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https://github.com/astanin/python-tabulate

Pretty-print tabular data in Python, a library and a command-line utility. Repository migrated from bitbucket.org/astanin/python-tabulate.
https://github.com/astanin/python-tabulate

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Pretty-print tabular data in Python, a library and a command-line utility. Repository migrated from bitbucket.org/astanin/python-tabulate.

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README 

        
python-tabulate

===============



Pretty-print tabular data in Python, a library and a command-line

utility.



The main use cases of the library are:



-   printing small tables without hassle: just one function call,

    formatting is guided by the data itself

-   authoring tabular data for lightweight plain-text markup: multiple

    output formats suitable for further editing or transformation

-   readable presentation of mixed textual and numeric data: smart

    column alignment, configurable number formatting, alignment by a

    decimal point



Installation

------------



To install the Python library and the command line utility, run:



```shell

pip install tabulate

```



The command line utility will be installed as `tabulate` to `bin` on

Linux (e.g. `/usr/bin`); or as `tabulate.exe` to `Scripts` in your

Python installation on Windows (e.g. `C:\Python39\Scripts\tabulate.exe`).



You may consider installing the library only for the current user:



```shell

pip install tabulate --user

```



In this case the command line utility will be installed to

`~/.local/bin/tabulate` on Linux and to

`%APPDATA%\Python\Scripts\tabulate.exe` on Windows.



To install just the library on Unix-like operating systems:



```shell

TABULATE_INSTALL=lib-only pip install tabulate

```



On Windows:



```shell

set TABULATE_INSTALL=lib-only

pip install tabulate

```



Build status

------------



[![Build status](https://circleci.com/gh/astanin/python-tabulate.svg?style=svg)](https://circleci.com/gh/astanin/python-tabulate/tree/master) [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/8745yksvvol7h3d7/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/astanin/python-tabulate/branch/master)



Library usage

-------------



The module provides just one function, `tabulate`, which takes a list of

lists or another tabular data type as the first argument, and outputs a

nicely formatted plain-text table:



```pycon

>>> from tabulate import tabulate



>>> table = [["Sun",696000,1989100000],["Earth",6371,5973.6],

...          ["Moon",1737,73.5],["Mars",3390,641.85]]

>>> print(tabulate(table))

-----  ------  -------------

Sun    696000     1.9891e+09

Earth    6371  5973.6

Moon     1737    73.5

Mars     3390   641.85

-----  ------  -------------

```



The following tabular data types are supported:



-   list of lists or another iterable of iterables

-   list or another iterable of dicts (keys as columns)

-   dict of iterables (keys as columns)

-   list of dataclasses (Python 3.7+ only, field names as columns)

-   two-dimensional NumPy array

-   NumPy record arrays (names as columns)

-   pandas.DataFrame



Tabulate is a Python3 library.



### Headers



The second optional argument named `headers` defines a list of column

headers to be used:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers=["Planet","R (km)", "mass (x 10^29 kg)"]))

Planet      R (km)    mass (x 10^29 kg)

--------  --------  -------------------

Sun         696000           1.9891e+09

Earth         6371        5973.6

Moon          1737          73.5

Mars          3390         641.85

```



If `headers="firstrow"`, then the first row of data is used:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([["Name","Age"],["Alice",24],["Bob",19]],

...                headers="firstrow"))

Name      Age

------  -----

Alice      24

Bob        19

```



If `headers="keys"`, then the keys of a dictionary/dataframe, or column

indices are used. It also works for NumPy record arrays and lists of

dictionaries or named tuples:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate({"Name": ["Alice", "Bob"],

...                 "Age": [24, 19]}, headers="keys"))

  Age  Name

-----  ------

   24  Alice

   19  Bob

```



### Row Indices



By default, only pandas.DataFrame tables have an additional column

called row index. To add a similar column to any other type of table,

pass `showindex="always"` or `showindex=True` argument to `tabulate()`.

To suppress row indices for all types of data, pass `showindex="never"`

or `showindex=False`. To add a custom row index column, pass

`showindex=rowIDs`, where `rowIDs` is some iterable:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([["F",24],["M",19]], showindex="always"))

-  -  --

0  F  24

1  M  19

-  -  --

```



### Table format



There is more than one way to format a table in plain text. The third

optional argument named `tablefmt` defines how the table is formatted.



Supported table formats are:



-   "plain"

-   "simple"

-   "github"

-   "grid"

-   "simple\_grid"

-   "rounded\_grid"

-   "heavy\_grid"

-   "mixed\_grid"

-   "double\_grid"

-   "fancy\_grid"

-   "outline"

-   "simple\_outline"

-   "rounded\_outline"

-   "heavy\_outline"

-   "mixed\_outline"

-   "double\_outline"

-   "fancy\_outline"

-   "pipe"

-   "orgtbl"

-   "asciidoc"

-   "jira"

-   "presto"

-   "pretty"

-   "psql"

-   "rst"

-   "mediawiki"

-   "moinmoin"

-   "youtrack"

-   "html"

-   "unsafehtml"

-   "latex"

-   "latex\_raw"

-   "latex\_booktabs"

-   "latex\_longtable"

-   "textile"

-   "tsv"



`plain` tables do not use any pseudo-graphics to draw lines:



```pycon

>>> table = [["spam",42],["eggs",451],["bacon",0]]

>>> headers = ["item", "qty"]

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="plain"))

item      qty

spam       42

eggs      451

bacon       0

```



`simple` is the default format (the default may change in future

versions). It corresponds to `simple_tables` in [Pandoc Markdown

extensions](http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/README.html#tables):



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="simple"))

item      qty

------  -----

spam       42

eggs      451

bacon       0

```



`github` follows the conventions of GitHub flavored Markdown. It

corresponds to the `pipe` format without alignment colons:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="github"))

| item   | qty   |

|--------|-------|

| spam   | 42    |

| eggs   | 451   |

| bacon  | 0     |

```



`grid` is like tables formatted by Emacs'

[table.el](http://table.sourceforge.net/) package. It corresponds to

`grid_tables` in Pandoc Markdown extensions:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="grid"))

+--------+-------+

| item   |   qty |

+========+=======+

| spam   |    42 |

+--------+-------+

| eggs   |   451 |

+--------+-------+

| bacon  |     0 |

+--------+-------+

```



`simple_grid` draws a grid using single-line box-drawing characters:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="simple_grid"))

    ┌────────┬───────┐

    │ item   │   qty │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ spam   │    42 │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ eggs   │   451 │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ bacon  │     0 │

    └────────┴───────┘



`rounded_grid` draws a grid using single-line box-drawing characters with rounded corners:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="rounded_grid"))

    ╭────────┬───────╮

    │ item   │   qty │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ spam   │    42 │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ eggs   │   451 │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ bacon  │     0 │

    ╰────────┴───────╯



`heavy_grid` draws a grid using bold (thick) single-line box-drawing characters:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="heavy_grid"))

    ┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓

    ┃ item   ┃   qty ┃

    ┣━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━┫

    ┃ spam   ┃    42 ┃

    ┣━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━┫

    ┃ eggs   ┃   451 ┃

    ┣━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━┫

    ┃ bacon  ┃     0 ┃

    ┗━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━┛



`mixed_grid` draws a grid using a mix of light (thin) and heavy (thick) lines box-drawing characters:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="mixed_grid"))

    ┍━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┑

    │ item   │   qty │

    ┝━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━┥

    │ spam   │    42 │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ eggs   │   451 │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ bacon  │     0 │

    ┕━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┙



`double_grid` draws a grid using double-line box-drawing characters:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="double_grid"))

    ╔════════╦═══════╗

    ║ item   ║   qty ║

    ╠════════╬═══════╣

    ║ spam   ║    42 ║

    ╠════════╬═══════╣

    ║ eggs   ║   451 ║

    ╠════════╬═══════╣

    ║ bacon  ║     0 ║

    ╚════════╩═══════╝



`fancy_grid` draws a grid using a mix of single and

    double-line box-drawing characters:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="fancy_grid"))

╒════════╤═══════╕

│ item   │   qty │

╞════════╪═══════╡

│ spam   │    42 │

├────────┼───────┤

│ eggs   │   451 │

├────────┼───────┤

│ bacon  │     0 │

╘════════╧═══════╛

```



`outline` is the same as the `grid` format but doesn't draw lines between rows:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="outline"))

    +--------+-------+

    | item   |   qty |

    +========+=======+

    | spam   |    42 |

    | eggs   |   451 |

    | bacon  |     0 |

    +--------+-------+



`simple_outline` is the same as the `simple_grid` format but doesn't draw lines between rows:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="simple_outline"))

    ┌────────┬───────┐

    │ item   │   qty │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ spam   │    42 │

    │ eggs   │   451 │

    │ bacon  │     0 │

    └────────┴───────┘



`rounded_outline` is the same as the `rounded_grid` format but doesn't draw lines between rows:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="rounded_outline"))

    ╭────────┬───────╮

    │ item   │   qty │

    ├────────┼───────┤

    │ spam   │    42 │

    │ eggs   │   451 │

    │ bacon  │     0 │

    ╰────────┴───────╯



`heavy_outline` is the same as the `heavy_grid` format but doesn't draw lines between rows:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="heavy_outline"))

    ┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓

    ┃ item   ┃   qty ┃

    ┣━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━┫

    ┃ spam   ┃    42 ┃

    ┃ eggs   ┃   451 ┃

    ┃ bacon  ┃     0 ┃

    ┗━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━┛



`mixed_outline` is the same as the `mixed_grid` format but doesn't draw lines between rows:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="mixed_outline"))

    ┍━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┑

    │ item   │   qty │

    ┝━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━┥

    │ spam   │    42 │

    │ eggs   │   451 │

    │ bacon  │     0 │

    ┕━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┙



`double_outline` is the same as the `double_grid` format but doesn't draw lines between rows:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="double_outline"))

    ╔════════╦═══════╗

    ║ item   ║   qty ║

    ╠════════╬═══════╣

    ║ spam   ║    42 ║

    ║ eggs   ║   451 ║

    ║ bacon  ║     0 ║

    ╚════════╩═══════╝



`fancy_outline` is the same as the `fancy_grid` format but doesn't draw lines between rows:



    >>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="fancy_outline"))

    ╒════════╤═══════╕

    │ item   │   qty │

    ╞════════╪═══════╡

    │ spam   │    42 │

    │ eggs   │   451 │

    │ bacon  │     0 │

    ╘════════╧═══════╛



`presto` is like tables formatted by Presto cli:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="presto"))

 item   |   qty

--------+-------

 spam   |    42

 eggs   |   451

 bacon  |     0

```



`pretty` attempts to be close to the format emitted by the PrettyTables

library:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="pretty"))

+-------+-----+

| item  | qty |

+-------+-----+

| spam  | 42  |

| eggs  | 451 |

| bacon |  0  |

+-------+-----+

```



`psql` is like tables formatted by Postgres' psql cli:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="psql"))

+--------+-------+

| item   |   qty |

|--------+-------|

| spam   |    42 |

| eggs   |   451 |

| bacon  |     0 |

+--------+-------+

```



`pipe` follows the conventions of [PHP Markdown

Extra](http://michelf.ca/projects/php-markdown/extra/#table) extension.

It corresponds to `pipe_tables` in Pandoc. This format uses colons to

indicate column alignment:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="pipe"))

| item   |   qty |

|:-------|------:|

| spam   |    42 |

| eggs   |   451 |

| bacon  |     0 |

```



`asciidoc` formats data like a simple table of the

[AsciiDoctor](https://docs.asciidoctor.org/asciidoc/latest/syntax-quick-reference/#tables)

format:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="asciidoc"))

[cols="8<,7>",options="header"]

|====

| item   |   qty

| spam   |    42

| eggs   |   451

| bacon  |     0

|====

```



`orgtbl` follows the conventions of Emacs

[org-mode](http://orgmode.org/manual/Tables.html), and is editable also

in the minor orgtbl-mode. Hence its name:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="orgtbl"))

| item   |   qty |

|--------+-------|

| spam   |    42 |

| eggs   |   451 |

| bacon  |     0 |

```



`jira` follows the conventions of Atlassian Jira markup language:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="jira"))

|| item   ||   qty ||

| spam   |    42 |

| eggs   |   451 |

| bacon  |     0 |

```



`rst` formats data like a simple table of the

[reStructuredText](http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html#tables)

format:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="rst"))

======  =====

item      qty

======  =====

spam       42

eggs      451

bacon       0

======  =====

```



`mediawiki` format produces a table markup used in

[Wikipedia](http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Tables) and on other

MediaWiki-based sites:



 ```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="mediawiki"))

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"

|+ 

|-

! item   !! style="text-align: right;"|   qty

|-

| spam   || style="text-align: right;"|    42

|-

| eggs   || style="text-align: right;"|   451

|-

| bacon  || style="text-align: right;"|     0

|}

```



`moinmoin` format produces a table markup used in

[MoinMoin](https://moinmo.in/) wikis:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="moinmoin"))

|| ''' item   ''' || ''' quantity   ''' ||

||  spam    ||  41.999      ||

||  eggs    ||  451         ||

||  bacon   ||              ||

```



`youtrack` format produces a table markup used in Youtrack tickets:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="youtrack"))

||  item    ||  quantity   ||

|   spam    |  41.999      |

|   eggs    |  451         |

|   bacon   |              |

```



`textile` format produces a table markup used in

[Textile](http://redcloth.org/hobix.com/textile/) format:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="textile"))

|_.  item   |_.   qty |

|<. spam    |>.    42 |

|<. eggs    |>.   451 |

|<. bacon   |>.     0 |

```



`html` produces standard HTML markup as an html.escape'd str

with a ._repr_html_ method so that Jupyter Lab and Notebook display the HTML

and a .str property so that the raw HTML remains accessible.

`unsafehtml` table format can be used if an unescaped HTML is required:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="html"))



item    qty

spam     42

eggs    451

bacon     0



```



`latex` format creates a `tabular` environment for LaTeX markup,

replacing special characters like `_` or `\` to their LaTeX

correspondents:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="latex"))

\begin{tabular}{lr}

\hline

 item   &   qty \\

\hline

 spam   &    42 \\

 eggs   &   451 \\

 bacon  &     0 \\

\hline

\end{tabular}

```



`latex_raw` behaves like `latex` but does not escape LaTeX commands and

special characters.



`latex_booktabs` creates a `tabular` environment for LaTeX markup using

spacing and style from the `booktabs` package.



`latex_longtable` creates a table that can stretch along multiple pages,

using the `longtable` package.



### Column alignment



`tabulate` is smart about column alignment. It detects columns which

contain only numbers, and aligns them by a decimal point (or flushes

them to the right if they appear to be integers). Text columns are

flushed to the left.



You can override the default alignment with `numalign` and `stralign`

named arguments. Possible column alignments are: `right`, `center`,

`left`, `decimal` (only for numbers), and `None` (to disable alignment).



Aligning by a decimal point works best when you need to compare numbers

at a glance:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([[1.2345],[123.45],[12.345],[12345],[1234.5]]))

----------

    1.2345

  123.45

   12.345

12345

 1234.5

----------

```



Compare this with a more common right alignment:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([[1.2345],[123.45],[12.345],[12345],[1234.5]], numalign="right"))

------

1.2345

123.45

12.345

 12345

1234.5

------

```



For `tabulate`, anything which can be parsed as a number is a number.

Even numbers represented as strings are aligned properly. This feature

comes in handy when reading a mixed table of text and numbers from a

file:



```pycon

>>> import csv ; from StringIO import StringIO

>>> table = list(csv.reader(StringIO("spam, 42\neggs, 451\n")))

>>> table

[['spam', ' 42'], ['eggs', ' 451']]

>>> print(tabulate(table))

----  ----

spam    42

eggs   451

----  ----

```



To disable this feature use `disable_numparse=True`.



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate.tabulate([["Ver1", "18.0"], ["Ver2","19.2"]], tablefmt="simple", disable_numparse=True))

----  ----

Ver1  18.0

Ver2  19.2

----  ----

```



### Custom column alignment



`tabulate` allows a custom column alignment to override the smart alignment described above.

Use `colglobalalign` to define a global setting. Possible alignments are: `right`, `center`, `left`, `decimal` (only for numbers).

Furthermore, you can define `colalign` for column-specific alignment as a list or a tuple. Possible values are `global` (keeps global setting), `right`, `center`, `left`, `decimal` (only for numbers), `None` (to disable alignment). Missing alignments are treated as `global`.



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([[1,2,3,4],[111,222,333,444]], colglobalalign='center', colalign = ('global','left','right')))

---  ---  ---  ---

 1   2      3   4

111  222  333  444

---  ---  ---  ---

```



### Custom header alignment



Headers' alignment can be defined separately from columns'. Like for columns, you can use:

- `headersglobalalign` to define a header-specific global alignment setting. Possible values are `right`, `center`, `left`, `None` (to follow column alignment),

- `headersalign` list or tuple to further specify header-wise alignment. Possible values are `global` (keeps global setting), `same` (follow column alignment), `right`, `center`, `left`, `None` (to disable alignment). Missing alignments are treated as `global`.



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([[1,2,3,4,5,6],[111,222,333,444,555,666]], colglobalalign = 'center', colalign = ('left',), headers = ['h','e','a','d','e','r'], headersglobalalign = 'right', headersalign = ('same','same','left','global','center')))



h     e   a      d   e     r

---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---

1     2    3    4    5    6

111  222  333  444  555  666

```



### Number formatting



`tabulate` allows to define custom number formatting applied to all

columns of decimal numbers. Use `floatfmt` named argument:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([["pi",3.141593],["e",2.718282]], floatfmt=".4f"))

--  ------

pi  3.1416

e   2.7183

--  ------

```



`floatfmt` argument can be a list or a tuple of format strings, one per

column, in which case every column may have different number formatting:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([[0.12345, 0.12345, 0.12345]], floatfmt=(".1f", ".3f")))

---  -----  -------

0.1  0.123  0.12345

---  -----  -------

```



`intfmt` works similarly for integers



    >>> print(tabulate([["a",1000],["b",90000]], intfmt=","))

    -  ------

    a   1,000

    b  90,000

    -  ------



### Text formatting



By default, `tabulate` removes leading and trailing whitespace from text

columns. To disable whitespace removal, set the global module-level flag

`PRESERVE_WHITESPACE`:



```python

import tabulate

tabulate.PRESERVE_WHITESPACE = True

```



### Wide (fullwidth CJK) symbols



To properly align tables which contain wide characters (typically

fullwidth glyphs from Chinese, Japanese or Korean languages), the user

should install `wcwidth` library. To install it together with

`tabulate`:



```shell

pip install tabulate[widechars]

```



Wide character support is enabled automatically if `wcwidth` library is

already installed. To disable wide characters support without

uninstalling `wcwidth`, set the global module-level flag

`WIDE_CHARS_MODE`:



```python

import tabulate

tabulate.WIDE_CHARS_MODE = False

```



### Multiline cells



Most table formats support multiline cell text (text containing newline

characters). The newline characters are honored as line break

characters.



Multiline cells are supported for data rows and for header rows.



Further automatic line breaks are not inserted. Of course, some output

formats such as latex or html handle automatic formatting of the cell

content on their own, but for those that don't, the newline characters

in the input cell text are the only means to break a line in cell text.



Note that some output formats (e.g. simple, or plain) do not represent

row delimiters, so that the representation of multiline cells in such

formats may be ambiguous to the reader.



The following examples of formatted output use the following table with

a multiline cell, and headers with a multiline cell:



```pycon

>>> table = [["eggs",451],["more\nspam",42]]

>>> headers = ["item\nname", "qty"]

```



`plain` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="plain"))

item      qty

name

eggs      451

more       42

spam

```



`simple` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="simple"))

item      qty

name

------  -----

eggs      451

more       42

spam

```



`grid` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="grid"))

+--------+-------+

| item   |   qty |

| name   |       |

+========+=======+

| eggs   |   451 |

+--------+-------+

| more   |    42 |

| spam   |       |

+--------+-------+

```



`fancy_grid` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="fancy_grid"))

╒════════╤═══════╕

│ item   │   qty │

│ name   │       │

╞════════╪═══════╡

│ eggs   │   451 │

├────────┼───────┤

│ more   │    42 │

│ spam   │       │

╘════════╧═══════╛

```



`pipe` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="pipe"))

| item   |   qty |

| name   |       |

|:-------|------:|

| eggs   |   451 |

| more   |    42 |

| spam   |       |

```



`orgtbl` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="orgtbl"))

| item   |   qty |

| name   |       |

|--------+-------|

| eggs   |   451 |

| more   |    42 |

| spam   |       |

```



`jira` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="jira"))

| item   |   qty |

| name   |       |

|:-------|------:|

| eggs   |   451 |

| more   |    42 |

| spam   |       |

```



`presto` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="presto"))

 item   |   qty

 name   |

--------+-------

 eggs   |   451

 more   |    42

 spam   |

```



`pretty` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="pretty"))

+------+-----+

| item | qty |

| name |     |

+------+-----+

| eggs | 451 |

| more | 42  |

| spam |     |

+------+-----+

```



`psql` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="psql"))

+--------+-------+

| item   |   qty |

| name   |       |

|--------+-------|

| eggs   |   451 |

| more   |    42 |

| spam   |       |

+--------+-------+

```



`rst` tables:



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate(table, headers, tablefmt="rst"))

======  =====

item      qty

name

======  =====

eggs      451

more       42

spam

======  =====

```



Multiline cells are not well-supported for the other table formats.



### Automating Multilines

While tabulate supports data passed in with multilines entries explicitly provided,

it also provides some support to help manage this work internally.



The `maxcolwidths` argument is a list where each entry specifies the max width for

it's respective column. Any cell that will exceed this will automatically wrap the content.

To assign the same max width for all columns, a singular int scaler can be used.



Use `None` for any columns where an explicit maximum does not need to be provided,

and thus no automate multiline wrapping will take place.



The wrapping uses the python standard [textwrap.wrap](https://docs.python.org/3/library/textwrap.html#textwrap.wrap)

function with default parameters - aside from width.



This example demonstrates usage of automatic multiline wrapping, though typically

the lines being wrapped would probably be significantly longer than this.



```pycon

>>> print(tabulate([["John Smith", "Middle Manager"]], headers=["Name", "Title"], tablefmt="grid", maxcolwidths=[None, 8]))

+------------+---------+

| Name       | Title   |

+============+=========+

| John Smith | Middle  |

|            | Manager |

+------------+---------+

```



### Adding Separating lines

One might want to add one or more separating lines to highlight different sections in a table.



The separating lines will be of the same type as the one defined by the specified formatter as either the

linebetweenrows, linebelowheader, linebelow, lineabove or just a simple empty line when none is defined for the formatter



    >>> from tabulate import tabulate, SEPARATING_LINE



    table = [["Earth",6371],

             ["Mars",3390],

             SEPARATING_LINE,

             ["Moon",1737]]

    print(tabulate(table, tablefmt="simple"))

    -----  ----

    Earth  6371

    Mars   3390

    -----  ----

    Moon   1737

    -----  ----



### ANSI support

ANSI escape codes are non-printable byte sequences usually used for terminal operations like setting

color output or modifying cursor positions. Because multi-byte ANSI sequences are inherently non-printable,

they can still introduce unwanted extra length to strings. For example:



    >>> len('\033[31mthis text is red\033[0m')  # printable length is 16

    25



To deal with this, string lengths are calculated after first removing all ANSI escape sequences. This ensures

that the actual printable length is used for column widths, rather than the byte length. In the final, printable

table, however, ANSI escape sequences are not removed so the original styling is preserved.



Some terminals support a special grouping of ANSI escape sequences that are intended to display hyperlinks

much in the same way they are shown in browsers. These are handled just as mentioned before: non-printable

ANSI escape sequences are removed prior to string length calculation. The only diifference with escaped

hyperlinks is that column width will be based on the length of the URL _text_ rather than the URL

itself (terminals would show this text). For example:



    >>> len('\x1b]8;;https://example.com\x1b\\example\x1b]8;;\x1b\\')  # display length is 7, showing 'example'

    45



Usage of the command line utility

---------------------------------



    Usage: tabulate [options] [FILE ...]



    FILE                      a filename of the file with tabular data;

                              if "-" or missing, read data from stdin.



    Options:



    -h, --help                show this message

    -1, --header              use the first row of data as a table header

    -o FILE, --output FILE    print table to FILE (default: stdout)

    -s REGEXP, --sep REGEXP   use a custom column separator (default: whitespace)

    -F FPFMT, --float FPFMT   floating point number format (default: g)

    -I INTFMT, --int INTFMT   integer point number format (default: "")

    -f FMT, --format FMT      set output table format; supported formats:

                              plain, simple, github, grid, fancy_grid, pipe,

                              orgtbl, rst, mediawiki, html, latex, latex_raw,

                              latex_booktabs, latex_longtable, tsv

                              (default: simple)



Performance considerations

--------------------------



Such features as decimal point alignment and trying to parse everything

as a number imply that `tabulate`:



-   has to "guess" how to print a particular tabular data type

-   needs to keep the entire table in-memory

-   has to "transpose" the table twice

-   does much more work than it may appear



It may not be suitable for serializing really big tables (but who's

going to do that, anyway?) or printing tables in performance sensitive

applications. `tabulate` is about two orders of magnitude slower than

simply joining lists of values with a tab, comma, or other separator.



At the same time, `tabulate` is comparable to other table

pretty-printers. Given a 10x10 table (a list of lists) of mixed text and

numeric data, `tabulate` appears to be slower than `asciitable`, and

faster than `PrettyTable` and `texttable` The following mini-benchmark

was run in Python 3.9.13 on Windows 10:



    =================================  ==========  ===========

    Table formatter                      time, μs    rel. time

    =================================  ==========  ===========

    csv to StringIO                          12.5          1.0

    join with tabs and newlines              14.6          1.2

    asciitable (0.8.0)                      192.0         15.4

    tabulate (0.9.0)                        483.5         38.7

    tabulate (0.9.0, WIDE_CHARS_MODE)       637.6         51.1

    PrettyTable (3.4.1)                    1080.6         86.6

    texttable (1.6.4)                      1390.3        111.4

    =================================  ==========  ===========



Version history

---------------



The full version history can be found at the [changelog](https://github.com/astanin/python-tabulate/blob/master/CHANGELOG).



How to contribute

-----------------



Contributions should include tests and an explanation for the changes

they propose. Documentation (examples, docstrings, README.md) should be

updated accordingly.



This project uses [pytest](https://docs.pytest.org/) testing

framework and [tox](https://tox.readthedocs.io/) to automate testing in

different environments. Add tests to one of the files in the `test/`

folder.



To run tests on all supported Python versions, make sure all Python

interpreters, `pytest` and `tox` are installed, then run `tox` in the root

of the project source tree.



On Linux `tox` expects to find executables like `python3.7`, `python3.8` etc.

On Windows it looks for `C:\Python37\python.exe`, `C:\Python38\python.exe` etc. respectively.



One way to install all the required versions of the Python interpreter is to use [pyenv](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv).

All versions can then be easily installed with something like:



     pyenv install 3.7.12

     pyenv install 3.8.12

     ...



Don't forget to change your `PATH` so that `tox` knows how to find all the installed versions. Something like



     export PATH="${PATH}:${HOME}/.pyenv/shims"



To test only some Python environments, use `-e` option. For example, to

test only against Python 3.7 and Python 3.10, run:



```shell

tox -e py37,py310

```



in the root of the project source tree.



To enable NumPy and Pandas tests, run:



```shell

tox -e py37-extra,py310-extra

```



(this may take a long time the first time, because NumPy and Pandas will

have to be installed in the new virtual environments)



To fix code formatting:



```shell

tox -e lint

```



See `tox.ini` file to learn how to use to test

individual Python versions.



Contributors

------------



Sergey Astanin, Pau Tallada Crespí, Erwin Marsi, Mik Kocikowski, Bill

Ryder, Zach Dwiel, Frederik Rietdijk, Philipp Bogensberger, Greg

(anonymous), Stefan Tatschner, Emiel van Miltenburg, Brandon Bennett,

Amjith Ramanujam, Jan Schulz, Simon Percivall, Javier Santacruz

López-Cepero, Sam Denton, Alexey Ziyangirov, acaird, Cesar Sanchez,

naught101, John Vandenberg, Zack Dever, Christian Clauss, Benjamin

Maier, Andy MacKinlay, Thomas Roten, Jue Wang, Joe King, Samuel Phan,

Nick Satterly, Daniel Robbins, Dmitry B, Lars Butler, Andreas Maier,

Dick Marinus, Sébastien Celles, Yago González, Andrew Gaul, Wim Glenn,

Jean Michel Rouly, Tim Gates, John Vandenberg, Sorin Sbarnea,

Wes Turner, Andrew Tija, Marco Gorelli, Sean McGinnis, danja100,

endolith, Dominic Davis-Foster, pavlocat, Daniel Aslau, paulc,

Felix Yan, Shane Loretz, Frank Busse, Harsh Singh, Derek Weitzel,

Vladimir Vrzić, 서승우 (chrd5273), Georgy Frolov, Christian Cwienk,

Bart Broere, Vilhelm Prytz, Alexander Gažo, Hugo van Kemenade,

jamescooke, Matt Warner, Jérôme Provensal, Kevin Deldycke,

Kian-Meng Ang, Kevin Patterson, Shodhan Save, cleoold, KOLANICH,

Vijaya Krishna Kasula, Furcy Pin, Christian Fibich, Shaun Duncan,

Dimitri Papadopoulos, Élie Goudout.