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https://github.com/akalongman/ubuntu-configuration

Configuration of Debian based OS, such as: Ubuntu, Mint, and Elementary OS
https://github.com/akalongman/ubuntu-configuration

configuration debian mint os settings ubuntu ubuntu-1510 ubuntu-1604 ubuntu-configuration unity

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Configuration of Debian based OS, such as: Ubuntu, Mint, and Elementary OS

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# Configuration of Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat)



This guide is for [Ubuntu](http://ubuntu.com/desktop), but also compatible with a other __Debian__ based OS as well, like [Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/), [Elementary OS](http://elementaryos.org/), etc.



There are configurations for other versions such as [20.04](tree/20.04), [18.04](tree/18.04), [16.04](tree/16.04), [15.10](tree/15.10)



All commands/configurations are tested (I am currently use this configuration), but anyway, everything you do is "at your own risk".



If you found any issue, please let me know on [Issues Page](https://github.com/akalongman/ubuntu-configuration/issues) or via email [email protected]



***



# Table of Contents

- [Optional Configurations](#optional-configurations)

    - [Get System Details](#get-system-details)

        - [Operating System](#operating-system)

        - [CPU Info](#cpu-info)

        - [VGA Info](#vga-info)

        - [Motherboard Info](#motherboard-info)

        - [BIOS Info](#bios-info)

        - [Memory and Usage Info](#memory-and-usage-info)

        - [Disks](#disks)

        - [GUI Processes](#gui-processes)

        - [Startup Times](#startup-times) (Find out the Culprit of a Slow Boot)

        - [Packages](#packages)

        - [Other Commands](#other-commands)

            - [Screenshots](#screenshots)

            - [Print Power Consumption in Watts](#print-power-consumption-in-watts)

    - [List all KeyBindings](#list-all-keybindings)

    - [Use 32Bit on 64bit](#use-32bit-on-64bit)

    - [Networking](#networking)

    - [Order of Grub](#order-of-grub)

    - [Mounting Drives](#mounting-drives)

        - [Mounting of Local Drives](#mounting-of-local-drives)

        - [Mounting of Network Drives](#mounting-of-network-drives)

        - [Mounting Amazon Cloud Drive](#mounting-amazon-cloud-drive)

    - [SSH](#ssh)

        - [Generate a New SSH Key](#generate-a-new-ssh-key)

        - [Connecting to a Host](#connecting-to-a-host)

        - [.ssh Folder Permissions](#ssh-folder-permissions)

        - [Using the Config File](#using-the-config-file)

        - [Convert SSH to PEM](#convert-ssh-to-pem)

    - [GPG](#gpg)

        - [Generate a New GPG Key](#generate-a-new-gpg-key)

        - [Generate ASCII Armored Version of Public Key](#generate-ascii-armored-version-of-public-key)

        - [Uploading The Key to Ubuntu Keyserver](#uploading-the-key-to-ubuntu-keyserver)

        - [Signing Git Commits Using GPG](#signing-git-commits-using-gpg)

        - [Backup The GPG Key](#backup-the-gpg-key)

        - [Restore The GPG Key](#restore-the-gpg-key)

    - [Enable Native Virtualization](#enable-native-virtualization)

    - [Format USB](#format-usb)

    - [Write iso Image to USB](#write-iso-image-to-usb)

    - [Convert .ISO to .IMG format](#convert-iso-to-img-format)

    - [Add Printers](#add-printers)

        - [HP](#hp)

    - [Update BIOS on Laptop/PC](#update-bios-on-laptoppc)

        - [Lenovo](#update-bios-on-lenovo)

    - [Sniff Local Traffic](#sniff-local-traffic)

    - [Play Sound Through Multiple Outputs](#play-sound-through-multiple-outputs)

    - [Terminal Prompt Customization](#terminal-prompt-customization)

    - [Set CPU Governor to Performance](#set-cpu-governor-to-performance)

    - [Run Script on System Startup](#run-script-on-system-startup)

    - [Manage Swap](#manage-swap)

    - [Install Fonts](#install-fonts)

- [Installation Packages](#installation-packages)

    - [Enable PPAs](#enable-ppas)

    - [Flatpak](#flatpak)

    - [System Tools](#system-tools)

        - [Install Nvidia Drivers](#install-nvidia-drivers) (Install drivers from official repository for Nvidia Drivers)

        - [Install Nvidia Cuda Toolkit](#install-nvidia-cuda-toolkit) (Install CUDA toolkit from official repository for Nvidia)

        - [Install ATI Drivers](#install-ati-drivers)

        - [Utilities](#utilities)

        - [Dark Theme](#dark-theme)

        - [Oracle Java](#oracle-java)

        - [Wine](#wine) (Windows emulator) (Run Microsoft® Windows® applications on linux)

        - [Nautilus-Actions](#nautilus-actions) (Graphically create custom context menu options for Ubuntu's Nautilus file manager)

        - [Hardinfo](#hardinfo) (Everest/Aida alternative for linux)

        - [Caffeine](#caffeine) (Prevent the activation of the screensaver when using full-screen windows)

        - [GNU Screen](#gnu-screen) (Full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal between several processes)

        - [Neofetch](#neofetch) (A fast, highly customizable system info script)

        - [GParted](#gparted) (Partition editor for graphically managing disk partitions)

        - [Firewall](#firewall)

            - [UFW](#ufw)

            - [GUFW](#gufw)

        - [Geekbench](#geekbench) (Geekbench 5 is a cross-platform benchmark that measures your system's performance with the press of a button)

        - [Clonezilla](#clonezilla) (Clonezilla is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program. It helps you to do system deployment, bare metal backup and recovery.)

        - [Screen Testing Soft](#screen-testing-soft) (This is a program for testing the quality of CRT/LCD screens. It displays various patterns and allows you to estimate the quality of your CRT/LCD monitor.)

        - [Ventoy](#ventoy) (Open source tool to create bootable USB drive for ISO/WIM/IMG/VHD(x)/EFI files. You can copy many files at a time and ventoy will give you a boot menu to select them.)

    - [Other Tools](#other-tools)

        - [Google Chrome](#google-chrome)

        - [Firefox](#firefox)

        - [PlayOnLinux](#playonlinux) (Software which using wine allows you to easily install and use numerous games and apps designed to run with Microsoft® Windows®)

        - [Dropbox](#dropbox) (Allows users to create a special folder on their computers, which Dropbox then synchronizes so that it appears to be the same folder (with the same contents) regardless of which device is used to view it)

        - [Sublime Text 3](#sublime-text-3) (A sophisticated text editor for code, markup and prose)

        - [Pidgin](#pidgin)

        - [DBeaver](#dbeaver) (Database management tool)

        - [VirtualBox](#virtualbox)

        - [Android Studio](#android-studio)

        - [SmartGit](#smart-git)

        - [FileZilla](#filezilla) (sFTP Client)

        - [Spotify](#spotify)

        - [Meld Diff Tool](#meld-diff-tool)

        - [Vagrant](#vagrant)

        - [Docker](#docker)

        - [Audacious Audio Player](#audacious-audio-player)

        - [XnViewMP](#xnviewmp) (Powerful cross-platform media browser, viewer and converter)

        - [Sticky Notes](#sticky-notes)

        - [Guake](#guake) (Quake like Terminal)

        - [Skype](#skype)

        - [Telegram](#telegram)

        - [Slack](#slack)

        - [Viber](#viber)

        - [Gimp](#gimp)

        - [VLC Player](#vlc-player)

        - [KDEnlive Video Editor](#kdenlive-video-editor)

        - [Httpie](#httpie) (Terminal HTTP client)

        - [Peek](#peek) (Simple animated GIF screen recorder with an easy to use interface)

        - [OBS](#obs) (Video recording and live streaming)

        - [USB Maker for Windows ISO on Linux](#usb-maker-for-windows-iso-on-linux)

        - [StarUML](#staruml) (A sophisticated software modeler for agile and concise modeling)

        - [Gramps](#gramps) (A geneological tree manager)

        - [uGet](#uget) (A download manager)

        - [Xournal](#xournal) (Xournal is a GUI application primarily developed for note-taking, sketching use case and PDF editing)

        - [Transmission](#transmission) (A Fast, Easy and Free Bittorrent Client For macOS, Windows and Linux)

        - [Timeshift](#timeshift) (Timeshift for Linux is an application that provides functionality similar to the System Restore feature in Windows and the Time Machine tool in Mac OS)

        - [LibreOffice](#libreOffice) (LibreOffice is a free and powerful office suite, and a successor to OpenOffice.org (commonly known as OpenOffice))

    - [Development](#development)

        - [LAMP](#lamp)

            - [PHP](#php)

                - [PHP 5.6](#php-56)

                - [PHP 7.0](#php-70)

                - [PHP 7.4](#php-74)

                - [PHP 8.0](#php-80)

                - [PHP 8.1](#php-81)

                - [PHP 8.2](#php-82)

                - [Switch PHP Versions](#switch-php-versions)

            - [Composer](#composer)

            - [PHPUnit](#phpunit)

            - [Apache](#apache)

                - [Installation](#apache-installation)

                - [Enable php-mcrypt](#apache-enable-php-mcrypt)

                - [Configure Dynamic Virtualhosts](#apache-configure-dynamic-virtualhosts)

                - [Configure SSL for Dynamic Virtualhosts](#apache-configure-ssl-for-dynamic-virtualhosts)

            - [Nginx](#nginx)

            - [Generate SSL certificates for local domains](#generate-ssl-certificates-for-local-domains)

            - [MySQL](#mysql)

            - [Percona Toolkit](#percona-toolkit)

            - [MyCLI](#mycli) Terminal MySQL Utility

            - [PostgreSQL](#postgresql)

            - [Memcached](#Memcached)

            - [Redis](#redis)

                - [Multiple Redis Instances](#multiple-redis-instances)

            - [ELK Stack](#elk-stack) Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana

            - [Letsencrypt](#letsencrypt)

            - [Phalcon](#phalcon)

            - [Phalcon Dev Tools](#phalcon-dev-tools)

            - [Secure Permissions](#secure-permissions)

        - [Python](#python)

            - [Virtualenv](#virtualenv)

        - [Go](#go)

        - [Ruby](#ruby)

        - [NodeJS](#nodejs)

        - [Yarn](#yarn)

        - [Ansible](#ansible)

    - [Gaming](#gaming)

        - [Steam](#steam) (Ultimate entertainment platform)

        - [PCSXR](#pcsxr) (PlayStation 1 Emulator)

- [Customizations](#customizations)

    - [System Tweaks](#system-tweaks)

        - [Increase Inotify Watches Limit](#increase-inotify-watches-limit)

        - [Disable Git Certificate Verification](#disable-git-certificate-verification)

    - [Shortcuts](#shortcuts)

    - [VIM Customization](#vim-customization)

    - [Add Georgian Keyboard](#add-georgian-keyboard)

    - [Touchpad Settings](#touchpad-settings)

        - [Change Scroll Speed](#change-scroll-speed)

- [Ubuntu Fixes](#ubuntu-fixes)

    - [Ubuntu Infinite Login](#ubuntu-infinite-login)

    - [PCI Device Is Not Recognized Correctly](#pci-device-is-not-recognized-correctly)

    - [Restore Screen Brightness and Keyboard backlit on Reboot](#restore-screen-brightness-and-keyboard-backlit-on-reboot)

    - [Disable UEFI Choice Screen](#disable-uefi-choice-screen)

    - [Disable Enhanced Tailing](#disable-enhanced-tailing)

- [GUI](#gui)

    - [Move Dock To Bottom](#move-dock-to-bottom)

    - [Easy Window Resize](#easy-window-resize)

    - [Left or Right Close Buttons](#left-or-right-close-buttons)

    - [Fix Gnome Lockscreen](#fix-gnome-lockscreen)

    - [Gnome Extensions](#gnome-extensions)

    - [Reload Gnome Freeze](#reload-gnome-freeze)

    - [Create Desktop Launcher](create-desktop-launcher)

- [Virtual Machine Related](#virtual-machine-related)

    - [Fix Mouse Side Buttons in VMWare](#fix-mouse-side-buttons-in-vmware)

    - [Vagrant VBGuest Fix](#vagrant-vbguest-fix)

    - [Windows 8 VirtualBox Fix](#windows-8-virtualbox-fix)

- [Synchronize Configurations](#synchronize-configurations)

    - [Sync Sublime Text](#sync-sublime-text)

    - [Sync FileZilla](#sync-filezilla)

- [Chrome Addons](#chrome-addons)

- [Other Applications](#other-applications)

- [Clean System](#clean-system)



***



[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



# Optional Configurations



### Get System Details



#### Operating System



    lsb_release -a

    lsb_release -as     # Short Information

    lsb_release -sc     # OS Codename

    lsb_release --help



#### CPU Info



    sudo dmidecode -t processor

    

Or



    nproc               # How many Processing Units

    cpuid               # Must install cpuid from terminal

    cat /proc/cpuinfo   # Lots of info



#### VGA Info



    sudo lshw -C display



#### Motherboard Info



    sudo dmidecode -t baseboard



#### BIOS Info



    sudo dmidecode -t bios



#### Memory and Usage Info



    free -h             # Human readable, or do --help for options

    top or htop         # Must install htop

    vmstat -s

    cat /proc/meminfo   # Lots of info



#### Disks

Disk Space



    df

    df -B MB    # In Megabtyes,  etc



Or install `ncdu` and run 



    ncdu /



Disk Space Analyzer



    sudo baobab



Disks UUID



    ls -al /dev/disk/by-uuid/



#### GUI Processes



    gnome-system-monitor



#### Startup Times

You can find out which service takes how much time to finish 

starting up by entering the following command in terminal:



    systemd-analyze blame



Overall startup time you can find via:



    systemd-analyze time



#### Packages



List all installed Packages



    dpkg -l



List only packages which were expressly installed



    aptitude search '~i!~M'



#### Other Commands



##### Screenshots

To taking screenshot from terminal run this:



    gnome-screenshot



With delay 5 seconds



    gnome-screenshot --delay 5



With delay 5 seconds and only window



    gnome-screenshot -w --delay 5



For changing default save directory for gnome-screenshot, use the command



    gsettings set org.gnome.gnome-screenshot auto-save-directory "file:///home/$USER/Pictures/"



##### Print power consumption in watts



    awk '{print $1*10^-6 " W"}' /sys/class/power_supply/BAT0/power_now



Also, you can install `powertop` for listing consumption per process.



    sudo apt install powertop



You might need calibrate `powertop` before first use. For calibrate, run:



    sudo powertop --calibrate



## List all Keybindings



    gsettings list-recursively  org.gnome.desktop.wm.keybindings | sort | more



See your keypressed:



    xev



Or for a lot of details:



    xev | grep KeyPress



## Use 32Bit on 64bit



You can use 32Bit applications if you like, sometimes this is useful.



    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y unetbootin



## Networking



To enable Networking, and make it accessible to all computers such as Windows also, first install Samba:



    $ sudo apt install -y samba



Then edit the Samba config:



    $ vim /etc/samba/smb.conf



Under `[global]` change the workgroup to what you use, the default is WORKGROUP:



    workgroup = WORKGROUP



Then you will have to reload your Session.



## Order of Grub

If you are running Grub as your default boot-loader, you can use this application to make it easier to change the order.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:danielrichter2007/grub-customizer

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y grub-customizer



Load the application either with `` and look for grub customizer or terminal `gksudo grub-customizer`.



Go to the `General Settings` tab, and you'll see *default entry*.



- Click the drop-down list and you can either select Entry By Order (Left Column) Or a specific Item (Right Column).

- If you are dual booting Windows and want Windows the default, Select the right column for Windows.

- The reason is if more items are added, perhaps new kernels, then if Position 5 which held Windows will no longer be the default.



## Mounting Drives



### Mounting of Local Drives



Open /etc/fstab



    sudo vim /etc/fstab



Add to /etc/fstab this line (You can get DISK UUID by command ```ls -al /dev/disk/by-uuid/```):



For NTFS disk:



    UUID=[DISK UUID] /media/D ntfs-3g defaults,windows_names,locale=en_US.utf8 0 2



For ext4 disk:



    UUID=[DISK UUID] /media/D ext4 defaults 0 2



After run



    sudo mount -a



### Mounting of Network Drives



Open /etc/fstab



    sudo vim /etc/fstab



And add:



If requires authorization:



    username@remote_address:/remote/path /local/path fuse.sshfs delay_connect,_netdev,idmap=user,uid=1000,gid=1000,noatime,default_permissions,IdentityFile=/home//.ssh/id_rsa,reconnect,transform_symlinks,allow_other 0 0



If not requires:



    //remote_address/remote/path /local/path cifs guest,iocharset=utf8,uid=1000,gid=1000,file_mode=0777,dir_mode=0777,noperm,_netdev 0 0



After run



    sudo mount -a



### Mounting Amazon Cloud Drive



Install Prerequisites



    sudo apt install -y python3 python3-appdirs python3-dateutil python3-requests python3-sqlalchemy python3-pip



Install acd_cli (https://github.com/yadayada/acd_cli)



    cd ~ && sudo pip3 install --upgrade git+https://github.com/yadayada/acd_cli.git



Initiate "sync" which will launch a browser (chrome/lynx/etc) to amazon.com and setup your oauth key.



    acd_cli sync



Copy/Paste and store your oauth data.

Note: it will most likely have improper newline breaks. Fixup in your favorite text editor.



    vim ~/.cache/acd_cli/oauth_data



Add your user to the "fuse" group to allow mounting



    sudo addgroup  fuse



Mount the root of your Amazon Cloud drive to the /media/amazon directory



    mkdir /media/amazon

    acd_cli mount /media/amazon



Upload



    -d     exclude duplicate files from upload

    -x     upload threads



e.g. Upload your local /media/videos directory to the root of your Amazon Cloud Drive.



    acd_cli upload -d -x 4 /media/videos /



## SSH



### Generate a New SSH Key



    ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "[email protected]"



### Connecting to a Host



    ssh [email protected]  (default port is 22)

    ssh [email protected] -p 8000 (connect to specific port)

    ssh [email protected] -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa (connect with specific ssh key)



### .ssh Folder Permissions



    chmod 700 ~/.ssh

    chmod 644 ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

    chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa

    chmod 600 ~/.ssh/known_hosts

    chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys



### Using the Config File



You can also create a ~/.ssh/config file and store entries such as:



    Host aws

    Hostname host.amazonaws.com

    Port 22

    Identityfile ~/.ssh/id_rsa

    User myusername

    

    Host my-vps

    Hostname 34.16.67.129

    Port 22

    User root

   

You can then simply type:

    

    ssh aws

    ssh my-vps



### Convert SSH to PEM



Sometimes you may need a PEM format SSH Key. You can easily add this alongside your other SSH keys.



    openssl rsa -in ~/.ssh/keyname_rsa -outform pem > keyname_rsa.pem

    chmod 700 keyname_rsa.pem



## GPG



### Generate a New GPG Key



Open a terminal and type:



    gpg --gen-key

    

GPG will now ask you a number of questions about the type of key you want to generate. 

Follow the steps below to select the default option each time.    

    

Check that your key has been generated by typing 



    gpg --list-secret-keys --keyid-format LONG

    

and, if successful  

    

    /Users/hubot/.gnupg/secring.gpg

    ------------------------------------

    sec   4096R/3AA5C34371567BD2 2016-03-10 [expires: 2017-03-10]

    uid                          Hubot 

    ssb   4096R/42B317FD4BA89E7A 2016-03-10

 

Add variables in your .bashrc

 

    export GPGKEY=3AA5C34371567BD2

     

### Generate ASCII Armored Version of Public Key    

     

    gpg --output gpg.asc --export -a $GPGKEY



### Uploading The Key to Ubuntu Keyserver



    gpg --send-keys --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com $GPGKEY

    

You can check your keys on the http://keyserver.ubuntu.com/    

    

### Signing Git Commits Using GPG



To configure your Git client to sign commits by default for a local repository, in Git versions 2.0.0 and above, run 



    git config --global user.signingkey {YOUR KEY}



    git config commit.gpgsign true

    

To sign all commits by default in any local repository on your computer, run 



    git config --global commit.gpgsign true



If you want sign one commit manually:



    git commit -S -m "commit message"



If you want to use GUI clients for committing, you have to add some options to your `~/.gnupg/gpg.conf` file



    no-tty

    use-agent



### Backup The GPG Key



    cp ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg /path/to/backups/

    cp ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg /path/to/backups/

    cp ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg /path/to/backups/

    # or, instead of backing up trustdb...

    gpg --export-ownertrust > ownertrust-gpg.txt

    

### Restore The GPG Key



    cp /path/to/backups/*.gpg ~/.gnupg/

    # or, if you exported the ownertrust

    gpg --import-ownertrust ownertrust-gpg.txt



If you just copy-pasted the .gnupg folder, you should register keys:



    gpg --import pubring.gpg

    gpg --import secring.gpg



## Enable Native Virtualization



Check if supported by hardware



    egrep -c '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo



If 0 it means that your CPU doesn't support hardware virtualization.



If 1 or more it does - but you still need to make sure that virtualization is enabled in the BIOS.



To check if enabled, you may execute:



    kvm-ok 



If you have KVM, you will see: "INFO: Your CPU supports KVM extensions INFO: /dev/kvm exists KVM acceleration can be used"



Install Necessary Packages



    sudo apt install -y qemu-kvm libvirt-daemon-system libvirt-clients bridge-utils



If you got an error: libdvd-pkg: `apt-get check` failed, you may have broken packages. Aborting...



You have to run `sudo dpkg-reconfigure libdvd-pkg` and try again.



Next, add your user to the KVM group and libvirtd group. To do so, type:



    sudo adduser `id -un` libvirt

    sudo adduser `id -un` kvm



Verify Installation:



    virsh list --all



## Format USB



Enter sudo mode



    sudo su



List available disks and detect where it was mounted: /dev/sd[1 letter][optionally 1 number]. For example, /dev/sdc or /dev/sdc1



    fdisk -l



or



    lsblk



Unmount drive



    umount /dev/sd[1 letter][optionally 1 number]



Format to FAT32



    mkfs.vfat /dev/sd[1 letter]



You can use mkfs.ntfs for NTFS, mkfs.ext4 for EXT4 etc.



Eject drive



    eject /dev/sd[1 letter]



## Write iso Image to USB



List available disks and detect where it was mounted: /dev/sd[1 letter][optionally 1 number]. For example, /dev/sdc or /dev/sdc1



    fdisk -l



or



    lsblk



If you want write Windows ISO on the USB, use this method: [USB Maker for Windows ISO on Linux](#usb-maker-for-windows-iso-on-linux)



Make sure the USB device is unmounted (not safely removed, but unmounted) If it is mounted you can unmount it:



    sudo umount /dev/sd[1 letter][optionally 1 number]



For writing image run:



    sudo dd bs=4M if=path/to/your/iso/file.iso of=/dev/sd[that 1 letter]



## Convert .ISO to .IMG format



Install the `genisoimage`



    sudo apt install -y genisoimage



And after run



    geteltorito -o dest.img source.iso



## Add Printers



### HP



You must install HPLIP software. Read more on https://developers.hp.com/hp-linux-imaging-and-printing



    sudo apt install hplip hplip-gui



Find installed HP application and run.



## Update BIOS on Laptop/PC



You can see BIOS version via [BIOS Info](#bios-info) command



### Update BIOS on Lenovo



Install genisoimage via `sudo apt install genisoimage`



1. Go to support.lenovo.com (or better use a search engine because the Lenovo website is ugly) 

and search for the BIOS upgrade of your laptop model.



2. Download the most recent ISO file. Look for "BIOS bootable update CD".



3. Convert the ISO image to IMG format via `genisoimage -o bios.img g2uj18us.iso` [Convert .ISO to .IMG format](#convert-iso-to-img-format)



4. Insert any USB stick into your laptop. The image file is just ~50 MB in size so even USB sticks with low capacity will work. 

Keep in mind that the stick will be completely overwritten.



5. If you are in a graphical environment then unmount the USB stick.



6. Find out the device name of the stick. For example `/dev/sdb` (show devices via `sudo fdisk -l`). 

Don't just assume it's sdb. If it's on another device on your laptop then you will destroy your data.



7. Copy the image to the USB stick: `sudo dd if=bios.img of=/dev/sdb bs=1M`



8. Reboot your laptop and press F12 for booting device from your stick.



9. Make sure your laptop has its power supply plugged in. (It will refuse to update otherwise.)



10. Follow the instructions.



## Sniff Local Traffic

BetterCAP is a powerful, flexible and portable tool created to perform various types of MITM attacks against a network, 

manipulate HTTP, HTTPS and TCP traffic in realtime, sniff for credentials and much more. 

Full documentation https://www.bettercap.org



Install dependencies



    sudo apt install -y build-essential ruby-dev libpcap-dev



And install BetterCAP



    sudo gem install bettercap



You can run sniffing via



    sudo bettercap --sniffer



    

## Play Sound Through Multiple Outputs

Install `paprefs` package



    sudo apt install -y paprefs



Go to the `PulseAudio Preferences` and on the `Simultaneous Output` tab check `Add virtual output device for simultaneous output on all local sound cards`



After that restart pulseaudio



    pulseaudio -k



Then go to your sound settings and you will see the option to output to multiple sound devices.



## Terminal Prompt Customization

Put the file [ps.sh](os/etc/profile.d/ps.sh) under `/etc/profile.d` directory.



In the ~/.bashrc and /root/.bashrc files add line:



    source /etc/profile.d/ps.sh



## Set CPU Governor to Performance



Install `cpufrequtils` and set governor



    sudo apt install -y cpufrequtils

    echo 'GOVERNOR="performance"' | sudo tee /etc/default/cpufrequtils

    sudo systemctl restart cpufrequtils



Disable default ondemand governor:



    sudo systemctl disable ondemand



You can check governor via 



    cpufreq-info



Or:



    cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor



## Run Script on System Startup



The below steps will show you to run an example bash script which reports disk space usage of the `/home` directory and saves the report in the `/root` directory every time the Ubuntu system boots.



Create shell script in `/usr/local/bin/` to run on startup.



    vim /usr/local/bin/disk-space-check.sh



The below is an example of such script:



```bash

#!/bin/bash



date > /root/disk_space_report.txt

du -sh /home/ >> /root/disk_space_report.txt

```



Create Systemd service file under `/etc/systemd/system/` folder.



    sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/disk-space-check.service



And put the content:



```

[Unit]

After=network.service



[Service]

ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/disk-space-check.sh



[Install]

WantedBy=multi-user.target

```



Set proper permissions:



    sudo chmod 744 /usr/local/bin/disk-space-check.sh

    sudo chmod 664 /etc/systemd/system/disk-space-check.service



Enable the service unit:



    sudo systemctl daemon-reload

    sudo systemctl enable disk-space-check.service



Systemd helpful commands:



- `systemctl list-units --type=service` List existing services

- `systemctl list-units --type=target` List possible targets

- `systemctl list-dependencies .target` List dependencies for 



## Manage Swap



For more modern systems (>1GB), your swap space should be at a minimum be equal to your physical memory (RAM) size "if you use hibernation", 

otherwise you need a minimum of round(sqrt(RAM)) and a maximum of twice the amount of RAM. The only downside to having more swap space than you will actually use, 

is the disk space you will be reserving for it. More you can read [here](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SwapFaq).



Check swap



    cat /proc/swaps



The swappiness parameter controls the tendency of the kernel to move processes out of physical memory and onto the swap disk. 

Because disks are much slower than RAM, this can lead to slower response times for system and applications if processes are too aggressively moved out of memory.



The default setting in Ubuntu is swappiness=60. Reducing the default value of swappiness will probably improve overall performance for a typical Ubuntu desktop installation. 

A value of swappiness=10 is recommended, but feel free to experiment.



To check the swappiness value



    cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness



To change the swappiness value with a swappiness value of 10 can be made with



    sudo vim /etc/sysctl.conf



And add/edit line



    vm.swappiness=10



## Install Fonts



Assume you have your fonts under `~/Download/Fonts`



To add these fonts, you have to run:



    sudo mkdir /usr/share/fonts/truetype/custom

    sudo mv /home/longman/Downloads/Fonts/*.TTF /usr/share/fonts/truetype/custom

    

    sudo mkdir /usr/share/fonts/opentype/custom/

    sudo mv /home/longman/Downloads/Fonts/*.otf /usr/share/fonts/opentype/custom



To clear cache, run:



    fc-cache -rv



***



[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



# Installation Packages



Login to your Linux user and go to your **home** directory,



    cd ~



Run these commands and tweak them as needed. The `-y` flag installs without a prompt. Run these commands from the terminal.



    sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade



## Enable PPAs

PPA's are provided within categories below, I highly recommend using PPA's or at least installing this package in case you ever use them.



Enable Canonical partners repository



    sudo add-apt-repository -y "deb http://archive.canonical.com/ $(lsb_release -sc) partner" && sudo apt update



## Flatpak

Flatpak is a next-generation technology for building and distributing desktop applications on Linux



    sudo apt install -y flatpak gnome-software-plugin-flatpak

    flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo



And restart the system.



## System Tools

This is for tweaking the UI



    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y\

        gnome-tweak-tool\

        chrome-gnome-shell\

        gnome-shell-extensions\

        dconf-editor\

        synaptic



### Install Nvidia Drivers



You can check your [VGA Info](#vga-info)



Find out the right driver version for your graphics card on https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/drivers/



Install Nvidia Drivers



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa



    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y nvidia-driver-XXX



Type your version instead XXX



And after select your installed driver from drivers tab



    sudo software-properties-gtk



Remove Nvidia Drivers



    sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa



**To Edit Nvidia Settings**; Type the following in the Global Launcher *(Super Key/Windows Key)*:



    nvidia settings



### Install Nvidia Cuda Toolkit

The NVIDIA® CUDA® Toolkit provides a development environment for creating high performance GPU-accelerated applications.



The toolkit includes GPU-accelerated libraries, debugging and optimization tools, a C/C++ compiler, and a runtime library to deploy your application.



    wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu2004/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu2004.pin

    sudo mv cuda-ubuntu2004.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600

    sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu2004/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub

    sudo add-apt-repository -y "deb https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu2004/x86_64/ /"

    sudo apt update

    sudo apt -y install cuda



### Install ATI Drivers



For installing ATI drivers, read this official documentation: http://support.amd.com/en-us/kb-articles/Pages/AMDGPU-PRO-Install.aspx



### Utilities



**Install the Utilities:**



    sudo apt install -y vim git mercurial meld curl htop xclip unzip gdebi preload bleachbit ubuntu-restricted-extras cifs-utils unace unrar zip p7zip-full \

        p7zip-rar sharutils rar openssh-server lm-sensors whois traceroute nmap font-manager sshfs mc libavcodec-extra libdvd-pkg nfs-kernel-server openvpn \

        easy-rsa network-manager-openvpn-gnome exfat-fuse apt-transport-https ethtool net-tools dos2unix \

        liblz4-tool network-manager-openconnect-gnome network-manager-fortisslvpn-gnome openfortivpn tree duplicity screen lib32z1 \

        libglib2.0-dev-bin pv software-properties-common cpu-checker libnss3-tools python3-pip libcanberra-gtk-module sshpass jq libfuse2 libxi6 libxrender1 \

        libxtst6 mesa-utils libfontconfig libgtk-3-bin tar dbus-user-session libminizip1 libgdk-pixbuf-xlib-2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libopenal-data libopenal1 \

        libsndio7.0 gnome-shell-extension-manager bpytop ca-certificates-java cargo clang clang-18 default-jdk default-jdk-headless default-jre default-jre-headless \

        fonts-dejavu-extra icu-devtools java-common lib32gcc-s1 lib32stdc++6 libatk-wrapper-java libatk-wrapper-java-jni libc6-x32 libclang-common-18-dev libclang-rt-18-dev \

        libgit2-1.7 libhttp-parser2.9 libice-dev libicu-dev libobjc-13-dev libobjc4 libpfm4 libsm-dev libstd-rust-1.75 libstd-rust-dev libxml2-dev libxt-dev libz3-4 libz3-dev \

        linux-headers-generic llvm-18 llvm-18-dev llvm-18-linker-tools llvm-18-runtime llvm-18-tools openjdk-21-jdk openjdk-21-jdk-headless openjdk-21-jre openjdk-21-jre-headless \

        p7zip python3-gpg python3-ldb python3-markdown python3-psutil python3-samba python3-talloc python3-tdb rustc samba-common samba-common-bin samba-dsdb-modules putty-tools



To set up the git defaults



    git config --global user.name "your name"

    git config --global user.email "[email protected]"



That will create a `~/.gitconfig` with:



    [user]

        email = [email protected]

        name = your name



### Dark Theme



Ubuntu 20.04 ships with a new dark theme option, but it's not enough.



In the Settings > Appearance select Window Colors to Dark.



The "problem" stems from the factor that the new "Dark" setting only changes the look and feel of apps that run on the desktop. 

It does not change the colour of the desktop UI itself.

To fix this, install the User Themes GNOME Shell extension and GNOME Tweak Tool:



    sudo apt install -y gnome-shell-extensions gnome-tweak-tool



Open GNOME Extensions app and slide the toggle next to "User Themes" to on.



Restart GNOME Shell (Alt + F2, type r, hit enter)



Lastly, open the GNOME Tweaks tool and select "Appearance" in the sidebar, locate the Shell section and Select `Yaru Dark` from the menu adjacent.



### Oracle Java



Download and install deb package from https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-jdk15-downloads.html



And update alternatives



    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-15.0.1/bin/java 1

    sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /usr/lib/jvm/jdk-15.0.1/bin/javac 1

    sudo update-alternatives --config java



### Wine

To run windows applications Wine is the best option. I often use HeidiSQL with Wine.



Enable i386 architecture



    sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386 



Download and add the repository key:

    

    wget -O - https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/winehq.key | sudo apt-key add -



Add the repository:

    

    sudo add-apt-repository -y 'deb https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/ubuntu/ focal main'

    

Install:



    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y --install-recommends winehq-stable    

    

### Nautilus-Actions

Use Nautilus-Actions to easily and graphically create custom context menu options for Ubuntu's Nautilus file manager.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:daniel-marynicz/filemanager-actions

    sudo apt install -y filemanager-actions-nautilus-extension



After installing it, quit and restart the Nautilus file manager with the following command.

You can also press Alt+F2 and type this command instead of running it in a terminal.



    nautilus -q



After installation you can launch `fma-config-tool`.



You also can install some Nautilus extensions



    sudo apt install -y nautilus-admin nautilus-meld nautilus-checksum-menu



### Hardinfo



Hardinfo is a Everest/Aida alternative for Linux. Its shows system information



    sudo apt install -y hardinfo



### Caffeine



Caffeine is a tool used to temporarily prevent the activation of the screensaver / lock screen / sleep mode,

when using full-screen windows. The application is useful if you're using a video player that doesn't do this automatically,

when listening to music, etc.



    sudo apt install -y caffeine



__Note__: After the installation, the command-line version of Caffeine is set to start automatically on login.

If you want the indicator to start automatically, you'll have to add "caffeine-indicator" to your startup applications.



### GNU Screen



Screen is a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal between several processes, typically interactive shells.

Each virtual terminal provides the functions of the DEC VT100 terminal and, in addition, several control functions from the ANSI X3.64 (ISO 6429) and ISO 2022 standards (e.g., insert/delete line and support for multiple character sets).

There is a scrollback history buffer for each virtual terminal and a copy-and-paste mechanism that allows the user to move text regions between windows.

When screen is called, it creates a single window with a shell in it (or the specified command) and then gets out of your way so that you can use the program as you normally would.

Then, at any time, you can create new (full-screen) windows with other programs in them (including more shells), kill the current window, view a list of the active windows, turn output logging on and off, copy text between windows, view the scrollback history, switch between windows, etc. All windows run their programs completely independent of each other.

Programs continue to run when their window is currently not visible and even when the whole screen session is detached from the users terminal.



    sudo apt install -y screen



### Neofetch

A fast, highly customizable system info script



Neofetch is a CLI system information tool written in BASH. 

Neofetch displays information about your system next to an image, your OS logo, or any ASCII file of your choice. 

The main purpose of Neofetch is to be used in screenshots to show other users what OS/Distro you're running, what Theme/Icons you're using etc.



Installation:



    sudo apt install -y neofetch



### GParted

Partition editor for graphically managing disk partitions https://gparted.sourceforge.io/



    sudo apt install -y gparted



### Firewall



#### UFW



UFW, or Uncomplicated Firewall, is an interface to iptables that is geared towards simplifying the process of configuring a firewall. 

While iptables is a solid and flexible tool, it can be difficult for beginners to learn how to use it to properly configure a firewall.

UFW is installed by default on Ubuntu. If it has been uninstalled for some reason, you can install it with 



    sudo apt install -y ufw



To enable UFW, use this command:



    sudo ufw enable



Configuring examples:



To configure your server to allow incoming SSH connections, you can use this command:



    sudo ufw allow ssh

    

However, we can actually write the equivalent rule by specifying the port instead of the service name. For example, this command works the same as the one above:



    sudo ufw allow 22    

    

For example, to allow X11 connections, which use ports 6000-6007, use these commands:



    sudo ufw allow 6000:6007/tcp

    sudo ufw allow 6000:6007/udp

    

#### GUFW



GUFW is a GUI for UFW



    sudo apt install -y gufw



### Geekbench



Download archive from https://www.geekbench.com/download/linux/ and extract.



Move folder under /opt



    sudo mv Geekbench-5.3.1-Linux /opt/geekbench5



Now you can run benchmark



    /opt/geekbench5/geekbench5



### Clonezilla

Clonezilla is a partition and disk imaging/cloning program. It helps you to do system deployment, bare metal backup and recovery. 



Download live USB image: https://clonezilla.org/downloads/download.php?branch=stable



Prepare USB device

    

    mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sd[1 letter]



And [Write iso Image to USB](#write-iso-image-to-usb)



### Screen Testing Soft

This is a program for testing the quality of CRT/LCD screens. It displays various patterns and allows you to estimate the quality of your CRT/LCD monitor.



    sudo apt install -y screentest



### Ventoy



[Ventoy](https://www.ventoy.net/en/index.html) is an open source tool to create bootable USB drive for ISO/WIM/IMG/VHD(x)/EFI files.

With ventoy, you don't need to format the disk over and over, you just need to copy the ISO/WIM/IMG/VHD(x)/EFI files to the USB drive and boot them directly.

You can copy many files at a time and ventoy will give you a boot menu to select them.



Download the installation package, like ventoy-x.x.xx-linux.tar.gz from [here](https://github.com/ventoy/Ventoy/releases) and decompress it.

Run the shell script as root, where XXX is the USB device, for example /dev/sdb:



    sudo sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -i -L "MY-USB" /dev/XXX



**Attention that the USB drive will be formatted and all the data will be lost after install.**



You just need to install Ventoy once, after that all the things needed is to copy the iso files to the USB.

You can also use it as a plain USB drive to store files and this will not affect Ventoy's function.



You can configure how Ventoy will work using configuration file `/ventoy/ventoy.json` on the USB drive.



My configuration file looks like:

```json

{

    "control": [

        { "VTOY_DEFAULT_SEARCH_ROOT": "/install/iso" }

    ],

    "theme": {

        "display_mode": "CLI"

    }

}

```



Full documentation you can find [here](https://www.ventoy.net/en/plugin_control.html)



***

[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



## Other Tools



### Google Chrome

Add google chrome repository and install



        sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64] http://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list'

        wget -q -O - https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub | sudo apt-key add -

        sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y google-chrome-stable



Then launch it with `$ google-chrome` and you can pin it to a gnome bar.



### Firefox

Install via snap:



        sudo snap install firefox



### PlayOnLinux



Installation



    sudo apt install playonlinux

    

### Dropbox



Installation



    sudo apt install nautilus-dropbox

    

### Sublime Text 3

A sophisticated text editor for code, markup and prose



Add repository:



    wget -qO - https://download.sublimetext.com/sublimehq-pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add -

    sudo apt install apt-transport-https

    

Stable version:



    echo "deb https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list

    

Dev version:



    echo "deb https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/dev/" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list    

    

Install:

    

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y sublime-text

    

Configuration of synchronization between devices explained [here](#sync-sublime-text)



### Pidgin



Installation



    sudo apt -y install pidgin



Configuring google talk account



Basic



- Protocol: XMPP

- Username: [username without @]

- Domain: [username domain after @]

- Password: [account password]



Advanced



- Connect Port: 5222 Connect Server: talk.google.com



### DBeaver



Download from http://dbeaver.jkiss.org/download/



### VirtualBox

VirtualBox is a powerful x86 and AMD64/Intel64 virtualization product for enterprise as well as home use.



Check latest version number on https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Linux_Downloads



During writing this manual, latest version was 7.0



Installation



    sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/oracle-virtualbox-2016.gpg] https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian $(lsb_release -sc) contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/virtualbox.list'

    wget -O- https://www.virtualbox.org/download/oracle_vbox_2016.asc | sudo gpg --yes --output /usr/share/keyrings/oracle-virtualbox-2016.gpg --dearmor

    sudo apt-get update

    sudo apt-get install virtualbox-7.0



If you get error, first run: `sudo apt --fix-broken install`



Suggested to [Enable Native Virtualization](#enable-native-virtualization)



Also, you can read [Virtual Machine Related](#virtual-machine-related)



### Android Studio



Installation



I recommend to install JetBrains Toolbox from https://www.jetbrains.com/toolbox-app/ and install Android Studio from toolbox. 



After downloading android sdk, update PATH variable:



    vim ~/.bashrc



add lines:



    export PATH=${PATH}:/path-to-android-sdk/tools

    export PATH=${PATH}:/path-to-android-sdk/platform-tools



### Smart Git



Download deb bundle from https://www.syntevo.com/smartgit/download/



### FileZilla



Installation



    sudo apt install -y filezilla



### Spotify



Installation



    sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://repository.spotify.com testing non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/spotify.list'

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y spotify-client



### TeamViewer



Download from http://www.teamviewer.com/en/download/linux.aspx



### Meld Diff Tool



    sudo apt install -y meld



### Vagrant



To install Vagrant, you need to download and run the installation kit.

Before going further, be sure that you have dpkg and Virtual box installed:



    sudo apt install -y dpkg-dev virtualbox-dkms



Make sure linux headers already installed



    sudo apt install -y linux-headers-$(uname -r)



Go to the https://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html page of Vagrant and check for the latest release.

During writing this manual, last version was 2.0.1

    

    wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/vagrant/2.0.1/vagrant_2.0.1_x86_64.deb

    sudo dpkg -i vagrant_2.0.1_x86_64.deb



Reconfigure the VirtualBox DKMS:



    sudo dpkg-reconfigure virtualbox-dkms



### Docker



Installation



    wget -qO- https://get.docker.com/ | sh



Working with Docker is a pain if your user is not configured correctly, so add your user to the docker group with the following command.



    sudo usermod -aG docker $(whoami)



Log out and log in from your server to activate your new groups.



    sudo apt install -y docker-compose



### Audacious Audio Player



Installation



    sudo apt install -y audacious



### XnViewMP



XnView MP is the enhanced version of XnView Classic.

It is a powerful cross-platform media browser, viewer and converter.

Compatible with more than [500 formats](http://www.xnview.com/en/xnviewmp/#formats) such as PSD etc.



Download and install from http://www.xnview.com/en/xnviewmp/#downloads



### Sticky Notes

Just like Google Keep and Windows Sticky Notes, it allows you to jot down thoughts, lists, and reminders on desktop.



Installation



    sudo apt-add-repository ppa:umang/indicator-stickynotes

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y indicator-stickynotes



### Guake

Guake is a dropdown terminal made for the GNOME desktop environment.

Guake's style of window is based on an FPS game, and one of its goals is to be easy to reach.



Installation



    sudo apt install -y guake



### Skype



Install using snap:



    sudo snap install skype



### Telegram



Install using snap:



    sudo snap install telegram-desktop



### Slack



Install using snap:



    sudo snap install slack



### Viber



Download AppImage from https://www.viber.com/en/download/



Create applications folder, if not exists: `mkdir ~/applications`



    mv viber.AppImage ~/applications && chmod a+x ~/applications/viber.AppImage



Execute `~/applications/viber.AppImage`



### Gimp



Installation



    sudo apt install -y gimp gimp-data gimp-plugin-registry gimp-data-extras



### VLC Player



VLC is a free and open source cross-platform multimedia player and framework that plays most multimedia files as well as DVDs, 

Audio CDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols.



Installation



    sudo apt install -y vlc



### KDEnlive Video Editor



Install using snap:



    sudo snap install kdenlive



### Httpie

You can easily use httpie from terminal: `http get https://google.com`



Installation



    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y httpie



### Peek

Simple animated GIF screen recorder with an easy to use interface



Installation



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:peek-developers/stable

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y peek



### OBS



Free and open source software for video recording and live streaming https://obsproject.com/.



Installation



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:obsproject/obs-studio

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y obs-studio



### USB Maker for Windows ISO on Linux

You can easily use `Startup Disk Creator` and `UNetbootin` to create Linux to USB. 

But if you need to create Windows bootable USB from your Linux OS use woeusb:



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:tomtomtom/woeusb

    sudo apt install -y woeusb-frontend-wxgtk



### StarUML



A sophisticated software modeler for agile and concise modeling (http://staruml.io/)



You can download .AppImage file from http://staruml.io/download



Make downloaded file executable and run.



### Gramps



Gramps is a free software project and community. 

It is a genealogy program that is both intuitive for hobbyists and feature-complete for professional genealogists. 



To install, run:



    sudo apt install -y gramps



### uGet



uGet is a powerful download manager. 



To install, run:



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:uget-team/ppa

    sudo apt install -y uget uget-integrator



You can also install browser extensions for uGet integration: 



- Chrome: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/uget-integration/efjgjleilhflffpbnkaofpmdnajdpepi



### Xournal



Xournal is a GUI application primarily developed for note-taking and sketching use case. 

As the name implies, Xournal is quite a handy tool when you are keeping a journal especially on a touchscreen-capable laptop. 

Beyond this use case, Xournal has in fact an excellent PDF editing capability, and can export a modified PDF file as well.



To install, run:



    sudo apt install -y xournal



It's very useful tool for adding a Signature Image to a PDF Document with Xournal.

There are two ways to add your handwritten signature to a PDF document with Xournal. You can directly draw your signature using built-in Pen drawing. 

Alternatively, you can create an image file of your signature using another tool, and import the image into the PDF document using Xournal.



To hand-write your signature, click on `Pen` icon at the top-left of Xournal's GUI menu. You can also print and type anything (e.g., date) by clicking on `Text` icon.

To add an image of your signature on Xournal, click on `Image` icon at the top of Xournal's GUI menu, or go to `Tools` → `Image` in the menu option.



### Transmission



Transmission is designed for easy, powerful use. We've set the defaults to just work and it only takes a few clicks to configure advanced features like watch directories, bad peer blocklists, and the web interface. 

When Ubuntu chose Transmission as its default BitTorrent client, one of the most-cited reasons was its easy learning curve.



To install, run:



    sudo apt install -y transmission



### Timeshift



Timeshift for Linux is an application that provides functionality similar to the System Restore feature in Windows and the Time Machine tool in Mac OS. Timeshift protects your system by taking incremental snapshots of the file system at regular intervals. 

These snapshots can be restored at a later date to undo all changes to the system.



To install, run:



    sudo apt install -y timeshift



### LibreOffice



LibreOffice is a free and powerful office suite, and a successor to OpenOffice.org (commonly known as OpenOffice).

Its clean interface and feature-rich tools help you unleash your creativity and enhance your productivity.



To install, run:



    sudo apt install -y libreoffice



***

[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



## Development



### LAMP

Linux Apache MySQL PHP



**- Installation for the following:**

- PHP 5.6/7.0/7.4/8.0/8.1/8.2/8.3 (and Modules)

- Apache 2 (and Modules + Dynamic hosts)

- Nginx *(Optional)*

- MySQL

- Redis

- and more.



#### PHP



##### PHP 5.6

It's important to install **php5.6-dev** if you want to compile any add-ons later.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y php5.6 libpcre3-dev php5.6-cli php5.6-cgi php5.6-common php5.6-mysql php5.6-curl php5.6-gd php5.6-geoip php5.6-imagick php5.6-imap php5.6-json php5.6-ldap php5.6-mcrypt php5.6-memcache php5.6-memcached php5.6-tidy php5.6-xdebug php5.6-xmlrpc php5.6-xsl php5.6-dev



If you are looking for more PHP modules try:



    sudo apt-cache search php5-



##### PHP 7.0

It's important to install **php7.0-dev** if you want to compile any add-ons later.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y php7.0-bz2 php7.0-cgi php7.0-cli php7.0-common php7.0-curl php7.0-dev php7.0-enchant php7.0-fpm php7.0-gd php7.0-gmp php7.0-imap php7.0-intl php7.0-json php7.0-ldap php7.0-mcrypt php7.0-mysql php7.0-odbc php7.0-opcache php7.0-pgsql php7.0-phpdbg php7.0-pspell php7.0-readline php7.0-recode php7.0-sybase php7.0-tidy php7.0-xmlrpc php7.0-xsl php7.0-sqlite3 php7.0-mbstring php7.0-bcmath php7.0-soap php7.0-zip php-xdebug php-imagick



If you are looking for more PHP modules try:



    sudo apt-cache search php7.0-



##### PHP 7.4

It's important to install **php7.4-dev** if you want to compile any add-ons later.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y php7.4-bz2 php7.4-cgi php7.4-cli php7.4-common php7.4-curl php7.4-dev php7.4-enchant php7.4-fpm php7.4-gd php7.4-gmp php7.4-imap php7.4-intl php7.4-json php7.4-ldap php7.4-mysql php7.4-odbc php7.4-opcache php7.4-pgsql php7.4-phpdbg php7.4-pspell php7.4-readline php7.4-sybase php7.4-tidy php7.4-xmlrpc php7.4-xsl php7.4-sqlite3 php7.4-mbstring php7.4-bcmath php7.4-soap php7.4-zip php7.4-xdebug php7.4-redis php7.4-igbinary php7.4-imagick php-sodium



If you are looking for more PHP modules try:



    sudo apt-cache search php7.4-



##### PHP 8.0

It's important to install **php8.0-dev** if you want to compile any add-ons later.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y php8.0-bz2 php8.0-cgi php8.0-cli php8.0-common php8.0-curl php8.0-dev php8.0-enchant php8.0-fpm php8.0-gd php8.0-gmp php8.0-imap php8.0-intl php8.0-ldap php8.0-mysql php8.0-odbc php8.0-opcache php8.0-pgsql php8.0-phpdbg php8.0-pspell php8.0-readline php8.0-sybase php8.0-tidy php8.0-xmlrpc php8.0-xsl php8.0-sqlite3 php8.0-mbstring php8.0-bcmath php8.0-soap php8.0-zip php8.0-xdebug php8.0-redis php8.0-igbinary php8.0-imagick php-sodium



If you are looking for more PHP modules try:



    sudo apt-cache search php8.0-



##### PHP 8.1

It's important to install **php8.1-dev** if you want to compile any add-ons later.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y php8.1-bz2 php8.1-cgi php8.1-cli php8.1-common php8.1-curl php8.1-dev php8.1-enchant php8.1-fpm php8.1-gd php8.1-gmp php8.1-imap php8.1-intl php8.1-ldap php8.1-mysql php8.1-odbc php8.1-opcache php8.1-pgsql php8.1-phpdbg php8.1-pspell php8.1-readline php8.1-sybase php8.1-tidy php8.1-xmlrpc php8.1-xsl php8.1-sqlite3 php8.1-mbstring php8.1-bcmath php8.1-soap php8.1-zip php8.1-xdebug php8.1-redis php8.1-igbinary php8.1-imagick



If you are looking for more PHP modules try:



    sudo apt-cache search php8.1-



##### PHP 8.2

It's important to install **php8.2-dev** if you want to compile any add-ons later.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y php8.2-bz2 php8.2-cgi php8.2-cli php8.2-common php8.2-curl php8.2-dev php8.2-enchant php8.2-fpm php8.2-gd php8.2-gmp php8.2-imap php8.2-intl php8.2-ldap php8.2-mysql php8.2-odbc php8.2-opcache php8.2-pgsql php8.2-phpdbg php8.2-pspell php8.2-readline php8.2-sybase php8.2-tidy php8.2-xmlrpc php8.2-xsl php8.2-sqlite3 php8.2-mbstring php8.2-bcmath php8.2-soap php8.2-zip php8.2-xdebug php8.2-redis php8.2-igbinary php8.2-imagick



If you are looking for more PHP modules try:



    sudo apt-cache search php8.2-



##### PHP 8.3

It's important to install **php8.3-dev** if you want to compile any add-ons later.



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php

    sudo apt install -y php8.3-bz2 php8.3-cgi php8.3-cli php8.3-common php8.3-curl php8.3-dev php8.3-enchant php8.3-fpm php8.3-gd php8.3-gmp php8.3-imap php8.3-intl php8.3-ldap php8.3-mysql php8.3-odbc php8.3-opcache php8.3-pgsql php8.3-phpdbg php8.3-pspell php8.3-readline php8.3-sybase php8.3-tidy php8.3-xmlrpc php8.3-xsl php8.3-sqlite3 php8.3-mbstring php8.3-bcmath php8.3-soap php8.3-zip php8.3-xdebug php8.3-redis php8.3-igbinary php8.3-imagick



If you get gpg warning, use this workaround to fix it: https://github.com/oerdnj/deb.sury.org/issues/1429#issuecomment-2180233990



If you are looking for more PHP modules try:



    sudo apt-cache search php8.3-



##### Switch PHP Versions



For example switch from 8.1 to 8.2



Apache:



    sudo a2dismod php8.1

    sudo a2enmod php8.2

    sudo service apache2 restart



Make sure, PHP module is installed via `sudo apt install -y libapache2-mod-php8.*`



Command Line:



    sudo update-alternatives --set php /usr/bin/php8.2

    sudo update-alternatives --set phar /usr/bin/phar8.2

    sudo update-alternatives --set phar.phar /usr/bin/phar.phar8.2

    sudo update-alternatives --set php-config /usr/bin/php-config8.2



#### Composer



    curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php && sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer



Disable XDebug for composer



    sudo phpdismod -s cli xdebug



And add this lines in your .bashrc file:



    # Load xdebug Zend extension with php command

    alias php='php -dzend_extension=xdebug.so'

    # PHPUnit needs xdebug for coverage. In this case, just make an alias with php command prefix.

    alias phpunit='php $(which phpunit)'



#### PHPUnit



    wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar && chmod +x phpunit.phar && sudo mv phpunit.phar /usr/local/bin/phpunit



#### Apache



##### Apache: Installation



For PHP 5.6



    sudo apt install -y apache2 libapache2-mod-php5.6



For PHP 7.*



    sudo apt install -y apache2 libapache2-mod-php7.*



For PHP 8.*



    sudo apt install -y apache2 libapache2-mod-php8.*



##### Apache: Enable php-mcrypt & mod_rewrite



Enable mod_rewrite



    sudo a2enmod rewrite



Enable php-mcrypt



For PHP 5



    sudo php5enmod mcrypt && sudo service apache2 restart



For PHP 7 (if mcrypt is available)



    sudo phpenmod mcrypt && sudo service apache2 restart



If you are looking for more Apache modules try:



    sudo apt-cache search libapache2-mod



##### Apache: Configure dynamic virtualhosts



Enable module `vhost_alias`



    sudo a2enmod vhost_alias



Next, open /etc/apache2/apache2.conf



    sudo vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf



and add the following lines before `IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.conf` line.



    UseCanonicalName Off



    LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" dynamic_vhosts

    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log dynamic_vhosts



    

        VirtualDocumentRoot /var/www/domains/%-2+/public_html

        VirtualScriptAlias  /var/www/domains/%-2+/cgi-bin



        

                    DirectoryIndex index.html index.php

                    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews

                    AllowOverride All

                    Order allow,deny

                    allow from all

                    Require all granted

        



    



_Make sure apache user can access the folder. Ubuntu 24 has 750 permission on /home/user folder._



If you want to disable all configured virtual hosts, then comment this line in your config file:



    #IncludeOptional sites-enabled/*.conf



This sets up a catch all for any domain coming in over port 80 (the default port for http traffic, if your using https you will need to use 443 - alternatively you could remove the port restriction).

The important line here is the VirtualDocumentRoot. The tells Apache where your files will reside on disk.

The %0 part takes the whole domain name and inserts it into the path. But I didn't want to have the `.test` part of the domain in my folders on disk, otherwise we use %-2+

To illustrate this if we went to a domain somesite.com.test the VirtualDocumentRoot would be:



    /var/www/html/domains/somesite.com



Now you have to add automatic `.test` domain resolving on your local machine:



Edit the file `/etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf`, and add the line `dns=dnsmasq` to the [main] section, it will look like this:



```

[main]

plugins=ifupdown,keyfile

dns=dnsmasq



[ifupdown]

managed=false



[device]

wifi.scan-rand-mac-address=no

```



Let NetworkManager manage /etc/resolv.conf



    sudo rm /etc/resolv.conf

    sudo ln -s /var/run/NetworkManager/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf



Add custom tld:



    echo 'address=/.test/127.0.0.1' | sudo tee /etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.d/test-tld



Reload NetworkManager:



    sudo systemctl reload NetworkManager



Now domain somesite.com.test should work.



##### Apache: Configure SSL for dynamic virtualhosts



First of all [Generate SSL certificates for local domains](#generate-ssl-certificates-for-local-domains)



After you can use this small script, for generating SSL certificate for all virtual domains (folders).



```bash

#!/usr/bin/env bash



cmd_array=( mkcert -key-file key.pem -cert-file cert.pem  )

for d in /var/www/html/domains/*/ ; do

    cmd_array+=(`basename "$d"`.test)

done



"${cmd_array[@]}"

```    



And add the generated cert.pem and key.pem to the apache configuration file, edit `/etc/apache2.conf`



Add new VirtualHost section:



```



    VirtualDocumentRoot /var/www/html/domains/%-2+/public



    SSLEngine on

    SSLCertificateFile    /path/to/generated/certs/cert.pem

    SSLCertificateKeyFile /path/to/generated/certs/key.pem



    

                DirectoryIndex index.html index.php

                Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews Includes

                AllowOverride All

                Order deny,allow

                Allow from all

                Require all granted

    



```



Make sure the mod_ssl is enabled and restart the apache.



#### Nginx

Or if you prefer to use nginx



For stable version



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:nginx/stable



For latest (recommended)



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:nginx/development



And after install



    sudo apt install -y nginx



#### Generate SSL certificates for local domains



`mkcert` automatically creates and installs a local CA in the system root store, and generates locally-trusted certificates.



Download [mkcert](https://github.com/FiloSottile/mkcert) precompiled binary

from https://github.com/FiloSottile/mkcert/releases



    wget -O mkcert https://github.com/FiloSottile/mkcert/releases/download/v1.4.3/mkcert-v1.4.3-linux-amd64

    chmod +x mkcert



Generate and install root certificates:



    mkcert -install



Root certificates will be placed under `mkcert -CAROOT`. For Ubuntu its `/home//.local/share/mkcert`



After you can generate certificates for your domains:



    mkcert -key-file key.pem -cert-file cert.pem example.test *.example.test example2.test *.example2.test



Now you can add the generated cert.pem and key.pem to your webserver configuration.



If you use Apache Dynamic Virtualhosts, you can generate certs automatically. 

Read more in [Configure SSL for Dynamic Virtualhosts](#apache-configure-ssl-for-dynamic-virtualhosts)  



#### MySQL



##### Installation



You can get latest version number on https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/apt



    wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb

    sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_0.8.30-1_all.deb

    sudo apt update & sudo apt install -y mysql-server



For start configuring MySQL server, run:



    sudo mysql_secure_installation



If you are not able to login with root user, run:



    sudo mysql



and run:    

    

    ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'YourPassword';



If even with sudo mysql not able to log in, try this:



Add --skip-grant-tables option to startup command:



    sudo vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service



Run `FLUSH PRIVILEGES;` and after:



    ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'MyNewPass';



##### Allow remote access for root:



Login in MySQL shell and run:



    CREATE USER 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'secret';

    GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%';



Also Update mysql server config:



For MySQL 5.*



    sudo sed -i 's/bind-address/bind-address = 0.0.0.0#/' /etc/mysql/my.cnf



For MySQL 8.*



    echo 'bind-address    = *' | sudo tee -a /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf



Restart the service:



    sudo service mysql restart



Check if mysql listens port correctly



    sudo netstat -tulnp | grep mysql



Output should be something like:

```

tcp6       0      0 :::33060                :::*                    LISTEN      13143/mysqld        

tcp6       0      0 :::3306                 :::*                    LISTEN      13143/mysqld

```



You can also run the nmap command from a remote computer to check whether MySQL port 3306 is open to the remote host.



    nmap {server-ip}



#### Percona Toolkit

Percona Toolkit is a collection of advanced open source command-line tools, developed and used by the Percona technical staff, 

that are engineered to perform a variety of MySQL® and MongoDB® server and system tasks that are too difficult or complex 

to perform manually – freeing your DBAs for work that helps you achieve your business goals.



    sudo apt install -y percona-toolkit



#### MyCLI

This is a very nice utility [https://github.com/dbcli/mycli](https://github.com/dbcli/mycli)



    pip install mycli



Usage (See the documents from the git link above for more example):



    mycli -h localhost -u root

    mycli -h localhost -u root -p



#### PostgreSQL



    sudo apt install -y postgresql libpq-dev



#### Memcached



    sudo apt install -y memcached php-memcached



#### Redis

Install redis latest stable version



    curl -fsSL https://packages.redis.io/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg

    echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/redis-archive-keyring.gpg] https://packages.redis.io/deb $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/redis.list

    sudo apt-get update

    sudo apt-get install redis



Add to startup:



    sudo systemctl enable redis-server.service



##### Multiple Redis Instances



Disable default instance



    sudo systemctl stop redis-server

    sudo systemctl disable redis-server



Repeat these steps to configure a Redis instance for every instance you want to set up:



In this case we set up first instance called "redis_1"



Create folders and configs:



    sudo mkdir /etc/redis/redis_1

    sudo cp /etc/redis/redis.conf /etc/redis/redis_1/redis.conf 

    sudo chown -R redis:redis /etc/redis



In the config file edit lines:



    daemonize no

    supervised systemd

    pidfile /run/redis/redis_1.pid

    logfile /var/log/redis/redis_1.log

    dir /var/lib/redis/redis_1/



Define a "port" number.



    port 6379



*Warning: Remember that each instance should be running on a different port.*



Create the database directories at the location given in the configuration file.



    sudo mkdir /var/lib/redis/redis_1

    sudo chown redis:redis /var/lib/redis/redis_1

    sudo chmod 0750 /var/lib/redis/redis_1



Create the service unit file "/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]" with the following contents:



```

[Unit]

Description=Redis persistent key-value database

After=network.target



[Service]

Type=simple

User=redis

Group=redis

ExecStart=/usr/bin/redis-server /etc/redis/%i/redis.conf

ExecStop=/bin/kill -s TERM $MAINPID

PrivateTmp=true

PIDFile=/var/run/redis/%i.pid

RuntimeDirectory=%i

RuntimeDirectoryMode=2755

LimitNOFILE=65536

Restart=always

TimeoutStopSec=0



UMask=007

PrivateDevices=yes

ProtectHome=yes

ReadOnlyDirectories=/

ReadWriteDirectories=-/var/lib/redis

ReadWriteDirectories=-/var/log/redis

ReadWriteDirectories=-/var/run/redis



NoNewPrivileges=true

CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_SETGID CAP_SETUID CAP_SYS_RESOURCE

RestrictAddressFamilies=AF_INET AF_INET6 AF_UNIX

MemoryDenyWriteExecute=true

ProtectKernelModules=true

ProtectKernelTunables=true

ProtectControlGroups=true

RestrictRealtime=true

RestrictNamespaces=true



# redis-server can write to its own config file when in cluster mode so we

# permit writing there by default. If you are not using this feature, it is

# recommended that you replace the following lines with "ProtectSystem=full".

ProtectSystem=true

ReadWriteDirectories=-/etc/redis



[Install]

WantedBy=multi-user.target



```



Start the new redis instance:



    sudo systemctl start redis@redis_1

    sudo systemctl enable redis@redis_1



#### ELK Stack

Install ELK stack: Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana



    wget -qO - https://artifacts.elastic.co/GPG-KEY-elasticsearch | sudo apt-key add -

    sudo apt install -y apt-transport-https

    echo "deb https://artifacts.elastic.co/packages/7.x/apt stable main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/elastic-7.x.list

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y elasticsearch



To configure Elasticsearch to start automatically when the system boots up, run the following commands:



    sudo /bin/systemctl daemon-reload

    sudo /bin/systemctl enable elasticsearch.service



#### Letsencrypt



Install certbot (https://certbot.eff.org)



    sudo snap install --classic certbot



Generating for nginx:

    

    sudo snap install certbot-nginx-unit

    sudo certbot --nginx

    

Generating for apache:

    

    sudo certbot --apache



You can test automatic renewal for your certificates by running this command:



    sudo certbot renew --dry-run



#### Java Runtime



    sudo apt install -y default-jre



#### Phalcon



    sudo apt-add-repository ppa:phalcon/stable

    sudo apt update

    sudo apt install -y php5-phalcon



#### Phalcon Dev Tools

This is an easy to use install script that will cleanup after itself. It can also be used for updating:



    sudo bash install_phalcon_devtools.sh



To test it run: `$ phalcon`



#### Secure Permissions

We will use the Access Control Lists (ACL) or (Filesystem Access Control List). We will use group permissions for folders so you don't have to make the public writable, because `777` is dangerous.



    # Make sure you have ACL installed

    sudo apt install -y acl



Look for your main partition with:



    $ df



Mine happens to be `dev/root`, yours may be `dev/sda` or something. Make sure to replace that below:



    # T

    sudo /sbin/tune2fs -o +acl /dev/root



To see what file system you are using `ext3`, `ext4`, etc, use the partition:



    sudo file -sL /dev/root



We have to put the partition in read-only mode, then remount it:



    sudo /bin/mount -o remount /dev/root



Apply Group



    # This sets the Defaults

    setfacl -Rd g:www-data:rw /var/www

    # This sets future file

    setfacl -Rm g:www-data:rw /var/www



To Modify



    setfacl -Rm g:www-data:rw /var/www



Otherwise you could always set up a crontab such as:



    crontab -e



Then append this to run every five minutes.



    */5 * * * * /home//backup.sh chgrp -R www-data /var/www && chmod g+rw /var/www



Lastly, you could have a deploy script that does this for you, such as Python `Fabfile`, but that's another topic.



***



[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



### Python



**- Installation packages:**

    - Python3

    - Virtualenv



Python is installed by default on Ubuntu, version 3.12 is suitable. I strongly recommend installing `python-dev` for headers to compile certain PIP packages.



    sudo apt install -y python3-dev python3-full libmysqlclient-dev

    sudo pip install fabric virtualenv virtualenvwrapper django



Check the Python version installed, using below command



    python3 -V



#### Virtualenv

[Virtualenv](#virtualenv) is a tool to create isolated Python environments. install the virtualenv package



    pip install virtualenv



Create an Environment with virtualenv



    virtualenv -p python3.5 --no-site-packages env



Activate script



    cd env

    source bin/activate



Deactivate



    deactivate



***

[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



### Go

Install Golang. You can check latest version of Golang here https://golang.org/dl/#featured

While writing this article, lastest version was 1.9



    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:gophers/archive

    sudo apt -y update && sudo apt install golang-1.9



After that your installation will be in the `/usr/lib/go-1.9`

I recommend create symlink:



    sudo ln -s /usr/lib/go-1.9 /usr/local/go



And Add `/usr/local/go/bin` to the PATH environment variable. 

You can do this by adding this line to your `/etc/profile` (for a system-wide installation) or `$HOME/.profile`:

    

    PATH="$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin"



***

[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



### Ruby

Install Ruby 2.X with header files in `ruby2.0-dev`, this will keep your gems from having issues.



    sudo apt install -y ruby2.0 ruby2.0-dev



For Ruby RVM (Version Management)



    gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys D39DC0E3

    \curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable



***

[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



### NodeJS

I recommend install NodeJS using [Node Version Manager](https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm) 

    

    curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.37.2/install.sh | bash



To download, compile, and install the latest release of node, do this:



    nvm install node # "node" is an alias for the latest version



To install a specific version of node:



    nvm install 6.14.4 # or 10.10.0, 8.9.1, etc



To install a latest LTS version of node:



    nvm install --lts



You can list available versions using ls-remote:



    nvm ls-remote



And then in any new shell just use the installed version:



    nvm use [version]



***

[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



### Yarn

For installation Yarn package manager run:



    curl -sS https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/pubkey.gpg | sudo apt-key add -

    echo "deb https://dl.yarnpkg.com/debian/ stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/yarn.list

    sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y yarn



***

[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



### Ansible



    sudo apt install -y ansible



***

[(Back to top)](#table-of-contents)



## Gaming



### Steam

Ultimate entertainment platform. http://store.steampowered.com/



    sudo apt install -y steam



### PCSXR

PCSX-Reloaded - PlayStation 1 Emulator. https://pcsxr.codeplex.com/



Install emulator:



    sudo apt install -y pcsxr



pscxr can simulate a bios file. However if you need to use a bios, [download](files/pcsxr/SCPH1001.BIN?raw=1) and move the file into `~/.pcsx/bios/`.



Download games from http://redump.org/discs/system/psx/ or https://rutracker.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4496017 and put under `~/.pcsx/games/`



After that run PCSX, configure and play



# Customizations



## System Tweaks



### Increase Inotify Watches Limit



Open ```sysctl.conf```



    sudo vim /etc/sysctl.conf



Add this line:



    fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 524288



And after run



    sudo sysctl -p



### Disable Git Certificate Verification



Note: for security reasons, not recommended



    sudo git config --global http.sslVerify false



## Shortcuts



- "System Settings" > "Keyboard" > "Shortcuts" > "Custom Shortcuts" ctrl+r Terminal ```gnome-terminal```

- "System Settings" > "Keyboard" > "Shortcuts" > "Custom Shortcuts" ctrl+e Files ```nautilus -w```



## VIM Customization



**Setup VIM**



    git clone https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim.git ~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim



And copy [.vimrc](os/home/.vimrc) file in your home folder (/home//.vimrc)

After run



    $ vim

    :PluginInstall



## Add Georgian Keyboard



Go to System "Settings" > "Keyboard" > "Text Entry" and add Georgian layout. Also enable "Allow different sources for each window"



## Touchpad Settings



### Change Scroll Speed



List input devices tofind the id



    xinput --list



You have to find input device, like "SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad". In my case id was 12.



To list supported settings for device, run:



    xinput list-props {id}



To change scroll speed, you have to update "Synaptics Scrolling Distance" setting. e.g.



    xinput --set-prop {id} 'Synaptics Scrolling Distance' -200 200



To persist this setting you have to put command in the `/etc/X11/xinit/xinputrc` file.



Sometimes id can be changed between reboots, so, you have to update file with following lines:



    idd=$(xinput --list | grep 'SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad' | awk '{print $6}'| cut -d'=' -f2)

    xinput --set-prop $idd 'Synaptics Scrolling Distance' -200 200



***

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# Ubuntu Fixes

These are solutions to fix problems I've encountered.



## Ubuntu Infinite Login



When you try to login to Ubuntu and it relogs you back into the login screen, this is an infinite loop. 

The only way I was able to fix it despite all the guides was combining a few of these together.



The first step is to login to a terminal.



    CTRL + ALT + F1  (Or F3)

    

Next, Login as your user who must be able to run sudo.    



- **Home Folder Permissions**

  - `ls -ld ~` should have these permission exactly as: `drwxr-xr-x`

  - The user:group must be your, e.g. `john:john`

  - To Fix: `sudo chmod 755 ~` and `sudo chown -R john:john ~`

- **Temp Folder Permissions**

  - `ls -ld /tmp` should have these permission exactly as: `drwxrwxrwt`

  - The user:group must be `root:root` on `/tmp`

  - To Fix: `sudo chmod a+wt /tmp`

- **Xauthority Ownership**

  - `ls -lta | grep .Xa` should be owned by your user, for example `john john`

   - If it is `root root` or anything than your user/group it's wrong

   - To Fix: `sudo chown john:john .Xauthority`

- **Xsession Errors**

  - This is just to make sure there are no syntax errors for your reference:

    - To Check: `cat ~/.xsession-errors`

    - You don't need to do anything if there are syntax errors, we will move the file

- **Try Moving XAuthority**

  - Sometimes it's as easy to moving Xauthority so a new is generated at login

  - To Fix: `sudo ~/.Xauthority ~/.Xauthority.bak`

- **Try Reconfiguring LightDM**

  - Fix: `dpkg-reconfigure lightdm`, then select lightdm in the menu

  - Lastly restart lightdm: `sudo service lightdm restart`

- **Apt Auto Remove Problem**

  - I read that it's possible `apt-autoremove` may accidentally remove `xubuntu-desktop`, `ubuntu-desktop` and LightDM reports no errors.

    - The `ubuntu-desktop` will load the Gnome interface

    - The `xubuntu-desktop` will load a different interface I'm not familiar with

    - To Fix: `sudo apt install ubuntu-desktop`

  - **If you are using Gnome**, try following the post at [OMGUbuntu](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2016/05/install-gnome-3-20-ubuntu-16-04-lts)

    - After the Above Try: `sudo apt autoremove gnome-software && sudo apt install gnome-software`

    - I was able to get Gnome-Classic working but not Gnome

- **How to Ensure it Works**

  - You might be able to login after one of the steps above if you don't reboot. However, to be certain, 

    you want to reboot to ensure it is fixed, otherwise you'll be doing this over and over   



## PCI Device Is Not Recognized Correctly



If your `lspci | grep "VGA"` output looks like this:



    01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation Device 1f95 (rev a1)



Instead of this:



    01:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation TU117M [GeForce GTX 1650 Ti Mobile] [10de:1f95] (rev a1)



Then you're affected by the issue.



This can be caused by your `/usr/share/misc/pci.ids\*` files being outdated and you can fix it by running:



    sudo update-pciids



If the list is not updated even after running the command above, that means your PCI device is brand new, and no one has registered your device to the pci-ids repository.



You can submit an issue/contact us through gitter, or you can add it yourself to https://pci-ids.ucw.cz/. 

Make sure you have the right vendor ID and the device ID by checking `lspci -nn` and read the guidelines.



## Restore Screen Brightness and Keyboard backlit on Reboot



On my device screen brightness and keyboard backlit always resets after reboot, so there is a fix.



First, find config files where your brightness and keyboard backlit state is stored. In my case, it was `/sys/class/backlight/nvidia_0/brightness` and `/sys/class/leds/tpacpi\:\:kbd_backlight/brightness`



Test your configs:



    echo 1 > /sys/class/leds/tpacpi\:\:kbd_backlight/brightness

    echo 70 > /sys/class/backlight/nvidia_0/brightness



Settings should be changed. If not, check configuration files path.



Max brightness you can check via `cat /sys/class/backlight/nvidia_0/max_brightness` and `cat /sys/class/leds/tpacpi\:\:kbd_backlight/max_brightness`



Create script under `/usr/local/bin/`



    sudo vim /usr/local/bin/setup-brightness.sh



And put the lines below:



```bash

#!/bin/bash



echo 0 > /sys/class/leds/tpacpi\:\:kbd_backlight/brightness

echo 1 > /sys/class/leds/tpacpi\:\:kbd_backlight/brightness

echo 70 > /sys/class/backlight/nvidia_0/brightness

```



Create systemd service file:



    sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/setup-brightness.service



And put content below:



```

[Unit]

After=graphical.target

Description=Set up the screen and keyboard brightness



[Service]

Type=simple

ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/setup-brightness.sh



[Install]

WantedBy=multi-user.target

```



Set proper permissions:



    sudo chmod 744 /usr/local/bin/setup-brightness.sh

    sudo chmod 664 /etc/systemd/system/setup-brightness.service



Test your script by running:



    sudo /usr/local/bin/setup-brightness.sh



Enable the service unit:



    sudo systemctl daemon-reload

    sudo systemctl enable setup-brightness.service



## Disable UEFI Choice Screen

The easiest solution is to define the undocumented `GRUB_RECORDFAIL_TIMEOUT` variable in `/etc/default/grub`. For example:



    sudo vim /etc/default/grub



and add variable:



    GRUB_RECORDFAIL_TIMEOUT=$GRUB_TIMEOUT



Also set `GRUB_TIMEOUT` to `0`. After run:



    sudo update-grub



Example:



    GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0

    GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true

    GRUB_TIMEOUT=0

    GRUB_RECORDFAIL_TIMEOUT=$GRUB_TIMEOUT



## Disable Enhanced Tailing

In Ubuntu 24.04 where certain applications such as Firefox use the top bar as the title bar, whenever you accidentally touch the top bar and drag, it resizes the window, which can be quite frustrating. 



To disable this behaviour, you have to disable "Enhanced Tailing" under `Settings` -> `Ubuntu Desktop`.



Beware that turning that feature off will also disable Super + Up and Super + Down to maximize and minimize windows.



# GUI



## Move Dock To Bottom



I prefer dock like Mac. To do this, run commands:



    gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock extend-height false

    gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock dock-position BOTTOM

    gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock transparency-mode FIXED

    gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock dash-max-icon-size 48

    gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock unity-backlit-items false

    gsettings set org.gnome.shell.extensions.dash-to-dock click-action 'minimize'



## Easy Window Resize

You can resize windows very nicely:

- Focus on a window

- Hold ALT + Middle Mouse Click + Drag

- Note: Depending on where you position your mouse to will resize up/down/left/right



## Left or Right Close Buttons

Run this simple command in the terminal and you will see the positions change right away.



Move to right (terminal)



    gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.wm.preferences button-layout ':minimize,maximize,close'



Move to left (terminal)



    gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.wm.preferences button-layout 'close,minimize,maximize:'



## Fix Gnome Lockscreen

In terminal make sure this is false, then try your hotkey `ctrl+alt+l` or if you set it like `super+l` in the settings:



    gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.lockdown disable-lock-screen 'false'



## Gnome Extensions

You can toggle these items at https://extensions.gnome.org

I suggest creating an account so you have a record.



- [Apps Menu](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/6/applications-menu/) - Add a category-based menu for apps.

- [Clipboard Indicator](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/779/clipboard-indicator/) - The most popular clipboard manager for GNOME, with over 1M downloads.

- [Date Menu Formatter](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/4655/date-menu-formatter/) - Allows customization of the date display in the panel.

- [Desktop Icons NG (DING)](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/2087/desktop-icons-ng-ding/) - Adds icons to the desktop. Fork of the original Desktop Icons extension, with several enhancements.

- [Grand Theft Focus](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/5410/grand-theft-focus/) - Removes the 'Window is ready' notification and brings the window into focus instead.

- [Notification Banner Position](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/4105/notification-banner-position/) - Changes position of the notification banner from the default to the right side of the screen.

- [OpenWeather Refined](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/6655/openweather/) - Display weather for the current or a specified location. Fork of OpenWeather. Weather data is provided by OpenWeatherMap.org or WeatherAPI.com or VisualCrossing.com.

- [Status Area Horizontal Spacing](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/355/status-area-horizontal-spacing/) - Reduce the horizontal spacing between icons in the top-right status area.

- [Todo.txt](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/570/todotxt/) - A Gnome shell interface for todo.txt.

- [User Themes](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/19/user-themes/) - Load shell themes from user directory.

- [Vitals](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/1460/vitals/) - A glimpse into your computer's temperature, voltage, fan speed, memory usage, processor load, system resources, network speed and storage stats.

- [Wiggle](https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/1460/vitals/) - Wiggle is a GNOME 45+ port/fix for the scaling effect from Jiggle with better performance. Wiggle magnifies your cursor when the mouse is moved rapidly.



## Reload Gnome Freeze

This is a rare things, it happens much more in Gnome and requires a lot more "damaging" things. To fix a gnome that seems frozen do the following:



ALT + F2 enter in r (lowecase) and press Enter



## Create Desktop Launcher



Create a `AppName.desktop` file in `~/.local/share/applications` with content:



```

[Desktop Entry]

Version=0.1.1

Type=Application

Name=appName

Comment=Application Description

TryExec=Path/to/AppImage

Exec=Path/to/AppImage

Icon=Path/to/AppImage.icon

Actions=Editor

```



***

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# Virtual Machine Related



This has to do with VirtualBox



## Fix Mouse Side Buttons in VMWare

Append the following to `yourbox.vmx` with the machine off.



    mouse.vusb.enable = "TRUE"

    mouse.vusb.useBasicMouse = "FALSE"

    usb.generic.allowHID = "TRUE"



## Vagrant VBGuest Fix:



    vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest



    vagrant ssh

    sudo ln -s /opt/VBoxGuestAdditions-4.3.10/lib/VBoxGuestAdditions /usr/lib/VBoxGuestAdditions



## Windows 8 VirtualBox Fix

Running Windows 8 in Virtualbox has an odd error, run this in `cmd` or `powershell`, or `terminal` on linux.



    vboxmanage list vms

    vboxmanage setextradata "The Box Name" VBoxInternal/CPUM/CMPXCHG16B 1



***



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# Synchronize Configurations



## Sync Sublime Text

I am using Dropbox for syncing configurations



Install Package Control https://packagecontrol.io/installation#st3



After:



    cd ~/.config/sublime-text/Packages/

    rm -rf User

    ln -s ~/Dropbox/workspace/appdata/sublime-text/Packages/User



## Sync FileZilla



    cd ~/.config/filezilla

    rm -f sitemanager.xml

    ln -s ~/Dropbox/workspace/appdata/filezilla/sitemanager.xml



# Chrome Addons



- [Advanced REST client](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/advanced-rest-client/hgmloofddffdnphfgcellkdfbfbjeloo)

- [Card Color Titles for Trello](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/card-color-titles-for-tre/hpmobkglehhleflhaefmfajhbdnjmgim)

- [Chrome Apps & Extensions Developer Tool](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/chrome-apps-extensions-de/ohmmkhmmmpcnpikjeljgnaoabkaalbgc)

- [ColorZilla](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/colorzilla/bhlhnicpbhignbdhedgjhgdocnmhomnp)

- [Docs PDF/PowerPoint Viewer](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/docs-pdfpowerpoint-viewer/nnbmlagghjjcbdhgmkedmbmedengocbn)

- [Full Page Screen Capture](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/full-page-screen-capture/fdpohaocaechififmbbbbbknoalclacl)

- [goo.gl URL Shortener](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/googl-url-shortener/iblijlcdoidgdpfknkckljiocdbnlagk)

- [HTTP Archive Viewer](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/http-archive-viewer/ebbdbdmhegaoooipfnjikefdpeoaidml)

- [JSONView](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/jsonview/chklaanhfefbnpoihckbnefhakgolnmc)

- [LastPass: Free Password Manager](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/lastpass-free-password-ma/hdokiejnpimakedhajhdlcegeplioahd)

- [React Developer Tools](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/react-developer-tools/fmkadmapgofadopljbjfkapdkoienihi)

- [Recently Closed Tabs](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/recently-closed-tabs/opefiliglgllmponlmoajkfbcaigocfc)

- [Tampermonkey](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/tampermonkey/dhdgffkkebhmkfjojejmpbldmpobfkfo)

- [User-Agent Switcher for Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/user-agent-switcher-for-c/djflhoibgkdhkhhcedjiklpkjnoahfmg)

- [WML](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/wml/obhgkibgbjdfojpkmoaanffdkcfpdodb)

- [Xdebug helper](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/xdebug-helper/eadndfjplgieldjbigjakmdgkmoaaaoc)



***



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# Other Applications

- [DragonDisk](http://www.dragondisk.com/) S3

- Kazam (Screen Recorder)

- Shutter

- gnome-system-tools

- Terminator

- Gdeb

- MySQL Workbench

- Bleachbit (Trash Cleaner)

- Preload (Intelligent Bootup Time)



***



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# Clean System



Remove not neccessary apps from startup



Show system apps in Startup Applications



    sudo sed -i 's/NoDisplay=true/NoDisplay=false/g' /etc/xdg/autostart/*.desktop



Open "Startup Applications" and uncheck apps: Chat, Orca Screen Reader, Zeitgest Datahub



Hide system apps



    sudo sed -i 's/NoDisplay=false/NoDisplay=true/g' /etc/xdg/autostart/*.desktop



Remove any unwanted applications.



***



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By [Avtandil Kikabidze aka LONGMAN](https://github.com/akalongman)