-opsec.md)** and avoid **[bad habits](./markdown/badopsec.md)**.
**Note**:
By TOR I mean Tor Browser, VPN as in Virtual Private Network, and by Virtual Private Network I mean by Virtual Private Network Service - IE: Mullvad (though it can be other types of VPN's out there as long as it's safe to use and vetted by privacy experts). XMR is Monero Coin or Monero for short, a Privacy Coin.
Check Wikipedia or the sources cited If you're confused on all of these here:
1. VPN service[^9][^10], what we're gonna use here.
2. TOR, What should be used separately.[^12] [^11] [^13]
3. XMR, for VPN's that take XMR as payment.[^14]
---
### **Pro Tips**
- **Monero Mining**: Run a local node to avoid centralized exchanges tracing purchases.[^15]
For full tool details, see the **[OPSEC Tools List](./markdown/opsec.md)**.
## disinformation
[Disinformation](./markdown/disinformation.md)[^16][^17] in the context of OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) refers to deliberate actions taken to obscure, mislead, or mask the true activities, intentions, or identities of individuals or organizations from those conducting open-source intelligence gathering.
## Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)
**
What is it, how is this used and why is it important:**
- OSINT is the practice of collecting and analyzing information from public sources to address specific intelligence needs. OSINT is used by government agencies and commercial organizations for various purposes, including:
- Reconnaissance
- Cyber crime investigations
- Market trend analysis
- Brand positioning analysis
- Measuring risk to an organization
- Understanding the actor, tactics, and targets
- Gather real-time information
- Make informed decisions
- Receive early warnings of potential threats
## Who uses Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)?
- National Security and Intelligence Agencies, Law Enforcement, Businesses, Cybersecurity and Cyber-crime Groups, Privacy-Conscious People, Non-Governmental Organizations
- The CIA[^27], Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)[^26], and Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) all use OSINT[^1].
- OSINT can protect citizens (private or otherwise) from identity theft, sexual violence, and abuse[^52][^53].
- OSINT can monitor competitors, investigate new markets, and plan marketing activities[^51].
- OSINT can gather intelligence about specific targets online.
- OSINT can check how outsiders can break into their computing devices.[^49]
- OSINT can be used on oneself to secure privacy.[^50]
- Bellingcat[^48] and the Center for Information Resilience[^47] use OSINT.
- And you! Yes, you can use OSINT.
## Sources of OSINT
OSINT can gather information from various sources, including:
- Public government data as stated by the University of North Texas Libraries[^35].
Public data is data that is used, reused and or redistributed. Government entities operating at various judicial levels such as local, state, federal, and the international levels. This creates various amounts of public data, which is accessible without restrictions. Terms of use must be agreed to or approved depending on consideration before accessing these datasets and or records, such as Heath (HIPPA) and or Educational Data.
Public data can include for example:
* voter records and criminal history
>"Public voter registration data is critical to democracy in the United States. In nearly every state, a public file contains essential information about voters’ eligibility (address, age, districts, precinct, and polling location). Beyond their value to campaigns and others promoting voter participation, these files are used by groups outside of the government (journalists, scholars, advocates, and election integrity experts like VoteShield) to independently verify the rights of voters, and the integrity of US elections." [^73][^74]
You may use [casesearch](https://ujsportal.pacourts.us/casesearch) in Pennsylvania Courts; landlord, criminal, civil et al should have an address as that's public govt info.
A Parcel search for [tax history](https://public.eriecountypa.gov/property-tax-records/property-records/property-tax-search/search-by-parcel.aspx).
An official [Justice site](https://www.justice.gov/jmd/ls/state) listing all states and their local judicial. Case search should be in state judiciary, also for other information such as tax records and property records.
- Commercial data:
>"Commercial Data means any and all data and information relating to an identified or identifiable Person (whether the information is accurate or not), alone or in combination with other information, which Person is or was an actual or prospective customer of, or consumer of products offered by, the VS Business or L Brands Business, as applicable. Commercial Data means any and all data collected or otherwise processed by the Seller Entities relating to a customer of the Business" (Law Insider, 2025).[^36]
- Grey literature:
>"Grey literature, as defined by the Welch Medical Library, is "information produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in electronic and print formats not controlled by commercial publishing i.e. where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body"
(Joseph, 2025, paras. 1–2)"[^37].
- In academics, the definition for Scholarly Publishing would be the following in accordance to Johns Hopkins University:
>“A subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship” (Shin, 2025)[^67].
Which can also encompass these three things:
* Grey literature
* Self-Publication
* Scholarly Publishing
Scholarly Publishing is done at a rigorous peer review process.
- genealogical OSINT:
> Genealogy: Using family history research and genealogy databases as an intelligence-gathering tool.
> Death records: Gathering intelligence from records such as death notices, obituaries, gravestone databases, and burial registries.(news papers or local news sites)
>"Genealogical research is the tracing of an individual's ancestral history using historical records, both official and unofficial" (University of Maryland Libraries, 2023, para. 1).[^39]
>"Genealogy is the study of families and their ancestors and histories"
(Virginia Tech University Libraries, n.d., para. 1).[^38]
Genealogy is the study of a family member, or the study of someones family tree or genealogical background. Not to be confused with forensics and DNA.
----
| | Google Dorks: | |
| --------------------- | ----------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Operator | Description | Example |
| `site:` | Search within a specific website or domain | `site:example.com` |
| `intitle:` | Find pages with specific words in the **title** | `intitle:"login page"` |
| `allintitle:` | All words must appear in the **title** | `allintitle:admin login` |
| `inurl:` | Words in the **URL** | `inurl:admin` |
| `allinurl:` | All terms in the **URL** | `allinurl:dashboard admin` |
| `filetype:` or `ext:` | Search for specific file types | `filetype:pdf` or `ext:xls` |
| `intext:` | Word or phrase in the **page body** | `intext:"confidential"` |
| `allintext:` | All terms in the **body text** | `allintext:password username` |
| `link:` | Pages linking to a specified URL | `link:example.com` |
| `define:` | Look up a word definition | `define:opsec` |
| `related:` | Find sites similar to a URL | `related:example.com` |
| `*` | Wildcard – matches any word | `"admin * login"` |
| `OR` | Either search term can appear | `login OR signin` |
| `AND` | Both terms must appear (default behavior) | `username AND password` |
| `-` | Exclude term | `login -facebook` |
| `"` | Exact phrase | `"confidential file"` |
**Default Behavior**
- Google treats multiple words as if connected by AND, so results must contain all terms unless you specify otherwise.
- Quotation marks, site:, and filetype: are among the most commonly used explicit operators for more targeted searches.
These operators are not used unless you include them in your query. Google’s default is simply to return results matching all your search terms, ranked by relevance.
----
### Real world examples of OSINT
## In the year 2016, a basket weaving image board used OSINT to pay some supposed terrorist a visit from a govt in Russia resulting in airstrikes.
>"In 2016, amid the Syrian Civil War, rebel groups tried to overthrow President Assad, leading to foreign involvement from the U.S. and Russia. On 4chan, users identified a rebel camp from a Jaysh al-Izza video and relayed its coordinates to Russian contacts, resulting in airstrikes after the camp was located twice (Pezle, 2022)."[^8] [^7]
UPDATE: Turns out it was a really complex war[^19] the 4chan got involved in, still keeping this up as a key example however; the main issue is that they exposed their training locations with geographic locations to the internet like complete morons.
Thus bad opsec.
## In 2017, Shia LaBeouf had a protest due to Trumps election; this resulted in a basket weaving image board using OSINT and sky patterns to figure out where a flag is.
>"In 2017, 4chan users managed to track down and replace Shia LaBeouf's "He Will Not Divide Us" protest flag. Using only the live-stream footage of the flag, they analyzed flight patterns, star positions, and a tweet to locate the flag in Greeneville, Tennessee. A local troll then honked his car horn until the sound was picked up on the live-stream, pinpointing the exact location. The flag was replaced with a Trump hat, marking the end of this elaborate trolling operation (Lamoureux, Mack 2017)."[^6]
## Digital profiling (OSINT profiling).
Digital profiling and behavioral analysis are powerful techniques for understanding individuals based on their online activities and digital footprints. While these methods are often used by professionals, you can apply many of the same principles and processes yourself by following a structured approach. This creates possible interest and hobbies of an individual.
Read more inside this readme on [Digital Profiling](./markdown/Digital-Profiling.md)
## Closed Sourced Info
- [HUMINT](./markdown/HUMINT.md)
**HUMINT can be collected overtly (e.g., interviews, debriefings, diplomatic reporting) or covertly (e.g., espionage, clandestine surveillance).**
[Breached Data](#breached-data)
> And remember, closed sourced info can change depending on context. If it came from social media then it's considered open source as it's already out there. If it's from a closed source document like let's say a USB drive then consider it closed source.
See also **[CSINT](./markdown/CSINT.md)**
# IMINT
[IMINT](./markdown/IMINT.md)(Image Intelligence) involves collecting and analyzing visual imagery—satellite, aerial, drone, or ground photos—to extract useful information.[^1] [^28]
Contains information such as [SOCMINT](./markdown/IMINT.md#socmint-social-intelligence) and [Reverse Search](./markdown/IMINT.md#reverse-search-google).
[GEOINT](./markdown/IMINT.md#geoint-geographical-intelligence) [^1] [^28] is information on geographic locations. Geospatial data may also be called GEOINT data. It's to understand human activity or events and to layer that with data along with geolocations and timing. It has non-military uses as well, example would be for first responders issuing an emergency for a wildfire[^29].
Three examples of GEOINT tools that you can access right now:
- [Earth](https://earth.google.com/web/)
- [Maps](https://www.google.com/maps)
- [bing maps](https://www.bing.com/maps)
## Tools
OSINT tools from Web queries to advanced methods such as a cli/gui wrapper
---
| Tool | Lookup By | Returns | Limitations/Costs/Notes | Links |
|------|-----------|---------|-------------------|-------|
| **Search & Query Tools** | | | | |
| Google | Manual queries | Google search results | Manual query building | [Link](https://www.google.com/) |
| Google-FU | Advanced queries | Google search results | Rate limits, CAPTCHAs | [GitHub](https://github.com/airborne-commando/GoogleFU-improved) |
| Google Advanced | Direct dorking | Google search results | No saved searches | [Link](https://www.google.com/advanced_search) |
| Shodan | Search Quires | Exposed devices | only useful for insecure devices | [Shodan](https://www.shodan.io/) |
| Awesome Shodan Search Queries | Shodan search queries | Exposed Devices | Only useful for insecure devices | [Link](https://github.com/jakejarvis/awesome-shodan-queries) |
| **Biometric Analysis** | | | | |
| Facecheck.ID | Reverse image | Face matching results | webpimages only from the site | you'll have to use a services such as [TinEye](https://tineye.com/), [lenso](lenso.ai) et al remember on not using this guide as a things change. [Link](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/airborne-commando/tampermonkey-collection/refs/heads/main/SCRIPTS/facecheck-id-img-extractor.js) |
| face-spy | Reverse image | Returns results on potential models | full avatar images + profile | use blackbird(crow), sherlock, et al. for full details. [Link to script](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/airborne-commando/tampermonkey-collection/refs/heads/main/SCRIPTS/facecheck-OF-edition.js) and [face-spy](https://face-spy.com/) |
| FaceMatch | username + face | match a username with a face (target) with a database | user would need to use their actual face, this script may not work on all sites. | [FaceMatch](https://github.com/airborne-commando/facematch) |
| Social-Hunt | username + face | Search for a username and also match a face | Would need to download the face, may not work for all sites. Also see issue [#12](https://github.com/AfterPacket/Social-Hunt/issues/12#issue-3837957660) | [Social-Hunt](https://github.com/AfterPacket/Social-Hunt) |
| **Genealogy & Records** | | | | |
| genealogyintime | Genealogy parameters | Genealogy records | Not HTTPS; need specific info | [Link](http://www.genealogyintime.com/tools/genealogy-search-engine.html) |
| findagrave | Name, location | Grave records | Requires name/location; may not be listed | [Link](https://www.findagrave.com/) |
| **Professional & Financial** | | | | |
| Resume Indeed | Professional criteria | Resumes | Expensive subscription | [Link](https://resumes.indeed.com/) |
| LinkedIn | Professional info | Company/person data | Verification often needed | [Link](https://LinkedIn.com/) |
| Paypal | Email/phone | Account confirmation | Account required | [Link](https://www.paypal.com/us/home) |
| **Username/Email Search** | | | | |
| Blackbird | Username/email | Cross-platform presence | CLI only | [GitHub](https://github.com/p1ngul1n0/blackbird) |
| Crow (GUI) | Username/email | Cross-platform presence with IP spoofing | Same as CLI | [GitHub](https://github.com/airborne-commando/crow) |
| Sherlock | Username | Presence on 300+ sites | CLI; false positives | [GitHub](https://github.com/sherlock-project/sherlock) |
| No-Shit-Sherlock | Username | GUI version of Sherlock | Inherits CLI limitations | [GitHub](https://github.com/airborne-commando/no-shit-sherlock) |
| Maigret | Username | Connections between accounts | Sherlock fork, comes with webui | [GitHub](https://github.com/soxoj/maigret) |
| Maigret-Night (GUI) | Username | GUI for Maigret | Same as CLI, no webui functions (yet) | [GitHub](https://github.com/airborne-commando/maigret-night) |
| MCP | Usernames | username and URL analyses | designed to integrate seamlessly with MCP-compatible applications like Claude Desktop for AI analyses/analytics; you'll need to enter `sudo npm install -g mcp-maigret` for lmstudio if not using docker, look at the [external links](#external-links) under "Maigret MCP Server" and "Maigret MCP Server: Installing manually" as this should be compatible for **most** if not all local LLMS. | [link](https://github.com/BurtTheCoder/mcp-maigret) |
| instantusername | username | username | Instantly check username availability across multiple platforms as you type. | [Link](https://instantusername.com/) |
| Holehe | Email | Email usage across sites | CLI; false positives | [GitHub](https://github.com/megadose/holehe) |
| **Geolocation/GEOINT** | | | | |
| Google Maps | Coordinates/address | Location data | Public data only | [Link](https://maps.google.com/) |
| Bing Maps | Coordinates/address | Bird's eye/satellite view | Variable quality | [Link](https://www.bing.com/maps) |
| Google Earth | Coordinates/address | 3D/2D, historical views | Use with other services | [Link](https://earth.google.com/web) |
| geohints | Geolocation data | GeoGuessr metadata clues | Provides clues only | [Link](https://geohints.com/) |
| GeoGuessr GPT | Photos | AI location guesses | AI hallucinations; 3 free uploads | [Link](https://chatgpt.com/g/g-brlHi7t2R-geoguessr-gpt) |
| geospy | Image | get geolocation using ai | sign up required, LEO and govt only | [Link](https://geospy.ai/) |
| picarta | Image | get geolocation using ai | no sign up however you'll need to login to get the full results details. | [Link](https://picarta.ai/) |
| findpiclocation | Photos | AI location detection | Accuracy varies | [Link](https://findpiclocation.com/) |
| **General OSINT Platforms** | | | | |
| OSINT Rocks | Multiple inputs | Multi-tool interface | Web-based | [Link](https://osint.rocks/) |
| dox.soy | multiple inputs | multiple tools | Seems to be a spinoff of breach.vip, still seems valuable | [dox.soy](https://dox.soy/) |
| one-plus | Multiple inputs | Toolkit with bookmarks | Tools may change | [Link](https://one-plus.github.io/access.html) |
| osint.sh | webpage | Tookits | Seems to be web based OSINT for web domains or ORG | [Link](https://osint.sh/) |
| **MISC Tools** | | | | |
| zabasearch-auto | US public info | Public records lookup | CLI; advanced usage | [GitHub](https://github.com/airborne-commando/zabasearch-auto) |
| whois | domain | domain registrar info and IP | good if someone owns a website if they didn't make info private | [Link](https://who.is/) |
| TinEye | upload an image | Image result(s) | can be used with biometric data | [TinEye](https://tineye.com/) |
| phone number look up | Phone Number | Name | get facebook, matches ect. Use people search tools | [Link](https://www.numlookup.com/) |
| link extractor and archive | URLs | archived page | CLI; basic pages; manual edits, no longer works for archives | [GitHub](https://github.com/airborne-commando/link-extractor-and-archive) |
| archivebox | URLS | archive pdf, wayback machine, et al | archive pages locally and also to the wayback machine, docker recommended use [pods](https://podman.io/) and check [scripts](./markdown/scripts.md) | [Archivebox](https://archivebox.io/) |
| Flock camera map | A map of known flock camera's | Useful with Shodan | May get patched soon I don't know | [Flock Camera Map](https://banishbigbrother.com/flock-camera-map/) |
| Spiderfoot | user input such as a username in "quotes" | data analysis and graphs | Advanced usage, docker image | [spiderfoot](https://hub.docker.com/r/josaorg/spiderfoot) |
| **Email Compromises** | | | | |
| Hudson Rock Extractor | Email | Manual breach check | Flask-based; manual input | [GitHub](https://github.com/airborne-commando/hudsonrock-search-extractor) |
| **Tampermonkey Scripts** | | | | |
| Collection | Various | Various scripts | Collection may update | [Link](https://github.com/airborne-commando/tampermonkey-collection/tree/main) |
| voter reg status | PA voter data | Voter info export | CSV output; Tampermonkey required | [Collection Link](https://github.com/airborne-commando/tampermonkey-collection/tree/main?tab=readme#voter-reg-status-tapermonkey-edition) |
| Universal Background Check | PeopleSearch data | Exports from public records | Not accurate for mm-dd DOB | [Collection Link](https://github.com/airborne-commando/tampermonkey-collection/tree/main?tab=readme#universal-background-check-exporter) |
| Breach.vip search and reddit analyzer | Email/username | Breach data + Reddit analysis | | [Collection Link](https://github.com/airborne-commando/tampermonkey-collection/tree/main?tab=readme#breachvip-and-reddit-profile-analyzer) |
| **Extensions** | | | | |
| Wayback machine | URLs | Archived content | Archived content only | [FF](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/wayback-machine_new/) [Chrome](https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/wayback-machine/fpnmgdkabkmnadcjpehmlllkndpkmiak) |
| Archive Page | URLs | Archive.today search | Page must be archived | [FF](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/archive-page/) [Chrome](https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/archive-page/gcaimhkfmliahedmeklebabdgagipbia) |
| Xcancel | Twitter URLs | Privacy Twitter front-end | Conflicts possible | [FF](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/toxcancel/) [Chrome](https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/xcancelcom-redirector) |
| reddit-uncensored | Reddit URLs | Deleted content restoration | Arctic Shift API | [FF](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/reddit-uncensored/) [Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/amfnaoebakgdklcahkilhjoglflgnhbm) |
| usertoihsoyct | Usernames | Username redirect | Firefox addon | [GitHub](https://github.com/airborne-commando/usertoihsoyct) |
| facecheck.id | Images | Biometric search | Firefox is GitHub only | [Chrome](https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/facecheck-reverse-image-s/ciocmmdeghlmioiedoggnlefllfpfmdj?hl=en-US) [Firefox](https://github.com/airborne-commando/firefox-facecheck-id) |
| Who Am I | usernames | usernames from various OSINT DB's | Firefox will be missing features possibly | [Link](https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/who-am-i/gdnhlhadhgnhaenfcphpeakdghkccfoo?hl=en) [Firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/who-am-i-ff/) |
---
### **Key Insights & Pro Tips**
1. **False Positives**:
- **Sherlock/Holehe**: Imgur often returns misleading results—verify manually.
- **Facecheck.ID**: Extracts images but doesn’t analyze; cross-reference with [Pimeyes (10 searches)](https://pimeyes.com/en) or others listed on 6.
2. **GUI vs. CLI**:
- **CLI Tools (Blackbird, Sherlock, Maigret)**: requires technical familiarity.
- **GUI Wrappers (Crow, No-Shit-Sherlock)**: Easier for beginners; same back-end logic.
3. **Email Investigations**:
- Combine **Holehe** (account detection) + **Hudson Rock Extractor** (breach data) for thorough checks; see [**Toolchain Recommendations**](#Toolchain-Recommendations).
- For Gmail-specific OSINT, use **GHunt** (via OSINT Rocks).
- Verify a google email, you'll need to be logged in to your own:
https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/embed?src=youremail@gmail.com
A post from a linkedin account named Forensic OSINT[^18]:
> "In a clever LinkedIn post, 🔐Yoni shares a privacy insight and a practical OSINT technique worth bookmarking.
>
> First, the Gmail dot trick: Google ignores dots in addresses, so variations like davidsmith@gmail[.]com, d.a.v.i.d.s.m.i.t.h[@]gmail[.]com, and david.smith[@]gmail[.]com all route to the same inbox, a fact that’s often misunderstood in email investigations.
>
> More importantly for OSINT work, Yoni highlights a method to check if an email is linked to a Google account using Google Calendar. Just plug the email into this URL while logged into your own Google account:
>
> https[:]//calendar[.]google[.]com/calendar/u/0/embed?src=youremail@example[.]com
>
> If the address is connected to a Google account, the calendar interface loads and displays the bolded email address in the bottom left. If it doesn’t exist, it simply shows “Google Calendar.”
>
> 🔍 Why It Matters:
> This is a quick, non-intrusive way to validate if an email is active on Google’s ecosystem, especially helpful when vetting aliases, burner accounts, or verifying user identities in investigations (Forensic OSINT, 2025)."
4. **Geolocation**:
- Use **Google Maps Street View** to verify addresses/landmarks from other tools (e.g., ClustrMaps).
- Use birds eye view in [bing maps](https://www.bing.com/maps)
- use [google earth](https://earth.google.com/web/) for a detailed view.
5. **OPSEC Notes**:
- **Rate Limits**: Tools like Google-FU may trigger blocks—use proxies/VPNs.
- **Legality**: Avoid scraping private data (e.g., Facebook pro) without consent.
6. **Bio-metric Analysis**: You can supplement your bio-metric analytics with these tools by extracting the results from:
- faceonlive.com (3 or 4 search limit, may need TOR)
- lenso.ai
- face-spy
- peekyou.com
- people search
- breached data (breach.vip)
After that open image in new tab and save or drag it into facecheck.id and compare (as mentioned earlier on step 1)
---
### **Toolchain Recommendations**
**Quick Username Search**:
- Crow (GUI for in-depth)
+ Maigret (GUI for in-depth)
+ Sherlock (CLI for depth).
**Email Breaches**:
- Have I Been Pwned
+ Pentester (freeish)
+ OSINT Rocks (Hudson Rock/Holehe)
+ LOLArchiver.
**Images**:
- Facecheck.ID: extract the webp results or compare the face, use a web browser Ctrl+Shift+I and Ctrl+Shift+C and select the `#fimg` background image webp and save.
+ Pimeyes (unblur/show NSFW)
+ lenso.ai (tells you the source of a site, usernames)
+ TinEye
+ faceonlive (last resort)
***The Method***
- Source image will be ran though Facecheck.ID.
+ Facecheck.ID would then be extracted (results page).
**the extracted image can than be ran though the following:**
- Pimeyes (website name no url), gives you more images to work with and extract.
- lenso.ai for potential URLS or Usernames
- TinEye, which only finds matching images. This isn't as good for faces but isn't as strict as lets say Google/Yandex/et al.
+ Can also check the div under topdiv for facecheck for the websites and compare with the other sources such as TinEye.
- faceonlive (faceseek), which would be your last resort would also potentially give you some results but seems to be the same thing as Facecheck.ID and asks you for credits. Partial URL with face which is a clue (just like facecheck.id).
***HOWEVER***
If the image is of a public web (onlyfans avatar) you may:
- Use the results from TinEye, lenso, Facecheck.ID, Pimeyes et al and upload it to yandex for the full username URL (that is if TinEye didn't beat Yandex to it)
- Still would have to be of a Face and needed to be indexed by TinEye.
For the other clues, use tools such as blackbird(maigret-night GUI under crow tab or blackbird web), maigret(maigret night), people search tools(data brokers), breached data for leads.
**Files**:
- Encrypted drives (LUKS) → veracrypt → keepassxc
Note on Pentester: Pentester can provide free results on usernames, etc but on a time limit, not worth to buy a service if you're smart and keep records (snapshot).
Note: For keepassxc it's a good idea to use a strong password or a YubiKey (hardware password/security key)
you may also create an additional database, one that has the password you can remember; the other that has the generated database password for sensitive files or a key-file (same with varacrypt).
For niche tools, refer to the [Curated Lists](#curated-lists) section.
Pipeline discussed [here](./markdown/opsec.md#opsec-pipeline-for-secure-files)
## People search tools (in the states):
People search / information aggregation
---
**DISCLAIMER: The type of info found on these sites appear to from other data brokers, social media profiles that are public or viewable by everyone, compiled data/info from federal, state, and local government public records.**
---
- people search aggregators[^54], typically used in the united states. can give you information on someone such as an email, home address, date of birth, etc.
---
| **Tool** | **Lookup By** | **Returns** | **Notes**
|------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **[FastPeopleSearch](https://www.fastpeoplesearch.com/)** | Name, Phone, Address | Age, Address, Phone, Email | Free; data may be outdated. |
| **[That's Them](https://thatsthem.com/)** | Name, Email, IP, VIN, Phone | IP, Addresses, Phone, Email | Aggregates data from Intelius/Spokeo; some paid results. |
| **[Nuwber](https://nuwber.com/)** | Name, Phone, Email, Address | DOB, Address, Email, Phone | Detailed reports may require payment. |
| **[IDCrawl](https://idcrawl.com/)** | Name, Username, Phone, Email | Names, Usernames, Phone, Email | Focuses on usernames/social media. |
| **[PeekYou](https://www.peekyou.com/)** | Name, Username, State | Age, Social Media, Emails, Addresses | Strong for social media profiling. |
| **[Webmii](https://webmii.com/)** | First + Last Name | Social Media, Search Results | Lightweight; scans public web/social profiles. |
| **[PublicRecords](https://www.publicrecords.onlinesearches.com/)** | Name, Address, State | Name, Address, Partial Phone | Free directory; redirects to Intelius for paid details. |
| **[ClustrMaps](https://clustrmaps.com/)** | Name, Address | Addresses, Residents, Property, IP Data | Focuses on geolocation/demographics; may include ownership history. |
| **[fastbackgroundcheck](https://www.fastbackgroundcheck.com)** | Name, Address, Phone Number | Name, Address, Phone Number, Emails | Seems to comb though billions of records as stated on it's [website](https://www.fastbackgroundcheck.com/about) |
| **[ZabaSearch](https://www.zabasearch.com/)** | first, last name, city state | Names, Possible Relatives, et al | comes from various sources, as stated on it's [faq](https://www.zabasearch.com/faq/), free partial look up and is **accurate*** |
| **DoJ/State** | DoJ Resource | [Justice site](https://www.justice.gov/jmd/ls/state) | Various states and public govt info, Public govt info |
|| Megans Law website/FBI | [FBI registry](https://www.nsopw.gov/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) | Look up registered individuals, Only for registered individuals (sex offenders) |
---
### **Key Observations**:
1. **Free vs. Paid**: Most tools offer basic info for free but upsell detailed reports (e.g., PublicRecords → Intelius).
2. **Data Sources**: Many pull from the same breaches/public records (emails/phones often outdated but still in use).
3. **Specializations**:
- *Social Media*: PeekYou, IDCrawl.
- *Geo-location*: ClustrMaps.
- *Comprehensive*: FastPeopleSearch, Nuwber, fastbackgroundcheck.
**Disclaimer**: Accuracy varies; users rarely update emails unless compromised. Use ethically!
- For additional tools see [Curated lists](#curated-lists)
## Grey literature
>"Grey literature refers to various forms of information created outside conventional publishing and distribution systems, which are often not thoroughly indexed in major databases."[^77]
Use the [google dorking assistant](https://github.com/airborne-commando/tampermonkey-collection/tree/main) or just use the google advanced search tool [Link](https://www.google.com/advanced_search), `site:.gov` would be a good start for gray literature.
## Breached Data:
Breached data that is publicly available for public viewing, typically from hibp or breach.vip; typically.
---
**Note**: Some domains (e.g., [exposed.lol (Wayback Machine)](https://web.archive.org/web/20240115103938/https://exposed.lol/)) may be expired. Refer to the curated list or alternate links provided.
| Tool | Lookup By | Returns | Limitations/Costs | Notes |
|------|-----------|---------|-------------------|-------|
| **[Have I Been Pwned](https://haveibeenpwned.com/)** | Email, Phone | Breach names, dates, compromised data | Free; no passwords/raw data | Trusted source; alerts for new breaches |
| **[BreachDirectory](https://breachdirectory.org/)** | Email, Username | Partial password hashes (SHA-1, first 4 chars), length | Free; no full passwords | Useful for credential stuffing checks |
| **[Breach.vip](https://Breach.vip)** | Email, Username | Minecraft-focused leaks (usernames, IPs) | Free; requires login | Niche for gaming accounts; "memey" but functional |
| **[LeakPeek](https://leakpeek.com/)** | Email, Username | Partial breach snippets (e.g., domains) | 5 free searches; Tor bypass possible | Paid plans for full data; obfuscates results |
| **[LOLArchiver](https://osint.lolarchiver.com/)** | Email, Username | Full breach databases (e.g., emails, passwords) | Paid service only | For OSINT professionals; curated high-value leaks |
| **[Icebreaker](https://github.com/airborne-commando/ice-breaker)** | Local breach files | Parses/analyzes large breach datasets | Python/EXE; works best for <1000GB files | Demo script provided; use with caution (e.g., [Facebook 533M leak](https://github.com/davidfegyver/facebook-533m)) |
| **[big file reader](https://archive.ph/EaPmx)** | python | data in files | Storage/hardware | Big file reader written in python |
| **[large database file leak folder](https://cloud.mail.ru/public/AuvN/VJuLUgsZY)** | using ice-breaker or big file reader | Usernames, etc | hardware/space | All known breaches, in Russian.
| **[hashes.com](https://hashes.com/)** | Hash (MD5, SHA-1, etc.) | Decrypted passwords (if hash is cracked) | Free/paid cracking tools | Useful for reversing hashes from breaches |
| **[pentester.com](https://pentester.com/)** | Email, Username | Full breach details (more than HIBP) | **Free**; no Tor needed; use incognito/private browsing mode | Extensive; may include sensitive data |
| **[Hudson Rock](https://www.hudsonrock.com/threat-intelligence-cybercrime-tools)** | Email, Username, Domain, APK | Infostealer infection indication, general information | Free; no passwords/raw data | Infostealer only data |
| **[combo-list](https://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Ascribd.com+combolist)** | email, username, password etc | a pdf document | you need an account to download from scribd, use these if you can [vdownloaders](https://scribd.vdownloaders.com/) or `https://www.scribd.com/embeds/CONTENT-NUM/content`, scroll the embed (load it) and ctrl+a ctrl+cp into a text file, that will be messy however... use [poppler](https://man.archlinux.org/man/pdftotext.1.en) | may be old data, public info at that point (Web index) [Here have an example](https://www.scribd.com/embeds/771686160/content). |
| **[filemood.com](https://filemood.com/)** | Torrent indexer | Torrents found | List of torrents of various sizes that are tied to a breach | May need to be seeded, also needs a [VPN](./markdown/opsec.md#anonymity-tools), same results for [btdig](https://btdig.com), can also try [weekpass](https://weakpass.com/) |
## Curl commands
**Breach VIP API curl commands / Alias**
breachemail() {
curl -X POST https://breach.vip/api/search \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{\"term\": \"$1\",\"fields\": [\"email\"],\"wildcard\": false, \"case_sensitive\": false}" \
> /tmp/results-email.txt && cat /tmp/results-email.txt
}
breachuser() {
curl -X POST https://breach.vip/api/search \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{\"term\": \"$1\",\"fields\": [\"username\"],\"wildcard\": false, \"case_sensitive\": true}" \
> /tmp/results-user.txt && cat /tmp/results-user.txt
}
breachphone() {
curl -X POST https://breach.vip/api/search \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{\"term\": \"$1\",\"fields\": [\"phone\"],\"wildcard\": true, \"case_sensitive\": false}" \
> /tmp/results-phone.txt && cat /tmp/results-phone.txt
}
breachname() {
curl -X POST https://breach.vip/api/search \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{\"term\": \"$1\",\"fields\": [\"name\"],\"wildcard\": false, \"case_sensitive\": true}" \
> /tmp/results-name.txt && cat /tmp/results-name.txt
}
**R00M101**
analyze() {
curl -X GET "https://api.r00m101.com/analyze/$1" -H "accept: application/json" > /tmp/reddit-user.txt && cat /tmp/reddit-user.txt
}
Take a look at the documents which I will [link here](https://breach.vip/api/docs) | [room101 docs](https://api.r00m101.com/swagger)
Most API's use swagger documentation.[^76]
---
### **Key Takeaways**:
1. **Free vs. Paid**:
- *Free*: HIBP, BreachDirectory, Pentester, Hashes.com, breach.vip.
- *Limited Free*: LeakPeek (5 searches), Breach.vip (login required).
- *Paid*: LOLArchiver, LeakPeek plans.
2. **Specializations**:
- *Password Recovery*: Hashes.com (decrypt hashes), BreachDirectory (partial hashes).
- *Gaming Leaks*: Breach.vip (Minecraft).
- *Local Analysis*: Icebreaker (Python tool for large datasets).
3. **Ethical/Legal Notes**:
- Many tools provide **partial data** (e.g., first 4 chars of passwords) to comply with ethics.
- Use **Tor** with LeakPeek to bypass search limits.
- Avoid misuse: Some tools (e.g., Pentester) may expose sensitive data.
4. **For Large Datasets**:
- [Icebreaker](https://github.com/airborne-commando/ice-breaker) + [Facebook 533M](https://github.com/davidfegyver/facebook-533m) (no passwords) for bulk analysis.
---
### **Additional Resources**:
- **Curated Lists**: Check [Curated Lists](#curated-lists) for more niche tools.
- **Demo Scripts**: [Icebreaker](https://github.com/airborne-commando/ice-breaker) includes a demo for testing.
## social media
Social media collection of public data (if applicable), such as snapchat, facebook, et al.
---
| **Platform** | **Tool** | **URL** | **Functionality** | **Limitations/Notes** |
|--------------|-----------------------|------------------------------------- |------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
| **General** | Social Searcher | [social-searcher.com](https://www.social-searcher.com/) | Searches multiple platforms at once | see the [about](https://www.social-searcher.com/about/) page |
| **Snapchat** | Snapchat Map | [map.snapchat.com](https://map.snapchat.com/) | View maps for snapchat | Requires Snapchat account |
| **Instagram**| Dumpor | [dumpor.com](https://dumpor.com/) | View profiles/stories anonymously | May have rate limits |
|| imginn | [imginn.com](https://imginn.com/) | View profiles/stories anonymously | May be offline from time to time |
| **Twitter** | Sotwe | [sotwe.com](https://www.sotwe.com/) | Privacy-focused Twitter front-end | No login required |
|| Xcancel | [xcancel.com](https://xcancel.com/) | Privacy-focused Twitter front-end | No login required, Lightweight interface |
|| Nitter | [nitter.net](https://nitter.net/) | Privacy-focused Twitter front-end | No login required |
| **Facebook** | Facebook Search | [facebook.com/search](https://www.facebook.com/search/) | Native Facebook search tool | Limited without login |
| | WhoPostedWhat | [whopostedwhat.com](https://www.whopostedwhat.com/) | Search Facebook posts by date/keyword | Requires precise queries, public accounts|
| **reddit** | r00m101.com | [r00m101](https://r00m101.com/) | Get detailed a reddit deleted or active | Pricing for full scope and features |
|| ihsoyct | [ihsoyct](https://ihsoyct.github.io/index.html) | Get archived posts from a reddit account | see [limitations](https://github.com/Fubs/reddit-uncensored?tab=readme-ov-file#limitations) different repo |
---
### **Pro Tips & Workarounds**
1. **Facebook Private Accounts**:
- Method 1: Create a fake account (difficult due to Facebook's verification)
- Method 2: Use browser's *Inspect Element* → *Device Simulator* (or mobile phone) + direct URL
- Always try logged out or in private mode first
2. **LinkedIn Limitations**:
- If profiles don't load:
- Wait 1-2 minutes (cookie/IP rotation)
- Create a basic account (avoid looking suspicious)
- HWID/IP tracking may block repeated searches
3. **Twitter Alternatives**:
- Use **Nitter**/**Xcancel**/**Sotwe** to browse anonymously.
4. **Instagram**:
- **Dumpor** bypasses some privacy settings
- **Quick Use** https://dumpor.io/v/USERNAME replace ``USERNAME`` with the user you are trying to see
- **Will not work with private accounts**
- You may also use https://imginn.com/
+ [firefox](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/imginn/)
+ [chrome](https://github.com/claromes/socialswitch) make sure to not use picuki, disable tiktok; use a different profile or browser. Can use firefox.
---
### **Key Takeaways**
- **Anonymity**: Tools like Nitter/Dumpor avoid platform tracking
- **Mobile Tricks**: Simulating mobile devices often works better for restricted content
- **Persistence**: Some platforms (LinkedIn/Facebook) require patience or account creation
- For additional tools see the Curated Lists section below.
## Curated lists
| Tool | Directs to| Notes | Limitations | Links |
|------|-----------|---------|-------------------|-------|
| Awesome OSINT | Webpage | A curated list of amazingly awesome open source intelligence tools and resources | Info may be outdated | [Awesome OSINT](https://github.com/jivoi/awesome-osint) |
| OSINT for countries V2 | Webpage | open data, legal, maps, vehicles, people, procurement, WHOIS | User contrib | [OSINT for countries V2](https://github.com/paulpogoda/OSINT-for-countries-V2.0) |
| OSINT Framework | Webpage | A larger tree list of tools | Some links are out of date | [OSINT Framework](https://osintframework.com/) |
| OSINT Resources | Webpage | Collection of OSINT resources that seems to be more up to date | | [OSINT Resources](https://sizeof.cat/post/osint-resources/) [Archive](https://archive.ph/rZZf0) |
| cipher387's OSINT collection | Webpage | A collection of several hundred online tools for OSINT | obsolete tools in list | [cipher387's OSINT collection](https://github.com/cipher387/osint_stuff_tool_collection) |
| internet tools | Webpage | A curated list from FMHY | | [internet tools](https://fmhy.xyz/internet-tools#open-source-intelligence) |
| OSINT toolbox | Webpage/Quick Links | OSINT, Privacy & OPSEC bookmarks / links | Some resources are completely free to use, others you will need to pay for however they may offer a free trial. | [OSINT toolbox](https://github.com/The-Osint-Toolbox) |
| the ultimate osint collection | Webpage | Various tools and links for OSINT | May need to reload the page, I/O[^72] | [the ultimate osint collection](https://start.me/p/DPYPMz/the-ultimate-osint-collection) |
| osint 500 tools | Webpage | Various tools and links for OSINT | May need to reload the page, I/O[^72] | [osint 500 tools](https://start.me/p/0Pqbdg/osint-500-tools) |
| OSINT Tools and Resources Handbook | webpage | An index of OSINT tools and resources | A curated list | [OSINT Tools and Resources Handbook](https://www.osinthandbook.com/) |
| **Wiki(s)** | |
|-------------------------|-------------------|
| [OSINT community](https://www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/wiki/index/) | Reddit Wikipedia |
| **Toolkit(s):** | |
|-------------------------|------------------|
| [bellingcat toolkit](https://bellingcat.gitbook.io/toolkit) | Belling cat |
| **Newsletter and topics:** | |
|---------------------------------|------------------|
| [OSINT news letter](https://osintnewsletter.com) | Newsletter |
| [Github topics - osint](https://github.com/topics/osint) | Github Topics |
| [r/OSINT](https://www.reddit.com/r/OSINT/) | Reddit |
**Protip:** use "topic" site:https://osintnewsletter.com
***example:***
"facecheck.id" site:https://osintnewsletter.com
| **AI Helpers:** | |
|-------------------------|------------------|
| [perplexity - OSINT Research](https://www.perplexity.ai/spaces/osint-research-GLt9lRgIRY.Gm5em9qYzdg) | OSINT Research |
| [perplexity - Google Dorking](https://www.perplexity.ai/spaces/google-dorking-rkHx6yQLQweCt7vlFkmK4g#0) | Google Dorking "Hacking" |
| [Coding - Tampermonkey](https://www.perplexity.ai/spaces/coding-m2PpkGBUTjeypO6yq9oO3A) | Coding |
| **OPT OUTs / self OSINT** | **Compare info** |
|----------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| [Google dorks](https://www.google.com/advanced_search) | |
| [Results about you (google index)](https://myactivity.google.com/results-about-you) | Check what google emails you; actually visit the website and see about doing an opt-out there. |
| [Opt Out list](https://github.com/yaelwrites/Big-Ass-Data-Broker-Opt-Out-List) | |
| [inteltechniques opt out workbook](https://inteltechniques.com/workbook.html) | |
| [people search tools](#people-search-tools-in-the-states) |
| [osintframework](https://osintframework.com/) | |
| [osint resources](https://sizeof.cat/post/osint-resources/) | |
| [awesome osint](https://github.com/jivoi/awesome-osint?tab=readme-ov-file#-people-investigations) | |
| [Internet tools](https://fmhy.xyz/internet-tools#open-source-intelligence) | |
| [The Osint Toolbox](https://github.com/The-Osint-Toolbox/People-Search-OSINT) | |
| [osint stuff tool collection](https://github.com/cipher387/osint_stuff_tool_collection?tab=readme-ov-file#universal-contact-search-and-leaks-search) | |
Google will find websites containing your first-last name and address and will ask to remove it from the index. Before applying the removal process on google search be sure to remove info from the website itself that it's hosted on. Google Dorking seems to be a bit quicker and preemptive on removing info about yourself after you visit said sites (if applicable).
Google dork the manual way so that you don't get flagged as a bot.
### And the final graph, the data collection pipeline:
## Donations:
If you find this useful feel free to donate to this monero address:
```
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA256
Monero Address
454oYA9xKnUB1TqaQXtcz33wW2Qmfo8FGBFxoa2BGt7FgLUPA67PCYQYTqtNmRDHudh8px6QQCwTY1JddkkV1qseCoyEupn
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
iHUEARYIAB0WIQSqMaHvdxncX6eJu/uujDIK2tNKXwUCaUsnIQAKCRCujDIK2tNK
X7r3AQDszPXqf88VubYjphl6Umo3NNyBf89mN0gD0HBY0WB52wEA5YO50yDMSChf
wiizSgFWPpcss2LKdTw/RF+e5kR7OQE=
=+yrR
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
```
**Made a radicle account for some of my forks and repos! Feel free to seed, clone and fork.**
My PGP:
[pgp.txt](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/airborne-commando/0ca1153f3312bc6341b1ed695f8693e7/raw/pgp.txt)
```
Comment: Valid from: 12/12/25 7:01 PM
Comment: Valid until:12/12/30 11:58 PM
Comment: If this key doesn't change and is expired either something happened to me or I simply forgot.
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----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=vB9J
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
```
Github gitea and rad:
[Messages](https://gist.githubusercontent.com/airborne-commando/b55a40c20edd0a2cc29797cd163d1632/raw/messages.txt)
```
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA512
https://app.radicle.xyz/nodes/rosa.radicle.xyz/users/did:key:z6MkvGytBYjSqWAzTQwiWnNHkRxBM3zvyvvFRCprxHzoZEj9
https://app.radicle.xyz/nodes/iris.radicle.xyz/users/did:key:z6MkvGytBYjSqWAzTQwiWnNHkRxBM3zvyvvFRCprxHzoZEj9
https://gitea.com/jc-denton/OPSEC-OSINT-Tools
https://github.com/airborne-commando/OPSEC-OSINT-Tools
If this expires and isn't renewed, either something happened to me or I forgot.
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
iHUEARYKAB0WIQSqMaHvdxncX6eJu/uujDIK2tNKXwUCaT4l0AAKCRCujDIK2tNK
X0vrAP9kecNWN/X9yz8dQ9Vf4e0N9aMpLpS2zSeA+i0ZHuF8oAEAmYJI6zW4DCZd
sr6/CAi5crClo+Cucr30xyrHeDc0mwA=
=inZ6
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
```
## External links:
[Academic publishing overview - Copyright (updated Jun. 24 2025)](https://guides.library.cmu.edu/c.php?g=1161877&p=9949658)
[An in-depth guide to choosing a VPN - Network security (Updated Jan. 18, 2025)](https://freedom.press/digisec/blog/choosing-a-vpn/)
[Best VPN Services: Which performs best? - VPN (Nov 1. 2025)](https://cyberinsider.com/vpn/best/)
[Guerilla Open Access Manifesto - Internet Archive (Swartz, July 2008)](https://ia600101.us.archive.org/1/items/GuerillaOpenAccessManifesto/Goamjuly2008.pdf)
[A Standalone Osint Agency For Stronger National Security - George Mason University (Gauthier, 2025)](https://nationalsecurity.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/A-Standalone-OSINT-Agency-for-Stronger-National-Security-FINAL-WEB.pdf)
[Why haven't technologies fixed open source intelligence? - James Madison University. (Sparks, 2014. pg. 110-111 "Developments to Watch")](https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=master201019#page=118)
[Data Brokers: What They Are and What You Can Do About Them - Safety Net Project (NNEDV, 2022)](https://archive.ph/CtGVB)
[List of “People Searching” websites - Minnesota House of Representatives (n.d.)](https://www.house.mn.gov/comm/docs/6d27576c-8677-4541-b7c5-7be3a375a72c.pdf)
[People Search - peopleconnect (n.d.)](https://peopleconnect.us/people-search/)
[digital profiling - techtarget (Hanna, Jun. 11 2024)](https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/digital-profiling)
[Beginner’s Guide to Hidden Data with Google Dorking - dorksearch (Jamie, Jan. 20 2023)](https://archive.ph/BuniB)
[Personal Security of First Responders in the Digital Age - JCAT (Mar. 31 2021)](https://www.dni.gov/files/NCTC/documents/jcat/firstresponderstoolbox/111s_-_First_Responders_Toolbox_-_Personal_Security_of_First_Responders_in_the_Digital_Age-survey.pdf)
[More about Dan - dmrussell (Russell, n.d.)](https://sites.google.com/site/dmrussell/more-about-dan)
[Advanced Search Operators - Google Docs (Russell, Feb. 8 2024)](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ydVaJJeL1EYbWtlfj9TPfBTE5IBADkQfZrQaBZxqXGs)
[Washington Court Rules That Data Captured on Flock Safety Cameras Are Public Records - EFF (Lipton, Nov 12. 2025)](https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/11/washington-court-rules-data-captured-flock-safety-cameras-are-public-records)
[This Flock Camera Leak is like Netflix For Stalkers - 404 Media (Jordan, Dec 22. 2025)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU1-uiUlHTo)
[OSINT: How to Find Information about ANYONE! - CyberFlow (Jan 21. 2024)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nd5W82KN9B8)
[Google Hacking Database (Long, 2002)](https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database)
[OSINT: how to find ALL information about ANYONE!! - Mad Hat (Oct 24, 2025)](https://youtu.be/5wYMZVJupDg?t=309)
[What is AI data poisoning? - cloudflare (2026)](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ai/data-poisoning/)
[Maigret MCP Server - playbooks (n.d.)](https://playbooks.com/mcp/burtthecoder/mcp-maigret)
[Maigret MCP Server: Installing manually - BurtTheCoder (Dec 13. 2024)](https://github.com/BurtTheCoder/mcp-maigret?tab=readme-ov-file#installing-manually)
## References:
[^1]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence. “Intelligence Community.” Office of the Director of National Intelligence, www.odni.gov/index.php/ncsc-what-we-do/121-dni/intelligence-community. Accessed 24 Sept. 2025. (Office of the Director of National Intelligence, sec.HUMINT)
[^2]: Mohammad Taha Khan, Joe DeBlasio, Geoffrey M. Voelker, Alex C. Snoeren, Chris Kanich, and Narseo Vallina-Rodriguez. 2018. An Empirical Analysis of the Commercial VPN Ecosystem. In Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018 (IMC '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1145/3278532.3278570
[^3]: “Library Research Guides: Digital Privacy: Digital Privacy Practices.” Indiana University Bloomington, wayback machine, 7 July 2025, https://web.archive.org/web/20250208104257/https://guides.libraries.indiana.edu/c.php?g=1325689&p=9771453.
[^3]: Department Of Justice. “Grand Jury Indicts 12 Russian Intelligence Officers for Hacking.” U.S. Department of Justice, 6 Feb. 2025, www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/grand-jury-indicts-12-russian-intelligence-officers-hacking-offenses-related-2016-election.
[^4]: Department of Homeland Security. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Activity for the Week of March 20, 2025- March 26, 2025 DHS Privacy Office March 31, 2025 Weekly FOIA Report. 31 Mar. 2025, www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/25_0731_PRIV_Chief_FOIA_Officers_Weekly_Report_March_31_25_to_June_30_25.pdf.
[^5]: “Ross Ulbricht, a/K/a ‘Dread Pirate Roberts,’ Sentenced in Manhattan.” U.S. Department of Justice, 29 May 2015, www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/ross-ulbricht-aka-dread-pirate-roberts-sentenced-manhattan-federal-court-life-prison.
[^6]: Lamoureux, Mack, and Mack Lamoureux. “How 4Chan’s Worst Trolls Pulled off the Heist of the Century.” VICE, 27 July 2024, www.vice.com/en/article/4chan-does-first-good-thing-pulls-off-the-heist-of-the-century1.
[^7]: chasd00. "remember when 4chan figured out the location of a terrorist training camp from one of their PR photos and called in a literal airstrike? I like how 4chan is sometimes described as weaponized autism." 8 Dec. 2022, Imgur, https://imgur.com/N7DwWP1?r. Online forum comment.
[^8]: “The Time 4Chan Called in an Airstrike.” Youtube, uploaded by Pezle, 17 Aug. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR6epSP_Xlw.
[^9]: "*Washington State Technology. What Is a VPN, and How Does It Work?*" Washington Technology Solutions. https://web.archive.org/web/20250403151533/https://watech.wa.gov/what-vpn-and-how-does-it-work. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^10]: State Of New Jersey. “Virtual Private Networks.” State Of New Jersey Cybersecurity & Communications Integration Cell, www.cyber.nj.gov/guidance-and-best-practices/wi-fi-network-security/virtual-private-networks. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^11]: New York University. “Demystifying the Dark Web: An Introduction to Tor and Onion Routing – Networks at ITP.” New York University, https://web.archive.org/web/20250811141831/https://itp.nyu.edu/networks/explanations/demystifying-the-dark-web-an-introduction-to-tor-and-onion-routing/.
[^12]: CISA. “Defending Against Malicious Cyber Activity Originating From Tor.” Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency, 2 Aug. 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20250908095402/https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa20-183a.
[^13]: CIA. “CIA’s Latest Layer: An Onion Site - CIA.” CIA, 7 May 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20210205193613/https://www.cia.gov/stories/story/cias-latest-layer-an-onion-site/.
[^14]: Kuo, Tsung-Ting et al. “Comparison of blockchain platforms: a systematic review and healthcare examples.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA vol. 26,5 (2019): 462-478. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocy185
[^15]: Rüth, Jan, et al. “Digging into Browser-Based Crypto Mining.” Proceedings of the Internet Measurement Conference 2018, ACM, 2018, pp. 70–76. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.1145/3278532.3278539.
[^16]: College of Staten Island Library. (2025, August 26). *Misinformation and disinformation: Thinking critically about information sources.* https://library.csi.cuny.edu/misinformation
[^17]: Ghenai, Amira, and Yelena Mejova. "Catching Fire: Identifying Propaganda on Social Media in the Context of the Russia-Ukraine War." *PLOS ONE*, vol. 17, no. 2, Feb. 2022, p. e0263421. *PubMed Central*, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263421. Accessed 22 Sept. 2025.
[^18]: Osint, Forensic. “In a Clever LinkedIn Post, Yoni Shares a Privacy Insight and a Practical OSINT Technique Worth Bookmarking.” linkedin, 7 Aug. 2025, www.linkedin.com/posts/forensicosint_in-a-clever-linkedin-post-yoni-shares-activity-7359045935919755266-JdTX.
[^19]: “Syria’s Civil War Reignites in Dramatic Fashion as Russia Joins Airstrikes on Rebels Who Seized Aleppo.” CBS News, 2 Dec. 2024, www.cbsnews.com/news/syria-war-aleppo-airstrikes-russia-assad-rebels-offensive.
[^20]: FBI. “Leading Member of the International Cyber Criminal Group LulzSec Sentenced in Manhattan Federal Court.” FBI, 27 May 2014, https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press-releases/leading-member-of-the-international-cyber-criminal-group-lulzsec-sentenced-in-manhattan-federal-court.
[^21]: Hope Trampski. “Hacktivism: The Short Life of LulzSec.” Purdue University cyberTAP, 5 Dec. 2024, https://web.archive.org/web/20250303215642/https://cyber.tap.purdue.edu/blog/articles/hacktivism-the-short-life-of-lulzsec/.
[^22]: “Harvard Student Charged With Making Hoax Bomb Threat.” United States Department of Justice, 16 Dec. 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20250710222935/https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/harvard-student-charged-making-hoax-bomb-threat.
[^23]: “Cameroon: Soldiers Get 10 Years for Murder of Civilians.” Human Rights Watch, 28 Oct. 2020, www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/23/cameroon-soldiers-get-10-years-murder-civilians.
[^24]: MPA, Brandon Burley. “OSINT Tools for Investigators to Track Criminal Activity Online.” Lexipol Media Group, 23 Aug. 2025, www.police1.com/investigations/thinking-like-a-criminal-how-osint-can-take-your-investigations-further.
[^25]: Schifferle, L. W. (2016, December 14). *Ashley Madison settles with FTC over data security.* Federal Trade Commission. https://web.archive.org/web/20250801210212/https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2016/12/ashley-madison-settles-ftc-over-data-security
[^26]: DIA. “OPEN SOURCE INTELLIGENCE (OSINT).” Defense Intelligence Agency, 23 Oct. 2023, www.dia.mil/About/Open-Source-Intelligence.
[^27]: ODNI and CIA. “ODNI and CIA Release the Intelligence Community OSINT Strategy for 2024-2026.” office of the director of national intelligence, 8 Mar. 2024, www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/press-releases/press-releases-2024/3784-odni-and-cia-release-the-intelligence-community-osint-strategy-for-2024-2026.
[^28]: “IC21: The Intelligence Community in the 21st Century.” U.S. Government Publishing Office, https://web.archive.org/web/20250118091240/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-IC21/html/GPO-IC21-6.html. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^29]: dni. “JCAT Intelligence Guide for First Responders.” Office of the Director of National Intelligence, www.dni.gov/nctc/jcat/jcat_ctguide/intel_guide.html. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^30]: Gomzin, Slava. “Telegram May Not Be as Secure as It Claims.” IEEE Spectrum, 14 Oct. 2024, https://web.archive.org/web/20250905150200/https://spectrum.ieee.org/telegram-security.
[^31]: Signal. “Is It Private? Can I Trust It?” Signal, www.support.signal.org/hc/en-us/articles/360007320391-Is-it-private-Can-I-trust-it. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^32]: “SimpleX: Redefining Privacy by Making Hard Choices.” SimpleX, 16 May 2024, www.simplex.chat/blog/20240516-simplex-redefining-privacy-hard-choices.html.
[^33]: CSRC Content Editor. “*Operations Security (OPSEC) - Glossary.* *CSRC.*” Computer Security Resource Center, www.csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/operations_security. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^34]: Department Of Labor. “Operations Security (OPSEC).” United States Department Of Labor, https://web.archive.org/web/20250516072228/https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/centers-offices/emergency-management-center/operations-security. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^35]: “Guides: Finding Datasets: Public Data Sources.” University of North Texas Libraries, 22 Jan. 2025, https://guides.library.unt.edu/datasets/public-data-sources.
[^36]: Law Insider. (2025). *Commercial data definition*. Law Insider Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.lawinsider.com
[^37]: Joseph, E. (2025, September 24). *What is grey literature?* Johns Hopkins University, Welch Medical Library. https://browse.welch.jhmi.edu/c.php?g=1195274
[^38]: University of Maryland Libraries. (2023). *Research guides: Maryland genealogy: What is genealogical research?* University of Maryland. https://lib.guides.umd.edu/c.php?g=326980&p=2198795
[^39]: Virginia Tech University Libraries. (n.d.). *Research guides: Genealogy: Index.* Virginia Tech. https://guides.lib.vt.edu/topics/genealogy
[^40]: “The Comprehensive Chris Chan Documentary.” www.youtube.com, uploaded by GenoSamuel, 24 Feb. 2019, www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLABqEYq6H3vpCmsmyUnHnfMOeAnjBdSNm.
[^41]: Leighton, Mara, et al. “A Timeline of Chris Chan’s Incest Charge and Dismissal, Which Came After Years of Online Trolling That Documented the Creator’s Relationship With Her Mother.” Business Insider, 18 Aug. 2024, www.businessinsider.com/chris-chan-saga-timeline-incest-charges-arrest-2021-8.
[^42"]: IMDb. “Christine Weston Chandler.” IMDb, www.imdb.com/name/nm4813395. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^43]: bugzorc. “suspectAGB.” *opsecfail*, http://web.archive.org/web/20250811043247/http://www.opsecfail.github.io/blog.html?filecase=suspectAGB. wayback machine archive.
[^44]: Evans, Jacob. “Alex Smith: Drill Rappers Sentenced to Life Over Street Stabbing.” *BBC*, 12 May 2023, www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-65570367.
[^45]: bugzorc. “W0RMER.” opsecfail, http://web.archive.org/web/20250811043247/https://opsecfail.github.io/blog.html?filecase=w0rmer. wayback machine archive.
[^46]: “W0rmer – Darknet Diaries.” darknetdiaries, episode 63, 14 Apr. 2020, https://darknetdiaries.com/transcript/63.
[^47]: Centre for Information Resilience. “OSINT 101: What Is Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)? - Centre for Information Resilience.” Centre for Information Resilience, 1 Sept. 2023, https://info-res.org/afghan-witness/articles/osint-101-what-is-open-source-intelligence-osint. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^48]: Wild, Johanna. “Introducing Bellingcat’s Collaborative Open Source Toolkit.” Bellingcat, 24 Sept. 2024, www.bellingcat.com/resources/2024/09/24/bellingcat-online-investigations-toolkit.
[^49]: Ibm. “Penetration Testing.” ibm.com, www.ibm.com/think/topics/penetration-testing. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^50]: Martisiute, Laura. “A Guide to Doxxing Yourself on the Internet - JoinDeleteMe.” joindeleteme, 22 Jan. 2024, www.joindeleteme.com/doxxing/a-guide-to-doxxing-yourself-on-the-internet.
[^51]: U.S. Small Business Administration. “Market Research and Competitive Analysis.” U.S. Small Business Administration, https://web.archive.org/web/20250928084324/https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/plan-your-business/market-research-competitive-analysis archived. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^52]: FBI. “Behavioral Analysis.” FBI, https://web.archive.org/web/20251002110329/https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-investigate/behavioral-analysis archived. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
[^53]: Bagdasar, Hannah. “Recognising Sexual and Gender-Based Violence as an Open Source Researcher - Bellingcat.” Bellingcat, 3 Mar. 2023, www.bellingcat.com/resources/2023/03/03/sexual-and-gender-based-violence-open-source-researche-osint-digital.
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