Ecosyste.ms: Awesome

An open API service indexing awesome lists of open source software.

Awesome Lists | Featured Topics | Projects

https://github.com/betsee/betse

Bio Electric Tissue Simulation Engine: Mark I
https://github.com/betsee/betse

bioelectric biology multiphysics-modeling multiphysics-simulation python science-research simulator

Last synced: 3 months ago
JSON representation

Bio Electric Tissue Simulation Engine: Mark I

Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/betsee/betse
Owner: betsee
License: bsd-2-clause
Created: 2022-05-25T04:53:14.000Z (over 2 years ago)
Default Branch: main
Last Pushed: 2023-11-07T03:33:21.000Z (about 1 year ago)
Last Synced: 2024-07-18T23:39:05.696Z (4 months ago)
Topics: bioelectric, biology, multiphysics-modeling, multiphysics-simulation, python, science-research, simulator
Language: Python
Homepage: https://calculion.streamlit.app
Size: 11.5 MB
Stars: 61
Watchers: 8
Forks: 9
Open Issues: 0
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.rst
- License: LICENSE

Awesome Lists containing this project

README

.. # ------------------( DIRECTIVES )------------------
.. # Fallback language applied to all code blocks failing to specify an
.. # explicit language. Since the majority of all code blocks in this document
.. # are Bash one-liners intended to be run interactively, this is "console".
.. # For a list of all supported languages, see also:
.. # http://build-me-the-docs-please.readthedocs.org/en/latest/Using_Sphinx/ShowingCodeExamplesInSphinx.html#pygments-lexers

.. # FIXME: Sadly, this appears to be unsupported by some ReST parsers and is
.. # thus disabled until more widely supported. *collective shrug*
.. # highlight:: console

.. # ------------------( SYNOPSIS )------------------

=====
BETSE
=====

**BETSE** (**B**\ io\ **E**\ lectric **T**\ issue **S**\ imulation **E**\
ngine) is an open-source cross-platform `discrete exterior calculus`_ simulator
for 2D computational multiphysics problems in the life sciences – including
electrodiffusion_, electro-osmosis_, galvanotaxis_, `voltage-gated ion
channels`_, `gene regulatory networks`_, and `biochemical reaction networks`_
(e.g., metabolism).

BETSE is `portably implemented `__ in pure `Python 3`_,
`continuously stress-tested `__ via `GitHub Actions`_ **×** tox_ **×**
pytest_ **×** Codecov_, and `permissively distributed `__ under the
`BSD 2-clause license`_.

.. # ------------------( TABLE OF CONTENTS )------------------
.. # Blank line. By default, Docutils appears to only separate the subsequent
.. # table of contents heading from the prior paragraph by less than a single
.. # blank line, hampering this table's readability and aesthetic comeliness.

.. # Table of contents, excluding the above document heading. While the
.. # official reStructuredText documentation suggests that a language-specific
.. # heading will automatically prepend this table, this does *NOT* appear to
.. # be the case. Instead, this heading must be explicitly declared.

.. contents:: **Contents**
:local:

.. # ------------------( DESCRIPTION )------------------

Installation
============

BETSE is universally installable with either:

- [\ *Recommended*\ ] pip_, the standard Python package manager:

.. code-block:: console

pip3 install betse

- Anaconda_, a third-party Python package manager:

.. code-block:: console

conda config --add channels conda-forge
conda install betse

See our `installation instructions `__ for details, including best
practices for `Linux `__, `macOS `__, and
`Windows usage `__, `Git-based development `__, and `Docker-based containerization `__.

Usage
=====

BETSE installs the ``betse`` command, a low-level command line interface (CLI)
ideal for advanced users.

BETSEE_ installs the ``betsee`` command, a high-level graphical user interface
(GUI) ideal for *all* users – regardless of prior experience or familiarity
with the command line.

Subcommands
-----------

The ``betse`` command accepts numerous **subcommands** (i.e., passed arguments
indicating actions to be performed).

Try
~~~

The ``try`` subcommand creates a default simulation in the current directory
and runs all requisite and optional phases of this simulation:

.. code-block:: console

betse -v try

This subcommand is typically run as an initial `smoke test`_ verifying that
BETSE was installed properly and operates as advertised. Specifically, this
subcommand:

- Enables verbosity with the ``-v`` option, simplifying issue reporting in the
event of an unexpected error.
- Creates a ``sample_sim/`` subdirectory in the current directory, providing
the default simulation for this release of BETSE. This includes *all*
configuration files and resources referenced by these files.
- Runs all simulation phases (e.g., seed, initialization) of this simulation.

When finished, you may safely either:

+ Remove this subdirectory.
+ Rename this subdirectory (e.g., to ``my_sim/``) to serve as a basis for
subsequent simulations.
+ Preserve this subdirectory as is.

Seed, Init, and Sim
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``seed``, ``init``, and ``sim`` subcommands run only the seed,
initialization, and simulation phases (respectively) for the passed simulation.
While the higher-level ``try`` subcommand conveniently runs *all* simulation
phases, it's often preferable to run only a single phase – particularly when
experimenting with computationally expensive simulations.

A typical CLI-based workflow calls these subcommands in order:

#. Create a default simulation configuration in a new ``my_sim/`` subdirectory
of the current directory.

.. code-block:: console

betse config my_sim/sim_config.yml

#. [\ *Optional*\ ] Edit the new ``my_sim/sim_config.yml`` file with `your
favourite text editor `__.
#. Seed (i.e., create) a pseudo-random cell cluster from this configuration.

.. code-block:: console

betse seed my_sim/sim_config.yml

#. [\ *Optional*\ ] Export all enabled plots, animations, and comma-separated
value (CSV) files from this seed.

.. code-block:: console

betse plot seed my_sim/sim_config.yml

#. Initialize (i.e., calculate steady-state concentrations for) this seeded
cluster.

.. code-block:: console

betse init my_sim/sim_config.yml

#. [\ *Optional*\ ] Export all enabled plots, animations, and comma-separated
value (CSV) files from this initialization.

.. code-block:: console

betse plot init my_sim/sim_config.yml

#. Simulate this initialized cluster.

.. code-block:: console

betse sim my_sim/sim_config.yml

#. [\ *Optional*\ ] Export all enabled plots, animations, and comma-separated
value (CSV) files from this simulation.

.. code-block:: console

betse plot sim my_sim/sim_config.yml

Options
-------

BETSE provides a variety of command-line options and subcommands in addition to
those synopsized above. The standalone ``betse`` and ``betse --help`` commands
describe these options and subcommands as follows:

.. code-block:: console

usage: betse [-h] [-v] [-V] [--log-file LOG_FILENAME]
[--log-level {all,debug,info,warning,error,critical,none}]
[--profile-type {none,call,size}]
[--profile-file PROFILE_FILENAME]
[--matplotlib-backend MATPLOTLIB_BACKEND_NAME] [--headless]
{config,seed,init,sim,sim-grn,plot,info,try} ...

The BioElectric Tissue Simulation Engine (BETSE) is a discrete exterior
calculus simulator for 2D computational multiphysics problems in the life
sciences -- including (electro)diffusion, (electro)osmosis, galvanotaxis,
voltage-gated ion channels, gene regulatory networks, and biochemical reaction
networks.

optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose print and log all messages verbosely
-V, --version print program version and exit
--log-file LOG_FILENAME
file to log to (defaults to
minimum level of messages to log to "--log-file"
(defaults to "info") [overridden by "--verbose"]
--profile-type {none,call,size}
type of profiling to perform (defaults to "none"):
* "none", disabling profiling
* "call", profiling callables (functions, methods)
* "size", profiling object sizes (requires "pympler")
--profile-file PROFILE_FILENAME
file to profile to unless "--profile-type=none"
(defaults to "/home/leycec/.betse/betse.prof")
--matplotlib-backend MATPLOTLIB_BACKEND_NAME
name of matplotlib backend to use (see: "betse info")
--headless enable headless mode (display no plots or animations)
[forces "--matplotlib-backend=agg"]

subcommands:
Exactly one of the following subcommands must be passed:

{config,seed,init,sim,sim-grn,plot,info,try}
config create a default config file for BETSE simulations
seed seed a new cell cluster for a config file
init initialize a seeded cell cluster for a config file
sim simulate an initialized cell cluster for a config file
sim-grn simulate a gene regulatory network for a config file
plot plot an initialized or simulated simulation
info print metadata synopsizing BETSE and current system
try create, init, simulate, and plot a sample simulation

subcommand help:

For help with a specific subcommand, pass the "-h" or "--help" option to that
subcommand. For example, for help with the "config" subcommand, run:

betse config --help

Documentation
-------------

BETSE also provides external documentation optimized for offline reading –
complete with explanatory examples, sample plots, and ample screenshots:

- Official `BETSE 1.0 documentation`_. (\ *PDF format; 75 pages.*\ )
- Official `BETSE 0.4 documentation`_. (\ *PDF format; 72 pages.*\ )
- Official `BETSE 0.3 documentation`_. (\ *PDF format; 77 pages.*\ )

Tutorials
---------

BETSE provides a range of `hands-on tutorial materials `__,
including simulation files to run key published simulations, as well as a
`Developer's Tutorial `__ demonstrating how to load and work
with BETSE modules, methods, and simulations in external code projects:

- Official `BETSE Tutorial Simulation Packages `__. (\ *YAML
format.*\ )
- Official `BETSE Developer's Tutorial `__. (\ *Jupyter
Notebook format.*\ )

Science
============

BETSE simulates biorealistic electrochemical phenomena in `gap junction`_\
-networked 2D cellular collectives. To predict `bioelectric patterns
`__ and their spatio-temporal dynamics, BETSE:

- Models `ion channel`_ and `gap junction`_ activity.
- Tracks changes in ion concentration and net ionic charge.
- Calculates endogenous voltages and currents.
- Accepts simulation parameters, variables, and options as human-readable,
well-commented configuration files in YAML_ format.
- Exports simulation results to a variety of output formats, including:

- Publication-quality:

- Plots, charts, and animations driven by Matplotlib_, the industry
standard for open-source plot visualization.
- `Directed graphs`_ (i.e., networks) driven by Graphviz_, the industry
standard for open-source graph visualization.

- Internet-friendly compressed video driven by any of various popular
open-source video encoders, including FFmpeg_, Libav_, and MEncoder_.
- Post-processable tabular data (e.g., `comma-separated values (CSV)
`__).

- Imports bitmask images defining the shapes of:

- Cell clusters.
- Cell cluster regions localizing `ion channel`_ activity, typically
signifying disparate types of adjacent tissue.

To assemble simple concepts into complex simulations, BETSE supplies a richly
configurable, highly scalable biological toolset consisting of:

Ions
----

Simulations may enable arbitrary combinations of the principal ions implicated
in bioelectrical signaling – including:

- Sodium_ (*Na*\ :sup:`+`).
- Potassium_ (*K*\ :sup:`+`).
- Chloride_ (*Cl*\ :sup:`-`).
- Calcium_ (*Ca*\ :sup:`2+`).
- Hydrogen_ (*H*\ :sup:`+`).
- `Anionic proteins`_ (*P*\ :sup:`-`).
- Bicarbonate_ (*HCO*\ :sup:`-`\ :sub:`3`).

Ion Channels
------------

Individual cells in simulations may enable arbitrary combinations of
`voltage-gated ion channels`_, each implementing the `Hodgkin-Huxley (HH)
formalism`_ with experimentally-derived parameters sourced from reputable
`knowledge-based systems`_ (e.g., Channelpedia_). Explicitly supported channel
types include:

- HCN1_, HCN2_, and HCN4_.
- `L-type Ca`_, `T-type Ca`_, and |P/Q-type Ca|_.
- Kir2.1_.
- Kv1.1_, Kv1.2_, Kv1.5_. Kv3.3_, and Kv3.4_.
- Nav1.2_, Nav1.3_, and Nav1.6_.
- `Leak `__ and `ligand-gated channels`_, including:

- |Calcium-gated K+ channels|_.

Custom ion channels parametrized by user-selected constants may be trivially
defined in the same manner (e.g., via a YAML_\ -formatted configuration file).

Ion Pumps and Exchangers
------------------------

For fine-grained control over cell dynamics, notable ion pumps and exchangers
may also be selectively enabled – including:

- |Ca2+-ATPase|_.
- |H+/K+-ATPase|_.
- |Na+/K+-ATPase|_.
- V-ATPase_.

Custom ion pumps and exchangers parametrized by user-selected constants may be
trivially defined in the same manner (e.g., via a YAML_\ -formatted
configuration file).

Extracellular Space
-------------------

Cells form interconnected intracellular networks via voltage-sensitive `gap
junction connections `__ embedded within an `extracellular
environment`_, maintained by `tight junctions`_ at the cell cluster periphery.
Simulation of this environment enables exploration of `local field
potentials`_, `transepithelial potential`_, and `ephaptic coupling`_ between
cells.

Biological Networks
-------------------

Simulation of `gene regulatory `__ and `biochemical
reaction networks`_ at both the cellular and mitochondrial level supports deep
spatial analysis of otherwise intractable biological processes. Metabolism,
disease, aging, and other `genetic `__ and `epigenetic
`__ phenomena commonly associated with quasi-`Big Data`_ are all
valid targets for exhaustive study with BETSE.

To integrate these potent control systems with bioelectrical signaling, the
`activity `__-modulated interaction between `gene products`_
and similar biochemicals is fully integrated with `ion channels `__, `ion pumps`_, and `gap junctions`_.

Validation
----------

BETSE is peer-reviewed software receiving continual evidence-based scrutiny.
Simulation output is reproducibly synchronized with experimental observations on
`membrane permeability`_, `resting potential`_, ion concentration, and similar
real-world biophysical quantities. Predictable outcomes have been demonstrated
for such well-known cases as:

- `Transmembrane voltage changes `__ on perturbations
to single cell membrane states and environmental ion concentrations.
- `Transepithelial potential differences (TEPD) `__.
- Bioelectrical signals at large-scale cellular wound sites.

Citation
========

BETSE is formally described in our `introductory paper <2016 article_>`__.
Third-party papers, theses, and other texts leveraging BETSE should ideally
cite the following:

Subsequent papers expanding the BETSE architecture with additional theory,
experimental results, and comparative metrics include:

.. # FIXME: Add an image thumbnail for the first article above displaying the
.. # cover image selected by the prior journal for that edition's cover article.

.. # Note that, for unknown reasons, this footnote *MUST* be refenced above and
.. # defined here rather than in the supplement replacements defined below.

.. [#supplement]
This article's supplement extends the cursory theory presented by this
article with a rigorous treatment of the mathematics, formalisms, and
abstractions required to fully reproduce this work. If theoretical questions
remain after completing the main article, please consult this supplement.

Contact
=======

To contact `Dr. Pietak`_, the principal developer of the BETSE codebase and
first or second author of all above papers, cordially direct correspondence to
the personal e-mail account of `Dr. Pietak`_: [#e-mail]_

* *Username:* **alexis** ``{dot}`` **pietak**
* *Hostname:* **gmail** ``{dot}`` **com**

To report a software issue (e.g., bug, crash, or other unexpected behaviour)
*or* request a new feature in BETSE, consider `submitting a new issue `__ to our `issue tracker`_. Thanks in advance; it's only through
generous user contributions that your user experience can continue to improve.

.. [#e-mail]
To protect Dr. Pietak's e-mail address against `automated harvesting `__, this address has been intentionally obfuscated. Reconstruct
the original address by:

* Replacing the ``{dot}`` substring with the ``.`` charecter.
* Concatenating the username and hostname strings with the ``@`` character.

Authors
=======

BETSE comes courtesy a dedicated community of `authors `__ and
contributors_ – without whom this project would be computationally impoverished,
biologically misaligned, and simply unusable.

**Thanks, all.**

Funding
=======

BETSE is currently independently financed as a volunteer open-source project.
Prior grant funding sources include (in chronological order):

#. For the five-year period spanning 2015—2019, BETSE was graciously associated
with the `Paul Allen Discovery Center`_ at `Tufts University`_ and supported
by a `Paul Allen Discovery Center award`_ from the `Paul G. Allen Frontiers
Group`_.

License
=======

BETSE is open-source software `released `__ under the permissive `BSD
2-clause license`_.

The logo prominently displayed on this `project page `__ is a flat
`Noun Project`_ icon entitled `"Cow," `__ `kindly released
`__ under the permissive `BSD-compatible `__ `CC BY 3.0 license`_ by `Maxim Kulikov`_.

See Also
========

For prospective users:

- `Installation `__, detailing BETSE's installation with exhaustive
platform-specific instructions.

For prospective contributors:

- `Development `__, detailing development of the BETSE
codebase – philosophy, workflow, and otherwise.
- `Testing `__, detailing testing of the BETSE codebase –
`continuous integration`_, manual testing, and otherwise.
- `Freezing `__, detailing conversion of the BETSE codebase
into redistributable platform-specific executable binaries.

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ betse )------------------
.. _codebase:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betse/tree/master
.. _conda package:
https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/betse
.. _contributors:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betse/graphs/master
.. _issue submission:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betse/issues/new?issue%5Bassignee_id%5D=&issue%5Bmilestone_id%5D=
.. _issue tracker:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betse/issues
.. _project:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betse
.. _tarballs:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betse/tags

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ betse : ci )------------------
.. _Appveyor:
https://ci.appveyor.com/project/betse/betse/branch/master
.. _testing:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betse/pipelines

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ betse : docs )------------------
.. _BETSE 1.0 documentation:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/3rsbrjq2ljal8dl/BETSE_Documentation_April10th2019.pdf?dl=0
.. _BETSE 0.4 documentation:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/n8qfms2oks9cvv2/BETSE04_Documentation_Dec1st2016.pdf?dl=0
.. _BETSE 0.3 documentation:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/fsxhjpipbiog0ru/BETSE_Documentation_Nov1st2015.pdf?dl=0

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ betse : local )------------------
.. _author list:
doc/md/AUTHORS.md
.. _license:
LICENSE

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ betse : local : install )------------------
.. _install:
doc/rst/INSTALL.rst
.. _install developers:
doc/rst/INSTALL.rst#developers
.. _install Docker:
doc/rst/INSTALL.rst#docker
.. _install Linux:
doc/rst/INSTALL.rst#linux
.. _install macOS:
doc/rst/INSTALL.rst#macos
.. _install Windows:
doc/rst/INSTALL.rst#windows

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ betse : local : tutorial )------------------
.. _tutorial dev:
doc/md/DEV_DEMO.md
.. _tutorial user:
doc/md/TUTORIALS.md

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ betsee )------------------
.. _BETSEE:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betsee
.. _BETSEE codebase:
https://gitlab.com/betse/betsee/tree/master

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ academia )------------------
.. _Michael Levin:
.. _Levin, Michael:
https://ase.tufts.edu/biology/labs/levin
.. _Channelpedia:
http://channelpedia.epfl.ch
.. _Paul Allen Discovery Center:
http://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/frontiers-group/discovery-centers/allen-discovery-center-tufts-university
.. _Paul Allen Discovery Center award:
https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/frontiers-group/news-press/press-resources/press-releases/paul-g-allen-frontiers-group-announces-allen-discovery-center-tufts-university
.. _Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group:
https://www.alleninstitute.org/what-we-do/frontiers-group
.. _Tufts University:
https://www.tufts.edu

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ academia : ally )------------------
.. _Alexis Pietak:
.. _Pietak, Alexis:
.. _Dr. Pietak:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexis_Pietak
.. _Organic Mechanics:
https://www.omecha.org
.. _Organic Mechanics Contact:
https://www.omecha.org/contact

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ paper : 2016 )------------------
.. _2016 article:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2016.00055/abstract

.. |2016 article name| replace::
**Exploring instructive physiological signaling with the bioelectric tissue
simulation engine (BETSE).**
.. _2016 article name:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fbioe.2016.00055/abstract

.. |2016 article supplement| replace::
**(**\ Supplement\ **).**
.. _2016 article supplement:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/file/downloadfile/203679_supplementary-materials_datasheets_1_pdf/octet-stream/Data%20Sheet%201.PDF/1/203679

.. |2016 journal name| replace::
*Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology,*
.. _2016 journal name:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/bioengineering-and-biotechnology

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ paper ~ 2017 )------------------
.. |2017 article name| replace::
**Bioelectric gene and reaction networks: computational modelling of genetic, biochemical and bioelectrical dynamics in pattern regulation.**
.. _2017 article name:
http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/14/134/20170425

.. |2017 article supplement| replace::
**(**\ Supplement\ **).**
.. _2017 article supplement:
https://figshare.com/collections/Supplementary_material_from_Bioelectric_gene_and_reaction_networks_computational_modelling_of_genetic_biochemical_and_bioelectrical_dynamics_in_pattern_regulation_/3878404

.. |2017 journal name| replace::
*Journal of The Royal Society Interface,*
.. _2017 journal name:
http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ paper ~ 2018 : hcn2 )------------------
.. |2018 hcn2 article name| replace::
**HCN2 rescues brain defects by enforcing endogenous voltage pre-patterns.**
.. _2018 hcn2 article name:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03334-5

.. |2018 hcn2 article supplement| replace::
**(**\ Supplement\ **).**
.. _2018 hcn2 article supplement:
https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03334-5/MediaObjects/41467_2018_3334_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

.. |2018 hcn2 journal name| replace::
*Nature Communications.*
.. _2018 hcn2 journal name:
https://www.nature.com

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ paper ~ 2018 : coupling )------------------
.. |2018 coupling article name| replace::
**Bioelectrical coupling in multicellular domains regulated by gap junctions: A conceptual approach.**
.. _2018 coupling article name:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S156753941830063X?via%3Dihub

.. |2018 coupling journal name| replace::
*Bioelectrochemistry.*
.. _2018 coupling journal name:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/bioelectrochemistry

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ paper ~ 2018 : review )------------------
.. |2018 review article name| replace::
**Bioelectrical control of positional information in development and regeneration: A review of conceptual and computational advances.**
.. _2018 review article name:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079610718300415

.. |2018 review journal name| replace::
*Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology.*
.. _2018 review journal name:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/progress-in-biophysics-and-molecular-biology

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ paper ~ 2019 )------------------
.. |2019 article name| replace::
**Neural control of body-plan axis in regenerating planaria.**
.. _2019 article name:
https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006904

.. |2019 journal name| replace::
*PLOS Computational Biology.*
.. _2019 journal name:
https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ science )------------------
.. _bioelectricity:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectromagnetics
.. _biochemical reaction networks:
http://www.nature.com/subjects/biochemical-reaction-networks
.. _discrete exterior calculus:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_exterior_calculus
.. _electrodiffusion:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst%E2%80%93Planck_equation
.. _electro-osmosis:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-osmosis
.. _enzyme activity:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_assay
.. _ephaptic coupling:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephaptic_coupling
.. _epigenetics:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics
.. _extracellular environment:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular
.. _finite volume:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_volume_method
.. _galvanotaxis:
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/galvanotaxis
.. _gap junction:
.. _gap junctions:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction
.. _gene products:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_product
.. _gene regulatory networks:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network
.. _genetics:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics
.. _genetic algorithms:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm
.. _Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) formalism:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin%E2%80%93Huxley_model
.. _local field potentials:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_field_potential
.. _membrane permeability:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane
.. _resting potential:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resting_potential
.. _tight junctions:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction
.. _transmembrane voltage:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential
.. _transepithelial potential:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transepithelial_potential_difference

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ science : ions )------------------
.. _anionic proteins:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion#anion
.. _bicarbonate: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate
.. _calcium: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology
.. _chloride: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride
.. _hydrogen: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)
.. _sodium: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology
.. _potassium: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ science : channels )------------------
.. _ion channel:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel
.. _leak channels:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leak_channel
.. _ligand-gated channels:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel
.. _voltage-gated ion channels:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

.. |calcium-gated K+ channels| replace::
Calcium-gated K\ :sup:`+` channels
.. _calcium-gated K+ channels:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ science : channels : type )------------------
.. _HCN1: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/61
.. _HCN2: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/62
.. _HCN4: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/64
.. _Kir2.1: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/42
.. _Kv1.1: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/1
.. _Kv1.2: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/2
.. _Kv1.5: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/5
.. _Kv3.3: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/13
.. _Kv3.4: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/14
.. _Nav1.2: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/121
.. _Nav1.3: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/122
.. _Nav1.6: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/125
.. _L-type Ca: http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/212
.. _T-type Ca: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel

.. |P/Q-type Ca| replace:: :sup:`P`\ /\ :sub:`Q`-type Ca
.. _P/Q-type Ca:
http://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/78

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ science : pumps : type )------------------
.. _ion pumps:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_transport

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ science : pumps : type )------------------
.. _V-ATPase: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-ATPase

.. |Ca2+-ATPase| replace:: Ca\ :sup:`2+`-ATPase
.. _Ca2+-ATPase: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_ATPase

.. |H+/K+-ATPase| replace:: H\ :sup:`+`/K\ :sup:`+`-ATPase
.. _H+/K+-ATPase: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_potassium_ATPase

.. |Na+/K+-ATPase| replace:: Na\ :sup:`+`/K\ :sup:`+`-ATPase
.. _Na+/K+-ATPase: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ science : computer )------------------
.. _Big Data:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data
.. _comma-separated values:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values
.. _continuous integration:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_integration
.. _directed graphs:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph
.. _e-mail harvesting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_address_harvesting
.. _genenic algorithms:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm
.. _knowledge-based systems:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge-based_systems
.. _smoke test:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_testing_(software)

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ os : linux )------------------
.. _APT:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool
.. _POSIX:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
.. _Ubuntu:
.. _Ubuntu Linux:
https://www.ubuntu.com
.. _Ubuntu Linux 16.04 (Xenial Xerus):
http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ os : macos )------------------
.. _Homebrew:
http://brew.sh
.. _MacPorts:
https://www.macports.org

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ os : windows )------------------
.. _WSL:
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/install-win10

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ soft )------------------
.. _Atom:
https://atom.io
.. _FFmpeg:
https://ffmpeg.org
.. _Git:
https://git-scm.com/downloads
.. _Graphviz:
http://www.graphviz.org
.. _Libav:
https://libav.org
.. _MEncoder:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEncoder
.. _VirtualBox:
https://www.virtualbox.org
.. _YAML:
http://yaml.org

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ soft : github )------------------
.. _GitHub Actions:
https://github.com/features/actions

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ soft : icon )------------------
.. _Cows collection:
https://thenounproject.com/maxim221/collection/cows
.. _Maxim Kulikov:
https://thenounproject.com/maxim221
.. _Noun Project:
https://thenounproject.com
.. _Noun Project license:
https://thenounproject.com/legal

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ soft : license )------------------
.. _license compatibility:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_compatibility#Compatibility_of_FOSS_licenses
.. _BSD 2-clause license:
https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause
.. _CC BY 3.0 license:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ soft : py )------------------
.. _dill:
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/dill
.. _imageio:
https://imageio.github.io
.. _Matplotlib:
http://matplotlib.org
.. _NumPy:
http://www.numpy.org
.. _PyPI:
https://pypi.python.org
.. _Python:
.. _Python 3:
https://www.python.org
.. _pip:
https://pip.pypa.io
.. _SciPy:
http://www.scipy.org

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ soft : py : conda )------------------
.. _Anaconda:
https://www.anaconda.com/download
.. _Anaconda packages:
https://anaconda.org
.. _conda-forge:
https://conda-forge.org

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ soft : py : package : test )------------------
.. _Codecov:
https://about.codecov.io
.. _pytest:
https://docs.pytest.org
.. _tox:
https://tox.readthedocs.io

.. # ------------------( LINKS ~ soft : py : package : pys2 )------------------
.. _PySide2:
https://wiki.qt.io/PySide2
.. _PySide2 5.6:
https://code.qt.io/cgit/pyside/pyside.git/log/?h=5.6
.. _PySide2 installation:
https://wiki.qt.io/PySide2_GettingStarted
.. _PySide2 PPA:
https://launchpad.net/~thopiekar/+archive/ubuntu/pyside-git
.. _Qt:
https://www.qt.io
.. _Qt 5.6:
https://wiki.qt.io/Qt_5.6_Release