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https://github.com/arkq/bluez-alsa

Bluetooth Audio ALSA Backend
https://github.com/arkq/bluez-alsa

a2dp alsa audio ble-midi bluetooth bluez hfp hsp linux ofono

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Bluetooth Audio ALSA Backend

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README 

        
# Bluetooth Audio ALSA Backend



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## About BlueALSA



This project is a rebirth of a direct integration between [BlueZ][] and

[ALSA][]. Since BlueZ >= 5, the built-in integration has been removed in favor

of 3rd party audio applications. From now on, BlueZ acts as a middleware

between an audio application, which implements Bluetooth audio profile, and a

Bluetooth audio device.



The current status quo is, that in order to stream audio from/to a Bluetooth

device, one has to install a general-purpose audio server such as [PipeWire][]

or [PulseAudio][], or use BlueZ version 4 which is deprecated and unmaintained.



[BlueZ]: http://www.bluez.org/

[ALSA]: https://www.alsa-project.org/

[PipeWire]: https://pipewire.org/

[PulseAudio]: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio



This project created and maintains a product called BlueALSA, with which one

can achieve the same Bluetooth audio profile support as with PulseAudio, but

with fewer dependencies and at a lower level in the software stack.  BlueALSA

registers all known Bluetooth audio profiles in BlueZ, so in theory every

Bluetooth device (with audio capabilities) can be connected.



BlueALSA is designed specifically for use on small, low-powered, dedicated

audio or audio/visual systems where the high-level audio management features of

PulseAudio or PipeWire are not required. The target system must be able to

function correctly with all its audio applications interfacing directly with

ALSA, with only one application at a time using each Bluetooth audio stream.

In such systems BlueALSA adds Bluetooth audio support to the existing

ALSA sound card support. Note this means that the applications are constrained

by the capabilities of the ALSA API, and the higher-level audio processing

features of audio servers such as PulseAudio and PipeWire are not available.



BlueALSA consists of the daemon `bluealsa`, ALSA plug-ins, and a number of

utilities. The basic context is shown in this diagram:



```mermaid

flowchart TD

classDef external fill:#eee,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px,color:black;

classDef bluealsa fill:#bbf,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px,color:black;



A[Bluetooth Adapter] <--> B((bluetoothd\ndaemon))

A <--> C((bluealsa daemon))

B <--> C

C <--> D((bluealsa-aplay))

D --> E([ALSA libasound])

E --> K[Speakers]

C <--> F((bluealsa\nALSA plug-ins))

C <--> G((bluealsa-cli))

F <--> H([ALSA libasound])

H <--> I((ALSA\napplications))

C <--> J((other\nD-Bus clients))

C <--> L((ALSA MIDI\nsequencer))

L <--> M([ALSA libasound])

M <--> N((ALSA MIDI\napplication))



class A,B,E,H,I,J,K,L,M,N external;

class C,D,F,G bluealsa;

```



The heart of BlueALSA is the daemon `bluealsa` which interfaces with the BlueZ

Bluetooth daemon `bluetoothd` and the local Bluetooth adapter. It handles the

profile connection and configuration logic for A2DP, HFP and HSP and presents

the resulting audio streams to applications via D-Bus.



BlueALSA includes ALSA plug-ins which hide all the D-Bus specifics and permit

applications to use the ALSA PCM and mixer interfaces, so that existing ALSA

applications can access Bluetooth audio devices in the same way as they use

sound card PCMs and mixers.



In case of BLE MIDI, the daemon creates a simple MIDI port directly in ALSA

MIDI sequencer, so that ALSA MIDI application can connect to the remote BLE

MIDI device in the same way as it would connect to a local MIDI device.



BlueALSA also includes a number of utility applications. Of particular note

are:



* bluealsa-aplay\

   an application to simplify the task of building a Bluetooth speaker using

   BlueALSA.



* bluealsa-cli\

   an application to allow command-line management of the BlueALSA system.



* bluealsa-rfcomm\

   a command-line application which provides access to the RFCOMM terminal for

   HFP/HSP devices.



## Installation



Build and install instructions are included in the file

[INSTALL.md](INSTALL.md) and more detailed guidance is available in the

[wiki](https://github.com/arkq/bluez-alsa/wiki/Installation-from-source).



## Usage



### bluealsa daemon



The main component of BlueALSA is a program called `bluealsa`. By default, this

program shall be run as a root during system startup. It will register

`org.bluealsa` service in the D-Bus system bus, which can be used for accessing

configured audio devices. In general, BlueALSA acts as a proxy between BlueZ

and ALSA.



The `bluealsa` daemon must be running in order to pair, connect, and use

remote Bluetooth audio devices. In order to stream audio to e.g. a Bluetooth

headset, firstly one has to connect the device. If you are not familiar with

the Bluetooth pairing and connecting procedures on Linux, there is a basic

guide in the wiki:

[Bluetooth pairing and connecting](https://github.com/arkq/bluez-alsa/wiki/Bluetooth-Pairing-And-Connecting).



For details of command-line options to `bluealsa`, consult the [bluealsa manual

page](doc/bluealsa.8.rst).



### ALSA plug-ins



When a Bluetooth audio device is connected one can use the `bluealsa`

virtual PCM device with ALSA applications just like any other PCM device:



```sh

aplay -D bluealsa Bourree_in_E_minor.wav

```



If there is more than one Bluetooth device connected, the target one can be

specified as a parameter to the PCM:



```sh

aplay -D bluealsa:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX, Bourree_in_E_minor.wav

```



Please note that this PCM device is based on the [ALSA software PCM I/O

plug-in][] - it has no associated sound card, and it will not be available in

the [ALSA Kernel proc interface][].



[ALSA software PCM I/O plug-in]: https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_external_plugins.html

[ALSA Kernel proc interface]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/sound/designs/procfile.html



Setup parameters of the bluealsa PCM device can be set in the local `.asoundrc`

configuration file like this:



```sh

cat ~/.asoundrc

defaults.bluealsa.service "org.bluealsa"

defaults.bluealsa.device "XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX"

defaults.bluealsa.profile "a2dp"

defaults.bluealsa.delay 10000

```



BlueALSA also allows to capture audio from the connected Bluetooth device. To

do so, one has to use the capture PCM device, e.g.:



```sh

arecord -D bluealsa -f s16_le -c 2 -r 48000 capture.wav

```



In addition to A2DP profile, used for high quality audio, BlueALSA also allows

to use phone audio connection via SCO link. One can use either built-in HSP/HFP

support, which implements only audio related part of the specification, or use

[oFono][] service as a back-end. In order to open SCO audio connection one

shall switch to `sco` profile like follows:



[oFono]: https://01.org/ofono



```sh

aplay -D bluealsa:DEV=XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX,PROFILE=sco Bourree_in_E_minor.wav

```



In order to control input or output audio level, one can use provided

`bluealsa` control plug-in. This plug-in allows adjusting the volume of the

audio stream or simply mute/unmute it, e.g.:



```sh

amixer -D bluealsa sset '' 70%

```



where the control name is the name of a connected Bluetooth device with a

control element suffix, e.g.:



```sh

amixer -D bluealsa sset 'Jabra MOVE v2.3.0 A2DP' 50%

```



For full details of the BlueALSA ALSA PCM device and mixer device consult the

[BlueALSA plug-ins manual page](doc/bluealsa-plugins.7.rst).



There are also a number of articles on the [bluez-alsa project wiki][] giving

more examples of using these plug-ins.



[bluez-alsa project wiki]: https://github.com/arkq/bluez-alsa/wiki



For more advanced ALSA configuration, consult the [asoundrc on-line

documentation][] provided by the AlsaProject wiki page.



[asoundrc on-line documentation]: https://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/Asoundrc



### bluealsa-aplay



It is possible to create Bluetooth-powered speaker using BlueALSA. For this it

is required to forward the audio signal from the BlueALSA capture PCM to some

other playback PCM (e.g. built-in audio card).  In order to simplify this task,

BlueALSA includes a program called `bluealsa-aplay`, which acts as a simple

BlueALSA player. Connect your Bluetooth device (e.g. smartphone) and do as

follows:



```sh

bluealsa-aplay XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

```



For details of command-line options to `bluealsa-aplay`, consult the

[bluealsa-aplay manual page](doc/bluealsa-aplay.1.rst). There are also some

articles on the [bluez-alsa project wiki][] giving examples of its use.



The list of available BlueALSA PCMs (provided by connected Bluetooth devices

with audio capabilities) can be obtained directly from [BlueALSA D-Bus

API](doc/org.bluealsa.PCM1.7.rst) or using `bluealsa-aplay` as a convenient

wrapper as follows:



```sh

bluealsa-aplay -L

```



## Contributing



This project welcomes contributions of code, documentation and testing.



Please see the [CONTRIBUTING](CONTRIBUTING.md) guide for details.



## Bug reports, feature requests, and requests for help



The most commonly encountered errors are discussed in the

[TROUBLESHOOTING] guide. Please check that file to see if there is already a

solution for your issue.



If you are unable to find a solution in that document or by reading the

[manual pages][], then please search [previous issues][] (both open and

closed), and consult the [wiki][] before raising a new issue. Unfortunately

the wiki is not indexed by web search engines, so searching on-line for your

issue will not discover the information in there.



If reporting a problem as a new issue, please use the appropriate

[bluez-alsa GitHub issue reporting template][] and complete each section of

the template as fully as possible.



[TROUBLESHOOTING]: TROUBLESHOOTING.md

[manual pages]: doc/

[previous issues]: https://github.com/arkq/bluez-alsa/issues

[wiki]: https://github.com/arkq/bluez-alsa/wiki

[bluez-alsa GitHub issue reporting template]: https://github.com/arkq/bluez-alsa/issues/new/choose



## License



BlueALSA is licensed under the terms of the MIT license. See the [LICENSE

file](LICENSE) for details.



## Resources



1. [Bluetooth Adopted Specifications](https://www.bluetooth.com/specifications/adopted-specifications)

1. [Bluetooth LE MIDI Specification](https://www.midi.org/specifications-old/item/bluetooth-le-midi)

1. [Bluetooth Design Guidelines](https://developer.apple.com/hardwaredrivers/BluetoothDesignGuidelines.pdf)

1. [RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6416)

1. [Coding of MPEG-4 Audio](https://www.iso.org/standard/42739.html)

1. [ALSA project library reference](https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/index.html)