https://github.com/apple/ml-4m
4M: Massively Multimodal Masked Modeling
https://github.com/apple/ml-4m
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4M: Massively Multimodal Masked Modeling
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/apple/ml-4m
- Owner: apple
- License: apache-2.0
- Created: 2024-04-08T21:31:33.000Z (about 1 year ago)
- Default Branch: main
- Last Pushed: 2025-03-07T15:31:36.000Z (3 months ago)
- Last Synced: 2025-05-03T20:02:42.375Z (about 2 months ago)
- Language: Python
- Homepage: https://4m.epfl.ch
- Size: 12.2 MB
- Stars: 1,717
- Watchers: 34
- Forks: 103
- Open Issues: 14
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- Contributing: CONTRIBUTING.md
- License: LICENSE
- Code of conduct: CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
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README
# 4M: Massively Multimodal Masked Modeling
*A framework for training any-to-any multimodal foundation models.
Scalable. Open-sourced. Across tens of modalities and tasks.*
EPFL - Apple
[`Website`](https://4m.epfl.ch) | [`BibTeX`](#citation) | [`π€ Demo`](https://huggingface.co/spaces/EPFL-VILAB/4M)
Official implementation and pre-trained models for :
[**4M: Massively Multimodal Masked Modeling**](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.06647), NeurIPS 2023 (Spotlight)
*[David Mizrahi](https://dmizrahi.com/)\*, [Roman Bachmann](https://roman-bachmann.github.io/)\*, [OΔuzhan Fatih Kar](https://ofkar.github.io/), [Teresa Yeo](https://aserety.github.io/), [Mingfei Gao](https://fly6464.github.io/), [Afshin Dehghan](https://www.afshindehghan.com/), [Amir Zamir](https://vilab.epfl.ch/zamir/)*
[**4M-21: An Any-to-Any Vision Model for Tens of Tasks and Modalities**](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.09406), NeurIPS 2024
*[Roman Bachmann](https://roman-bachmann.github.io/)\*, [OΔuzhan Fatih Kar](https://ofkar.github.io/)\*, [David Mizrahi](https://dmizrahi.com/)\*, [Ali Garjani](https://garjania.github.io/), [Mingfei Gao](https://fly6464.github.io/), [David Griffiths](https://www.dgriffiths.uk/), [Jiaming Hu](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vm3imKsAAAAJ&hl=en), [Afshin Dehghan](https://www.afshindehghan.com/), [Amir Zamir](https://vilab.epfl.ch/zamir/)*
4M is a framework for training "any-to-any" foundation models, using tokenization and masking to scale to many diverse modalities. Models trained using 4M can perform a wide range of vision tasks, transfer well to unseen tasks and modalities, and are flexible and steerable multimodal generative models. We are releasing code and models for "4M: Massively Multimodal Masked Modeling" (here denoted 4M-7), as well as "4M-21: An Any-to-Any Vision Model for Tens of Tasks and Modalities" (here denoted 4M-21).
## Table of contents
- [Usage](#usage)
- [Installation](#installation)
- [Getting started](#getting-started)
- [Data](#data)
- [Tokenization](#tokenization)
- [4M Training](#4m-training)
- [Generation](#generation)
- [Model Zoo](#model-zoo)
- [4M models](#4m-models)
- [4M text-to-image specialist models](#4m-text-to-image-specialist-models)
- [4M super-resolution models](#4m-super-resolution-models)
- [Tokenizers](#tokenizers)
- [License](#license)
- [Citation](#citation)
## Usage
### Installation
1. Clone this repository and navigate to the root directory:
```
git clone https://github.com/apple/ml-4m
cd ml-4m
```
2. Create a new conda environment, then install the package and its dependencies:
```
conda create -n fourm python=3.9 -y
conda activate fourm
pip install --upgrade pip # enable PEP 660 support
pip install -e .
```
3. Verify that CUDA is available in PyTorch by running the following in a Python shell:
```
# Run in Python shell
import torch
print(torch.cuda.is_available()) # Should return True
```
If CUDA is not available, consider re-installing PyTorch following the [official installation instructions](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/). Likewise, if you want to install xFormers (optional, for faster tokenizers), follow [their README](https://github.com/facebookresearch/xformers) to ensure that the CUDA version is correct.
### Getting started
We provide a demo wrapper to quickly get started with using 4M models for RGB-to-all or {caption, bounding boxes}-to-all generation tasks.
For example, to generate all modalities from a given RGB input, call:
```python
from fourm.demo_4M_sampler import Demo4MSampler, img_from_url
sampler = Demo4MSampler(fm='EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_XL').cuda()
img = img_from_url('https://storage.googleapis.com/four_m_site/images/demo_rgb.png') # 1x3x224x224 ImageNet-standardized PyTorch Tensor
preds = sampler({'rgb@224': img.cuda()}, seed=None)
sampler.plot_modalities(preds, save_path=None)
```
You should expect to see an output like the following:
For performing caption-to-all generation, you can replace the sampler input by: `preds = sampler({'caption': 'A lake house with a boat in front [S_1]'})`.
For a list of available 4M models, please see the model zoo below, and see [README_GENERATION.md](README_GENERATION.md) for more instructions on generation.
### Data
See [README_DATA.md](README_DATA.md) for instructions on how to prepare aligned multimodal datasets.
### Tokenization
See [README_TOKENIZATION.md](README_TOKENIZATION.md) for instructions on how to train modality-specific tokenizers.
### 4M Training
See [README_TRAINING.md](README_TRAINING.md) for instructions on how to train 4M models.
### Generation
See [README_GENERATION.md](README_GENERATION.md) for instructions on how to use 4M models for inference / generation. We also provide a [generation notebook](notebooks/generation_4M-21.ipynb) that contains examples for 4M inference, specifically performing conditional image generation and common vision tasks (i.e. RGB-to-All).
## Model Zoo
We provide 4M and tokenizer checkpoints as [safetensors](https://huggingface.co/docs/safetensors/en/index), and also offer easy loading via [Hugging Face Hub](https://huggingface.co/docs/hub/index).
### 4M models
| Model | # Mod. | Datasets | # Params | Config | Weights |
| ------- | ------ | -------- | -------- | ------ | --------------- |
| 4M-B | 7 | CC12M | 198M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-b_mod7_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_B_CC12M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_B_CC12M) |
| 4M-B | 7 | COYO700M | 198M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-b_mod7_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_B_COYO700M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_B_COYO700M) |
| 4M-B | 21 | CC12M+COYO700M+C4 | 198M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-b_mod21_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_B/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_B) |
| 4M-L | 7 | CC12M | 705M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-l_mod7_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_L_CC12M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_L_CC12M) |
| 4M-L | 7 | COYO700M | 705M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-l_mod7_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_L_COYO700M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_L_COYO700M) |
| 4M-L | 21 | CC12M+COYO700M+C4 | 705M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-l_mod21_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_L/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_L) |
| 4M-XL | 7 | CC12M | 2.8B | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-xl_mod7_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_XL_CC12M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_XL_CC12M) |
| 4M-XL | 7 | COYO700M | 2.8B | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-xl_mod7_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_XL_COYO700M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_XL_COYO700M) |
| 4M-XL | 21 | CC12M+COYO700M+C4 | 2.8B | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/main/4m-xl_mod21_500b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_XL/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_XL) |
To load models from Hugging Face Hub:
```python
from fourm.models.fm import FM
fm7b_cc12m = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_B_CC12M')
fm7b_coyo = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_B_COYO700M')
fm21b = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_B')
fm7l_cc12m = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_L_CC12M')
fm7l_coyo = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_L_COYO700M')
fm21l = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_L')
fm7xl_cc12m = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_XL_CC12M')
fm7xl_coyo = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7_XL_COYO700M')
fm21xl = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-21_XL')
```
To load the checkpoints manually, first download the safetensors files from the above links and call:
```python
from fourm.utils import load_safetensors
from fourm.models.fm import FM
ckpt, config = load_safetensors('/path/to/checkpoint.safetensors')
fm = FM(config=config)
fm.load_state_dict(ckpt)
```
### 4M text-to-image specialist models
These models were initialized with the standard 4M-7 CC12M models, but continued training with a modality mixture heavily biased towards text inputs. They are still able to perform all other tasks, but perform better at text-to-image generation compared to the non-finetuned models.
| Model | # Mod. | Datasets | # Params | Config | Weights |
| ------- | ------ | -------- | -------- | ------ | --------------- |
| 4M-T2I-B | 7 | CC12M | 198M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/specialized/4m-b_mod7_500b--spec_text2im_100b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_B_CC12M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_B_CC12M) |
| 4M-T2I-L | 7 | CC12M | 705M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/specialized/4m-l_mod7_500b--spec_text2im_100b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_L_CC12M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_L_CC12M) |
| 4M-T2I-XL | 7 | CC12M | 2.8B | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/specialized/4m-xl_mod7_500b--spec_text2im_100b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_XL_CC12M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_XL_CC12M) |
To load models from Hugging Face Hub:
```python
from fourm.models.fm import FM
fm7b_t2i_cc12m = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_B_CC12M')
fm7l_t2i_cc12m = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_L_CC12M')
fm7xl_t2i_cc12m = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-T2I_XL_CC12M')
```
Loading manually from checkpoints is performed in the same way as above for the base 4M models.
### 4M super-resolution models
| Model | # Mod. | Datasets | # Params | Config | Weights |
| ------- | ------ | -------- | -------- | ------ | --------------- |
| 4M-SR-L | 7 | CC12M | 198M | [Config](cfgs/default/4m/models/superres/4m-l_mod7_500b--sr_448_100b.yaml) | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-SR_L_CC12M/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-SR_L_CC12M) |
To load models from Hugging Face Hub:
```python
from fourm.models.fm import FM
fm7l_sr_cc12m = FM.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M-7-SR_L_CC12M')
```
Loading manually from checkpoints is performed in the same way as above for the base 4M models.
### Tokenizers
| Modality | Resolution | Number of tokens | Codebook size | Diffusion decoder | Weights |
|----------------------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|-------------------|---------|
| RGB | 224-448 | 196-784 | 16k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_rgb_16k_224-448/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_rgb_16k_224-448) |
| Depth | 224-448 | 196-784 | 8k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_depth_8k_224-448/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_depth_8k_224-448) |
| Normals | 224-448 | 196-784 | 8k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_normal_8k_224-448/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_normal_8k_224-448) |
| Edges (Canny, SAM) | 224-512 | 196-1024 | 8k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_edge_8k_224-512/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_edge_8k_224-512) |
| COCO semantic segmentation | 224-448 | 196-784 | 4k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_semseg_4k_224-448/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_semseg_4k_224-448) |
| CLIP-B/16 | 224-448 | 196-784 | 8k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_CLIP-B16_8k_224-448/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_CLIP-B16_8k_224-448) |
| DINOv2-B/14 | 224-448 | 256-1024 | 8k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_DINOv2-B14_8k_224-448/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_DINOv2-B14_8k_224-448) |
| DINOv2-B/14 (global) | 224 | 16 | 8k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_DINOv2-B14-global_8k_16_224/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_DINOv2-B14-global_8k_16_224) |
| ImageBind-H/14 | 224-448 | 256-1024 | 8k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_ImageBind-H14_8k_224-448/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_ImageBind-H14_8k_224-448) |
| ImageBind-H/14 (global) | 224 | 16 | 8k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_ImageBind-H14-global_8k_16_224/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_ImageBind-H14-global_8k_16_224) |
| SAM instances | - | 64 | 1k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_sam-instance_1k_64/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_sam-instance_1k_64) |
| 3D Human poses | - | 8 | 1k | β | [Checkpoint](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_human-poses_1k_8/resolve/main/model.safetensors) / [HF Hub](https://huggingface.co/EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_human-poses_1k_8) |
To load models from Hugging Face Hub:
```python
from fourm.vq.vqvae import VQVAE, DiVAE
# 4M-7 modalities
tok_rgb = DiVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_rgb_16k_224-448')
tok_depth = DiVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_depth_8k_224-448')
tok_normal = DiVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_normal_8k_224-448')
tok_semseg = VQVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_semseg_4k_224-448')
tok_clip = VQVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_CLIP-B16_8k_224-448')
# 4M-21 modalities
tok_edge = DiVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_edge_8k_224-512')
tok_dinov2 = VQVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_DINOv2-B14_8k_224-448')
tok_dinov2_global = VQVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_DINOv2-B14-global_8k_16_224')
tok_imagebind = VQVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_ImageBind-H14_8k_224-448')
tok_imagebind_global = VQVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_ImageBind-H14-global_8k_16_224')
sam_instance = VQVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_sam-instance_1k_64')
human_poses = VQVAE.from_pretrained('EPFL-VILAB/4M_tokenizers_human-poses_1k_8')
```
To load the checkpoints manually, first download the safetensors files from the above links and call:
```python
from fourm.utils import load_safetensors
from fourm.vq.vqvae import VQVAE, DiVAE
ckpt, config = load_safetensors('/path/to/checkpoint.safetensors')
tok = VQVAE(config=config) # Or DiVAE for models with a diffusion decoder
tok.load_state_dict(ckpt)
```
## License
The code in this repository is released under the Apache 2.0 license as found in the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file.
The model weights in this repository are released under the Sample Code license as found in the [LICENSE_WEIGHTS](LICENSE_WEIGHTS) file.
## Citation
If you find this repository helpful, please consider citing our work:
```
@inproceedings{4m,
title={{4M}: Massively Multimodal Masked Modeling},
author={David Mizrahi and Roman Bachmann and O{\u{g}}uzhan Fatih Kar and Teresa Yeo and Mingfei Gao and Afshin Dehghan and Amir Zamir},
booktitle={Thirty-seventh Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems},
year={2023},
}
@article{4m21,
title={{4M-21}: An Any-to-Any Vision Model for Tens of Tasks and Modalities},
author={Roman Bachmann and O{\u{g}}uzhan Fatih Kar and David Mizrahi and Ali Garjani and Mingfei Gao and David Griffiths and Jiaming Hu and Afshin Dehghan and Amir Zamir},
journal={arXiv 2024},
year={2024},
}
```