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VOA Learning English
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VOA Learning English

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# VOA Learning English



## VOA Learning English Word Book



https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/voa-word-book/6607229.html



[VOA Learning English Word Book](./pdf/voa-word-book.pdf)



### Parts of Speech



noun (n.) - a name word - book



preposition (prep.) - a word used to show a relation - in, out



verb (v.) - an action word - speak



pronoun (pro.) - a word used in place of a noun - it



adjective/adverb (ad.) - a describing word - happy



conjunction (conj.) - a joining word - and



### Word List & Definitions



a (an) - ad. one; any; each

able - v. having the power to do something

about - adj. almost (※about half§); of or having a relation to (※We talk about the weather.§)

above - ad. at a higher place

abuse - n. bad treatment causing harm or injury

accept - v. to agree to receive

accident - n. something that happens by chance or mistake; an unplanned event

accuse - v. to say a person is respon-sible for an act or crime; to make a statement against someone

across - ad. from side to side; to the other side

act - v. to do something

activist - n. one who seeks change through action

actor - n. someone acting in a play or show

add - v. to put (something) with another to make it larger; to say more

administration - n. the executive part of a government, usually headed by a president or prime minister

admit - v. to accept (※admitted to the United Nations§); to express one＊s guilt or responsibility (※He admitted that what he did was wrong.§)

adult - n. a grown person

advertise - v. to show or present the qualities of a product to increase sales

advise - v. to help with informa-tion, knowledge or ideas in making a decision

affect - v. to produce an effect on; to influence (※A lack of sleep affected the singer＊s performance.§)

afraid - ad. feeling fear

after - ad. later; behind

again - ad. another time; as before

against - ad. opposed to; not agree-ing with something

age - n. how old a person or thing is

agency - n. an organization that is part of a larger group (※an agency of the United Nations§)

aggression - n. an attack against a person or country; the violation of a country＊s borders

ago - ad. of time past; before now

agree - v. to have the same belief as someone; to be willing to do something

agriculture - n. farming

aid - v. to help; to support; n. help, assistance

aim - v. to point a gun at; n. a goal or purpose

air - n. the mixture of gases around the earth, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that we breathe

air force - n. a military organization using airplanes

airplane - n. a vehicle with wings that flies

airport - n. a place where airplanes take off and land

album - n. a collection of recorded music

alcohol - n. a strong, colorless liquid, usually made from grain, used in drinks or in industrial products

alive - ad. having life; not dead

all - ad. everything; everyone; the complete amount

ally - n. a nation or person joined with another for a special purpose

almost - ad. a little less than completely

alone - ad. separated from others

along - ad. near or on (※along the road§)

already - ad. before now; even now

also - ad. added to; too

although - conj. even if it is true that

always - ad. at all times; every time

ambassador - n. a nation＊s highest diplomatic representative (to anoth-er government)

amend - v. to add to or to change (a proposal or law)

ammunition - n. the bullets or shells fired from guns

among - ad. in or part of (a group)

amount - n. the number, size or weight of anything

anarchy - n. a lack of order; lawlessness

ancestor - n. a family member from the past

ancient - ad. very old; long ago

and - conj. also; in addition to; with

anger - n. a strong emotion against someone or something

animal - n. a living creature that moves, such as a dog or cat

anniversary - n. a yearly celebration or observance of an event that happened in the past

announce - v. to make known publicly; to declare officially

another - ad. one more; a different one

answer - n. a statement produced by a question; v. to make a statement after being asked a question

antibodies - n. special proteins produced in the blood that kill harmful bacteria

any - ad. one or more of no special kind

apologize - v. to express regret for a mistake or accident for which one accepts responsibility

appeal - v. to take to a higher court, person or group for a decision; to call on somebody for help

appear - v. to show oneself; to come into sight; to seem

appoint - v. to name; to choose (※appoint a judge§)

approve - v. to agree with; to agree to support

archeology - n. the scientific study of past human life and activities

area - n. any place or part of it

argue - v. to offer reasons for or against something; to dispute; to disagree

arms - n. military equipment; weapons

army - n. military ground forces

around - ad. on every side (of)

arrest - v. to seize a person for legal action; to take as a prisoner

arrive - v. to come to a place, especially at the end of a trip

art - n. expressions or creations by humans, such as paintings, music, writing or statues

artillery - n. big guns

as - conj. equally (※as fast as§); when; while

ash - n. the part left after something burns

ask - v. to question; to say some-thing is wanted (※We ask the teacher questions every day.§)

assist - v. to help

astronaut - n. a person who travels in space

astronomy - n. the scientific study of stars and the universe

asylum - n. political protection given by a government to a person from another country

at - prep. in or near (※at the edge§); where (※look at§); when (※at noon§)

atmosphere - n. the gases surround-ing any star or planet

atom - n. a very small part of all things; the smallest part of an element that can join with parts of other elements

attach - v. to tie together; to connect

attack - n. a violent attempt to dam-age, injure or kill; v. to start a fight

attempt - v. to work toward some-thing; to try; to make an effort

attend - v. to be present at

attention - n. close or careful observ-ing of, or listening to, someone or something (※The student paid atten-tion to his teacher.§)

automobile - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; a car

autumn - n. the time of the year between summer and winter

available - ad. present and ready for use; willing to serve or help. (※There was a list of available candidates.§)

average - n. something (a number) representing the middle; ad. common; normal

avoid - v. to stay away from

awake - ad. not sleeping

award - n. an honor or prize for an act or service

away - ad. not near

baby - n. a newly born creature

back - n. the part behind the front; ad. the other way from forward

bacteria - n. living things that are one cell and can be seen only through a microscope; some cause disease

bad - ad. wrong; acting against the law; not good

balance - v. to make two sides or forces equal

ball - n. something round

balloon - n. a device of strong, light material that rises when filled with gas lighter than air

ballot - n. a piece of paper used for voting

ban - v. to not permit; to stop; n. an official restriction

bank - n. an organization that keeps and lends money

bar - v. to prevent or block

barrier - n. anything that blocks or makes an action difficult

base - n. a military center; v. to establish as a fact (※Her research was based on experiments.§)

battle - n. a fight between opposing armed forces

be - v. to live; to happen; to exist

beat - v. to hit again and again

beauty - n. that which pleases the eye, ear or spirit

because - prep. for the reason that (※He left because he was sick.§)

become - v. to come to be

bed - n. a sleeping place

before - prep. earlier

begin - v. to do the first part of an action; to start

behavior - n. the way in which a person or animal acts (※The child＊s behavior was bad because he fought with other children.§)

behind - ad. at the back of; in back of

believe - v. to think; to feel sure of; to accept as true; to trust

belong - v. to be owned by; to be a member of

below - ad. lower than

best - ad. the most good

betray - v. to turn against; to be false to

better - ad. more good than

between - ad. in the space or time that separates; from one to the other (※talks between two nations§)

big - ad. of great size; not small

bill - n. a legislative proposal

biology - n. the scientific study of life or living things in all their forms

bird - n. a creature that flies

bite - v. to cut with the teeth

black - ad. dark; having the color like that of the night sky

blame - v. to accuse; to hold responsible

bleed - v. to lose blood

blind - ad. not able to see

block - v. to stop something from being done; to prevent movement

blood - n. red fluid in the body

blow - v. to move with force, as in air (※The wind blows.§)

blue - ad. having the color like that of a clear sky

boat - n. something built to travel on water that carries people or goods

body - n. all of a person or animal; the remains of a person or animal

boil - v. to heat a liquid until it becomes very hot

bomb - n. a device that explodes with great force; v. to attack or destroy with bombs

bone - n. the hard material in the body

book - n. a long written work for reading

border - n. a dividing line between nations

born - v. to come to life; to come into existence

borrow - v. to take as a loan

both - ad. not just one of two, but the two together

bottle - n. a container, usually made of glass, to hold liquid

bottom - ad. the lowest part of something

box - n. something to put things into; a container, usually made of paper or wood

boy - n. a young male person

boycott - v. to refuse to take part in or deal with

brain - n. the control center of thought, emotions and body activity of all creatures

brave - ad. having no fear

bread - n. a food made from grain

break - v. to divide into parts by force; to destroy

breathe - v. to take air into the body and let it out again

bridge - n. a structure built over a waterway, valley or road so people and vehicles can cross from one side to the other

brief - ad. short; not long

bright - ad. giving much light; strong and clear in color

bring - v. to come with something

broadcast - v. to send information, stories or music by radio or televi-sion; n. a radio or television program

brother - n. a male with the same father or mother as another person

brown - ad. having the color like that of coffee

budget - n. a spending plan

build - v. to join materials together to make something

building - n. anything built for use as a house, factory, office, school, store or place of entertainment

bullet - n. a small piece of metal shot from a gun

burn - v. to be on fire; to destroy or damage by fire

burst - v. to break open suddenly

bury - v. to put into the ground and cover with earth

bus - n. a public vehicle to carry people

business - n. one＊s work; buying and selling to earn money; trade

busy - ad. doing something; very active

but - conj. however; other than; yet

buy - v. to get by paying something, usually money

by - conj. near; at; next to (※by the road§); from (※a play by William Shakespeare§); not later than (※by midnight§)

cabinet - n. a group of ministers that helps lead a government

call - v. to give a name to (※I call myself John.§); to ask for or request (※They called for an end to the fighting.§)

calm - ad. quiet; peaceful; opposite tense

camera - n. a device for taking pictures

camp - n. a place with temporary housing

campaign - n. a competition by op-posing political candidates seeking support from voters; a connected series of military actions during a war

can - v. to be able to; to have the right to; n. a container used to hold liquid or food, usually made of metal

cancel - v. to end; to stop

cancer - n. a disease in which dan-gerous cells grow quickly and destroy parts of the body

candidate - n. a person who seeks or is nominated for an office or an honor

capital - n. the official center of a government; the city where a country＊s government is

capture - v. to make a person or animal a prisoner; to seize or take by force; to get control of

car - n. a vehicle with wheels used to carry people; an automobile; a part of a train

care - v. to like; to protect; to feel worry or interest

career - n. a chosen profession; a per-son＊s working life (※The actor＊s career lasted for thirty years.§)

careful - ad. acting safely; with much thought

carry - v. to take something or some-one from one place to another

case (court) - n. a legal action

case (medical) - n. an incident of disease (※There was only one case of chicken pox at the school.§)

cat - n. a small animal that often lives with humans

catch - v. to seize after a chase; to stop and seize with the hands

cause - v. to make happen; n. the thing or person that produces a result

ceasefire - n. a halt in fighting, usually by agreement

celebrate - v. to honor a person or event with special activities

cell - n. a small mass of living material that is part of all plants and animals

center - n. the middle of something; the place in the middle; a place that is the main point of an activity

century - n. one hundred years

ceremony - n. an act or series of acts done in a special way established by tradition

chairman - n. a person leading a meeting or an organized group

champion - n. the best; the winner

chance - n. a possibility of winning or losing or that something will happen

change - v. to make different; to become different

charge - v. to accuse someone of something, usually a crime; n. a statement in which someone is accused of something

chase - v. to run or go after someone or something

cheat - v. to get by a trick; to steal from

cheer - v. to shout approval or praise

chemicals - n. elements found in nature or made by people; substances used in the science of chemistry

chemistry - n. the scientific study of substances, what they are made of, how they act under different con-ditions, and how they form other substances

chief - n. the head or leader of a group; ad. leading; most important

child - n. a baby; a boy or girl

children - n. more than one child

choose - v. to decide between two or more

chromosome - n. a line of genes; most human cells contain 46 chromosomes

circle - n. a closed shape that has all its points equally distant from the center, like an ※O§

citizen - n. a person who is a member of a country by birth or by law

city - n. any important large town

civilian - ad. not military

civil rights - n. the political, economic and social rights given equally to all people of a nation

claim - v. to say something as a fact

clash - n. a battle; v. to fight or oppose

class - n. a group of students who meet to study the same subject; also a social or economic group. (※They were members of the middle class.§)

clean - v. to make pure; ad. free from dirt or harmful substances (※clean water§)

clear - ad. easy to see or see through; easily understood

clergy - n. a body of officials within a religious organization

climate - n. the normal weather conditions of a place

climb - v. to go up or down some-thing by using the feet and some-times the hands

clock - n. a device that measures and shows time

close - v. to make something not open; ad. near to

cloth - n. a material made from plants, chemicals, animal hair and other substances

clothes - n. what people wear

cloud - n. a mass of fog high in the sky

coal - n. a solid black substance used as fuel

coalition - n. forces, groups or nations joined together

coast - n. land on the edge of the ocean

coffee - n. a drink made from the plant of the same name

cold - ad. not warm; having or feeling great coolness or a low temperature

collapse - v. to fall down or inward suddenly; to break down or fail suddenly in strength, health or power. (※The building collapsed in the earth-quake.§ ※The government collapsed after a vote in parliament.§)

collect - v. to bring or gather together in one place; to demand and receive (※collect taxes§)

college - n. a small university

colony - n. land controlled by another country or government

color - n. the different effects of light on the eye, making blue, red, brown, black, yellow and others

combine - v. to mix or bring together

come - v. to move toward; to arrive

command - v. to order; to have power over something

comment - v. to say something about; to express an opinion about something

committee - n. a group of people given special work

common - ad. usual; same for all (※a common purpose§)

communicate - v. to tell; to give or exchange information

community - n. a group of people living together in one place or area

company - n. a business organized for trade, industrial or other purposes

compare - v. to examine what is different or similar

compete - v. to try to do as well as, or better than, another or others

complete - ad. having all parts; ended or finished

complex - ad. of or having many parts that are difficult to under-stand; not simple

compound - n. a substance containing two or more elements

compromise - n. the settlement of an argument where each side agrees to accept less than first demanded

computer - n. an electronic machine for storing and organizing information, and for communicating with others

concern - n. interest, worry (※express concern about§); v. to fear (※to be concerned§)

condemn - v. to say a person or action is wrong or bad

condition - n. something declared necessary to complete an agree-ment; a person＊s health

conference - n. a meeting

confirm - v. to approve; to say that something is true

conflict - n. a fight; a battle, especially a long one

congratulate - v. to praise a person or to express pleasure for success or good luck

Congress - n. the organization of people elected to make the laws of the United States (the House of Rep-resentatives and the Senate); a simi-lar organization in other countries

connect - v. to join one thing to another; to unite; to link

conservative - n. one who usually supports tradition and opposes great change

consider - v. to give thought to; to think about carefully

constitution - n. the written general laws and ideas that form a nation＊s system of government

contact - n. the act of touching or being close to a person or thing (※He was in contact with animals that had the disease.§) v. to meet or communi-cate with (※He wanted to contact his local official.§)

contain - v. to hold; to include

container - n. a box, bottle or can used to hold something

continent - n. any of the seven great land areas of the world

continue - v. to go on doing or being

control - v. to direct; to have power over

convention - n. a large meeting for a special purpose

cook - v. to heat food before eat-ing it

cool - ad. almost cold

cooperate - v. to act or work together

copy - v. to make something exactly like another; n. something made to look exactly like anoth-er

corn - n. a food grain

correct - ad. true; free from mistakes; v. to change to what is right

corruption - n. actions taken to gain money or power that are legally or morally wrong

cost - n. the price or value of some-thing (※The cost of the book is five dollars.§); v. to be valued at

cotton - n. a material made from a plant of the same name

count - v. to speak or add numbers

country - n. a nation; the territory of a nation; land away from cities

court - n. where trials take place; where judges make decisions about law

cover - v. to put something over a person or thing; n. anything that is put over a person or thing

cow - n. a farm animal used for its milk

crash - v. to fall violently; to hit with great force

create - v. to make; to give life or form to

creature - n. any living being; any animal or human

credit - n. an agreement that pay-ments will be made at a later time

crew - n. a group of people working together

crime - n. an act that violates a law

criminal - n. a person who is respon-sible for a crime

crisis - n. an extremely important time when something may become much better or worse; a dangerous situation

criticize - v. to say what is wrong with something or someone; to con-demn; to judge

crops - n. plants that are grown and gathered for food, such as grains, fruits and vegetables

cross - v. to go from one side to another; to go across

crowd - n. a large number of people gathered in one place

crush - v. to damage or destroy by great weight; to defeat completely

cry - v. to express or show sorrow or pain

culture - n. all the beliefs, traditions and arts of a group or population

cure - v. to improve health; to make well (※The doctor can cure the 

disease.§); n. something that makes a sick person well (※Antibiotics are a cure for infection.§)

curfew - n. an order to people to stay off the streets or to close their businesses

current - n. movement of air, water or electricity; ad. belonging to the present time (※She found the report in a current publication.§)

custom - n. a long-established belief or activity of a people

customs - n. taxes on imports

cut - v. to divide or injure with a sharp tool; to make less; to reduce

dam - n. a wall built across a river to hold back flowing water

damage - v. to cause injury or 

destruction; n. harm; hurt or injury, usually to things

dance - v. to move the body and feet to music; n. a series of steps, usually to music

danger - n. a strong chance of suffer-ing injury, damage or loss

dark - ad. having little or no light (※The room was dark.§)

date - n. an expression of time; a day, month and year

daughter - n. a person＊s female child

day - n. twenty-four hours; the hours of sunlight

dead - ad. not living

deaf - ad. not able to hear

deal - v. to have to do with (※The talks will deal with the problem of pollu-tion.§); to buy or sell (※Her company deals in plastic.§) n. an agreement

debate - v. to argue for or against something; n. a public discussion or argument

debt - n. something that is owed; the condition of owing

decide - v. to choose; to settle; to judge

declare - v. to say; to make a statement

decrease - v. to make less in size or amount

deep - ad. going far down; a long way from top to bottom

defeat - v. to cause to lose in a battle or struggle; n. a loss; the condition of having lost

defend - v. to guard or fight against attack; to protect

deficit - n. a shortage that results when spending is greater than earn-ings, or imports are greater than exports

define - v. to give the meaning of; to explain

degree - n. a measure of temperature

delay - v. to decide to do something at a later time; to postpone; to cause to be late

delegate - n. one sent to act for another; one who represents another

demand - v. to ask by ordering; to ask with force

democracy - n. the system of gov-ernment in which citizens vote to choose leaders or to make other im-portant decisions

demonstrate - v. to make a public show of opinions or feelings (※The crowd demonstrated in support of human rights.§); to explain by using examples (※The teacher demonstrated the idea with an experiment.§)

dense - ad. close together; thick

denounce - v. to accuse of being wrong or evil; to criticize severely

deny - v. to declare that something is not true; to refuse a request

depend - v. to need help and support

deplore - v. to regret strongly; to express sadness

deploy - v. to move forces or weap-ons into positions for action

depression - n. severe unhappi-ness; a period of reduced business and economic activity during which many people lose their jobs

describe - v. to give a word picture of something; to give details of something

desert - n. a dry area of land

design - v. to plan or create plans for

desire - v. to want very much; to wish for

destroy - v. to break into pieces; to end the existence of

detail - n. a small part of something; a small piece of information

detain - v. to keep or hold (※The police detained several suspects for questioning.§)

develop - v. to grow; to create; to experience progress

device - n. a piece of equipment made for a special purpose

dictator - n. a ruler with complete power

die - v. to become dead; to stop living; to end

diet - n. usual daily food and drink

different - ad. not the same

difficult - ad. not easy; hard to do, make or carry out

dig - v. to make a hole in the ground

dinner - n. the main amount of food eaten at a usual time (※The family had its dinner at noon.§); a special event that includes food (※The official dinner took place at the White House.§)

diplomat - n. a person who rep-resents his or her government in dealing with another government

direct - v. to lead; to aim or show the way (※He directed me to the 

theater.§); ad. straight to something; not through some other person or thing (※The path is direct.§)

direction - n. the way (east, west, north, south); where someone or something came from or went to

dirt - n. earth or soil

disappear - v. to become unseen; to no longer exist

disarm - v. to take away weap-ons; to no longer keep weap-ons; to make a bomb harmless by 

removing its exploding device

disaster - n. an event causing wide-spread destruction or loss of life, such as an earthquake or plane crash

discover - v. to find or learn something

discrimination - n. unfair treatment or consideration based on opinions about a whole group instead of on the qualities of an individual. (※He was accused of discrimination against people from other countries.§)

discuss - v. to talk about; to exchange ideas

disease - n. a sickness in living things, often caused by viruses, germs or bacteria

dismiss - v. to send away; to refuse to consider

dispute - v. to oppose strongly by 

argument; n. an angry debate

dissident - n. a person who strongly disagrees with his or her government

distance - n. the amount of space between two places or objects (※The distance from my house to your house is two kilometers.§)

dive - v. to jump into water head first

divide - v. to separate into two or more parts

do - v. to act; to make an effort

doctor - n. a person trained in medicine to treat sick people

document - n. an official piece of 

paper with facts written on it, used as proof or support of something

dog - n. a small animal that often lives with humans

dollar - n. United States money, one hundred cents

donate - v. to present something as a gift to an organization, country or cause. (※She donated money to the Red Cross to help survivors of the earthquake.§)

door - n. an opening for entering or leaving a building or room

double - v. to increase two times as much in size, strength or number.

down - ad. from higher to lower; in a low place

dream - v. to have a picture or story in the mind during sleep; n. a picture or story in the mind during sleep; a happy idea about the future

drink - v. to take liquid into the body through the mouth

drive - v. to control a moving vehicle

drop - v. to fall or let fall; to go lower

drown - v. to die under water

drug - n. anything used as a medicine or in making medicine; a chemical substance used to ease pain or to affect the mind

dry - ad. not wet; without rain

during - ad. through the whole time; while (something is happening)

dust - n. pieces of matter so small that they can float in the air

duty - n. one＊s job or responsibility; what one must do because it is right and just

each - ad. every one by itself

early - ad. at or near the beginning, especially the beginning of the day; opposite late

earn - v. to be paid in return for work done

earth - n. the planet we all live on; the ground or soil

earthquake - n. a sudden, violent shaking of the earth＊s surface

ease - v. to reduce; to make less difficult

east - n. the direction from which the sun rises

easy - ad. not difficult; not hard to do

eat - v. to take food into the body through the mouth

ecology - n. the scientific study of the environment and links among living and material things

economy - n. the system by which mon-ey, industry and trade are organized

edge - n. the line where something ends or begins

education - n. the act of teaching

effect - n. the result or change caused by something (※The storm had a serious effect on the economy.§)

effort - n. an attempt; the work necessary to do something

egg - n. the rounded object containing unborn young produced by female birds, fish or reptiles; a single cell in a female person or animal that can develop into a baby

either - ad. one of two, but not the other

elect - v. to choose by voting

electron - n. a small part of an atom that has an electrical force

electricity - n. a form of energy that flows through wires to provide heat and light, and power to machines

element - n. one of more than 100 substances known to science that cannot be separated into other substances

embassy - n. the offices of an ambas-sador and his or her assistants

embryo - n. a human or animal in the earliest stages of its development

emergency - n. an unexpected and dangerous situation demanding quick action

emotion - n. a strong feeling such as love, hate, fear or sadness

employ - v. to give work in return for wages

empty - ad. having nothing inside; v. to remove everything

end - v. to stop; to finish; n. the part which comes last

enemy - n. a person opposing or hating another; a person or people of the other side in a war

energy - n. power used to do work, usually with machines; the ability and willingness to be active

enforce - v. to make something be done

engine - n. a machine that uses ener-gy to cause movement or to do work

engineer - n. a person who designs engines, machines, roads, bridges or railroads

enjoy - v. to be pleased or satisfied by something

enough - ad. as much as necessary

enter - v. to come or go into

environment - n. all surrounding things, conditions and influences that affect life; the natural world of land, sea, air, plants and animals

enzyme - n. a special kind of protein; it produces changes in other sub-stances without being changed itself

equal - ad. the same in amount, size, weight or value; having the same rights

equipment - n. things, tools or ma-chines needed for a purpose or activity

escape - v. to get free; to get away from; to get out of

especially - ad. more than others (※We liked the food, especially the fish.§)

establish - v. to bring into existence; to create

estimate - v. to form an opinion about a value, size or amount using less than complete information

ethnic - ad. of or concerning people belonging to a large group because of their race, religion, language, tribe or where their ancestors lived

evaporate - v. to change from a liquid into a gas

even - ad. in a way not thought possible (※They survived, even though the building was destroyed.§)

event - n. that which happens, espe-cially something of importance

ever - ad. at any time

every - ad. each one; all

evidence - n. material or facts that prove something; a reason for believing

evil - ad. not good; extremely bad

exact - ad. having no mistakes; correct in every detail

examine - v. to study closely

example - n. a part that shows what the rest of a thing or group is like

excellent - ad. extremely good

except - prep. but for

exchange - v. to trade; to give or receive one thing for another

excuse - v. to take away blame; to pardon; to forgive; n. a reason (some-times false) for an action

execute - v. to kill

exercise - n. an activity or effort for the purpose of improving the body or to stay in good health

exile - v. to force a person to leave his or her country; to expel; n. a per-son who is forced to leave his or her country

exist - v. to be; to live

expand - v. to make larger; to grow larger

expect - v. to think or believe that something will happen; to wait for an event

expel - v. to force out; to remove from; to send away

experience - v. to live through an event, situation or condition (※She 

experienced great pain.§); n. some-thing that one has done or lived through (※The experience caused her great pain.§)

experiment - v. to test; n. a test or trial carried out to prove if an idea is true or false, or to discover something

expert - n. a person with special knowledge or training

explain - v. to give reasons for; to make clear; to tell about; to tell the meaning

explode - v. to break apart violently with a loud noise, like a bomb

explore - v. to travel in a place that is not well known to learn more about it; to make a careful search; to exam-ine closely

export - v. to send to another coun-try; n. something sent to another country, usually for sale

express - v. to say clearly

extend - v. to stretch out in area or length; to continue for a longer time

extra - ad. more than normal, expected or necessary

extraordinary - ad. far greater or better than the usual or normal

extreme - ad. more than the usual or accepted

extremist - n. a person with strong religious or political beliefs who acts in an extreme or violent way

face - n. the front of the head: eyes, nose, mouth; v. to look toward; to turn toward; to have before you, such as a problem or danger

fact - n. something known or proved to be true

factory - n. a building or group of buildings where goods are made

fail - v. to not succeed; to not reach a goal

fair - ad. just; honest; what is right

fall - v. to go down quickly; to come down; to drop to the ground or a lower position

false - ad. not true; not correct

family - n. the group that includes children and their parents

famous - ad. known very well to many people

fan - n. a person who actively sup-ports a sport, activity or performer (※The baseball fan attended every game his team played.§)

far - ad. at, to or from a great distance

farm - n. land used to grow crops and animals for food

fast - ad. moving or working at great speed; quick

fat - n. tissue in the bodies of humans and animals used to store energy and to keep warm; ad. thick; heavy

father - n. the male parent; a man who has a child or children

favorite - ad. liked more than others (※Ice cream was her favorite food.§)

fear - v. to be afraid; to worry that something bad is near or may hap-pen (※He feared falling down.§); n. a strong emotion when there is dan-ger or trouble (※He had a fear that he would fall down.§)

federal - ad. of or having to do with a national or central government

feed - v. to give food to

feel - v. to have or experience an emotion; to know by touching

female - n. a woman or girl; the sex that gives birth; ad. of or about women

fence - n. something around an area of land to keep animals or people in or out

fertile - ad. rich in production of plants or animals; producing much

fetus - n. unborn young

few - ad. not many; a small number of

field - n. an area of open land, usu-ally used to grow crops or to raise animals

fierce - ad. extremely strong; violent; angry

fight - v. to use violence or force; to attempt to defeat or destroy an enemy; n. the use of force; a battle

fill - v. to put or pour something into a container until there is space for no more

film - v. to record something so it can be seen again; to make a motion picture or movie; n. a thin piece of material for making pictures with a camera; a movie

final - ad. at the end; last

financial - ad. of or about the system that includes the use of money, cred-it, investments and banks

find - v. to discover or learn some-thing by searching or by accident; to decide a court case (※The jury finds the man guilty of murder.§)

fine - n. a payment ordered by a court to punish someone for a crime; ad. very good; very small or thin

finish - v. to com-plete; to end

fire - v. to shoot a gun; n. the heat and light produced by something burning

fireworks - n. rockets producing bright fire in the sky, used in holiday celebrations

firm - ad. not easily moved or changed (※She is firm in her opinion.§)

first - ad. coming before all others

fish - n. a creature that lives and can breathe in water

fission - n. a splitting; in atomic fission, the nucleus of an atom is split to produce nuclear energy

fit - v. to be of the correct size or shape (※These shoes fit my feet.§)

fix - v. to make good or right again

flag - n. a piece of colored cloth used to represent a nation, government or organization

flat - ad. smooth; having no high places

flee - v. to run away from

float - v. to be on water without sink-ing; to move or be moved gently on water or through air

flood - v. to cover with water; n. the movement of water out of a river, lake or ocean onto land

floor - n. the bottom part of a room for walking on (※The book fell to the floor.§); the level of a building (※The fire was on the first floor.§)

flow - v. to move like a liquid

flower - n. the col-ored part of plants that carry seeds

fluid - n. any sub-stance that can flow, such as a liquid

fly - v. to move through the air with wings, like a bird or airplane; to travel in an airplane or flying vehicle

fog - n. a mass of wet air that is difficult to see through; a cloud close to the ground

follow - v. to come or go after; to accept the rule or power of; to obey

food - n. that which is taken in by all living things for energy, strength and growth

fool - v. to make someone believe something that is not true; to trick; n. a person who is tricked easily

foot - n. the bottom part of the leg; the part of the body that touches the ground when a person or animal walks

for - prep. because of (※He is famous for his work.§); in exchange (※Give me one dollar for the book.§); through space or time (※They traveled for one hour.§); representative of (※I speak for all people.§); to be employed by (※She works for a computer company.§)

force - v. to make someone do some-thing or make something happen by using power; n. power, strength; strength used against a person or object; military power of a nation; a military group

foreign - ad. of, about or from anoth-er nation; not from one＊s own place or country

forest - n. a place of many trees

forget - v. to not remember

forgive - v. to pardon; to excuse; to remove guilt

form - v. to make; to start; to shape (※They formed a swim team.§); n. a kind (※Swimming is a form of exercise.§)

former - ad. earlier in time; not now

forward - ad. the direction in front of; toward the front

free - v. to release; ad. not controlled by another or by outside forces; not in prison; independent; not limited by rules; without cost

freedom - n. the condition of being free

freeze - v. to cause or to become very cold; to make or to become hard by cold

fresh - ad. newly made or gathered; recent

friend - n. a person one likes and trusts

frighten - v. to cause great fear

from - prep. having a person, place or thing as a beginning or cause (※It is a message from the president.§); at a place distant, not near (※The school is five kilometers from my home.§); because of (※He is suffering from cancer.§)

front - n. the forward part; the opposite of back; the beginning; the first part

fruit - n. food from trees and plants

fuel - n. any substance burned to create heat or power

full - ad. containing as much as a person or thing can hold; complete

fun - n. anything that is pleasing and causes happiness

funeral - n. a ceremony held in con-nection with the burial or burning of the dead

fusion - n. a joining together; in atomic fusion, atomic particles are joined together to produce nuclear energy

future - n. time after now (※We can talk about it in the future.§); ad. in the time to come (※All future meetings will be held in this room.§)

gain - v. to get possession of; to get more; to increase

game - n. an activity with rules in which people or teams play or com-pete, usually sports

gas - n. any substance that is not solid or liquid; any substance that burns to provide heat, light or power

gather - v. to bring or come together into a group or place; to collect

general - n. a high military leader; ad. without details; affecting or in-cluding all or almost all

generation - n. a group of individuals born and living about the same time. (※The mother and daughter represented two generations.§)

genes - n. parts of cells that control the growth and development of liv-ing things; genes from the mother and father are passed to the child; genes contain nucleic acid

genetic engineering - n. the science of changing the genes of a living organism

genocide - n. a plan of action to kill or destroy a national, religious, racial or ethnic group

gentle - adj. soft; kind; not rough or violent

get - v. to receive; to gain; to go and bring back; to become; to become the owner of

gift - n. something given without cost

girl - n. a young female person

give - v. to present to another to keep without receiving payment

glass - n. a hard, clear material that is easily broken, used most often for windows or for containers to hold liquids

go - v. to move from one place to another; to leave

goal - n. that toward which an effort is directed; that which is aimed at; the end of a trip or race

god - n. the spirit that is honored as creator of all things (※They believe in God.§); a spirit or being believed in many religions to have special powers

gold - n. a highly valued yellow metal

good - ad. pleasing; helpful; kind; correct; not bad

goods - n. things owned or made to be sold

govern - v. to control; to rule by military or political power

government - n. a system of govern-ing; the organization of people that rules a country, city or area

grain - n. the seed of grass plants used for food, such as wheat, rice and corn; those plants that produce the seeds

grass - n. a plant with long, narrow, green leaves

gravity - n. the force that pulls things toward the center of the Earth

gray - ad. having the color like that made by mixing black and white

great - ad. very large or more than usual in size or number; very good; important

green - ad. having the color like that made by mixing yellow and blue; having the color like that of growing leaves and grass

grind - v. to reduce to small pieces by crushing

ground - n. land; the earth＊s surface; soil

group - n. a number of people or things together; a gathering of people working for a common purpose

grow - v. to develop or become bigger; to increase in size or amount

guarantee - v. to promise a result; to promise that something will happen

guard - v. to watch and protect a per-son, place or thing (※He guards the president.§); n. a person or thing that watches or protects (※He is a prison guard.§)

guerrilla - n. a person who fights as part of an unofficial army, usually against an official army or police

guide - v. to lead to; to show the way; n. one who shows the way

guilty - ad. having done some-thing wrong or in violation of a law; responsible for a bad action

gun - n. a weapon that shoots bullets

hair - n. the fine material that grows from the skin, especially from the head

half - n. one of two equal parts of something

halt - v. to come or cause to come to a stop; to stop

hang - v. to place something so the highest part is supported and the lower part is not; to kill by hanging

happen - v. to become a fact or event; to take place

happy - ad. pleased; satisfied; feel-ing good; not sad

hard - ad. not easily cut or broken; solid; difficult to do or understand; needing much effort or force

harm - v. to injure; to damage; n. damage; hurt

harvest - v. to gather crops; n. the crop after it is gathered

hat - n. a head cover

hate - v. to have strong emotions against; to consider as an enemy; opposite love

have - v. to possess; to own; to hold

he - pro. the boy or man who is being spoken about

head - v. to lead; to command; n. leader; chief; the top part of some-thing; the highest position

headquarters - n. the center from which orders are given; the main offices of a business or organization

heal - v. to return to good health; to cure; to become well

health - n. the general condition of the body and mind; the condition of being free from sickness or disease

hear - v. to receive sound through the ears; to receive news about

heat - v. to make hot or warm; n. great warmth; that which is pro-duced by burning fuel; energy from the sun

heavy - ad. having much weight; not easy to lift; of great amount or force

helicopter - n. a machine without wings that can fly up or down or remain in one place above the ground

help - v. to give support; to assist; to make easier; n. support; aid

here - ad. in, to or at this place

hero - n. a person honored for being brave or wise

hide - v. to prevent from being seen or found; to make secret

high - ad. tall; far up; far above the ground; important; above others

hijack - v. to seize or take control of a vehicle by force

hill - n. a small mountain

history - n. the written record or description of past events; the study of the past

hit - v. to strike; to touch with force

hold - v. to carry or support, usually in the hands or arms; to keep in one position; to keep as a prisoner; to contain; to possess; to occupy; to organize and be involved in (※The two sides hold talks this week.§)

hole - n. an opening; a torn or broken place in something

holiday - n. a day when one does not work; a day on which no work is done to honor or remember a person or event

holy - ad. greatly honored in religion

home - n. the building where a per-son lives, especially with family; the place where one was born or comes from; the area or country where one lives

honest - ad. truthful; able to be trusted

honor - v. to obey; to show strong, good feelings for (※to honor one＊s parents§); n. an award; an act of giv-ing special recognition (※He received many honors for his efforts to help others.§)

hope - v. to expect; to believe there is a good chance that something will happen as wanted; to want some-thing to happen

horrible - ad. causing great fear; terrible

horse - n. a large animal often used for racing, riding or farm work

hospital - n. a place where sick or injured people are given medical care

hostage - n. a person captured and held as a guarantee that a demand or promise will be honored

hostile - ad. ready to fight; ready for war

hot - ad. having or feeling great heat or a high temperature

hotel - n. a building with rooms, and often food, for travelers

hour - n. a measure of time; sixty minutes

house - n. a building in which people live; a country＊s parliament or lawmak-ing group (※House of Representatives§)

how - ad. in what way; to what amount

however - conj. yet; but

huge - ad. very big; of great size

human - ad. of or about people

humor - n. the ability to understand, enjoy or express what makes people laugh

hunger - n. the need for food

hunt - v. to search for animals to capture or kill them; to seek; to try to find

hurry - v. to do or go fast

hurt - v. to cause pain, injury or damage

husband - n. a man who is married

I - pro. the person speaking

ice - n. frozen water

idea - n. a thought or picture in the mind; a belief

identify - v. to recognize someone or something and to say who or what they are

if - conj. on condition; provided that (※I will go if you go.§)

ignore - v. to pay no attention to or refuse to consider (※The president ignored the protesters outside his office.§)

illegal - ad. not legal; in violation of a law

image - n. a reproduction of the 

appearance of a person or thing

imagine - v. to make a picture in the mind; to form an idea

immediate - ad. without delay; very near in time or place

immigrant - n. a person who arrives in a country to live there

import - v. to bring from another country; n. something brought from another country, usually for sale

important - ad. having great mean-ing, value or power

improve - v. to make better; to be-come better

in - prep. inside; held by; contained by; surrounded by; during

incident - n. an event or something that happens

incite - v. to urge or cause an action or emotion, usually something bad or violent

include - v. to have; to make a part of

increase - v. to make more in size or amount

independent - ad. not influenced by or controlled by another or others; free; separate

individual - n. one person

industry - n. any business that pro-duces goods or provides services; the work and related activity in fac-tories and offices; all organizations involved in manufacturing

infect - v. to make sick with some-thing that causes disease

inflation - n. a continuing rise in prices while the value of money goes down

influence - v. to have an effect on someone or something; to cause change

inform - v. to tell; to give knowledge to

information - n. knowledge; facts

inject - v. to force a fluid into, such as putting medicine or drugs into the body through the skin

injure - v. to cause harm or damage to a person or animal

innocent - ad. not guilty of a crime; not responsible for a bad action

insane - ad. mentally sick

insect - n. a very small creature, usu-ally with many legs and sometimes with wings

inspect - v. to look at something carefully; to examine, especially by an expert

instead - ad. in the place of; taking the place of

instrument - n. a tool or device de-signed to do something or to make something

insult - v. to say something or to do something that makes another per-son angry or dishonored

intelligence - n. the ability to think or learn; information gathered by spying

intelligent - ad. quick to understand or learn

intense - ad. very strong; extremely serious

interest - n. what is important to someone (※He acted to protect his interests.§ ※She had a great interest 

in painting.§); a share in owning a business; money paid for the use of money borrowed

interfere - v. to get in the way of; to work against; to take part in the 

activities of others, especially when not asked to do so

international - ad. of or about more than one nation or many nations; of the whole world

Internet - n. the extensive communica-tions system that connects computers around the world

intervene - v. to come between; to come between in order to settle or solve

invade - v. to enter an area or coun-try by force with an army

invent - v. to plan and make some-thing never made before; to create a new thing or way of doing something

invest - v. to give money to a busi-ness or organization with the hope of making more money

investigate - v. to study or examine all information about an event, situa-tion or charge; to search for the truth

invite - v. to ask someone to take part in or join an event, organization or gathering

involve - v. to take part in; to become a part of; to include

iron - n. a strong, hard metal used to make machines and tools

island - n. a land area with water all around it

issue - n. an important problem or subject that people are discussing or arguing about

it - pro. a thing, place, event or idea that is being spoken about (※The sky is blue, but it also has a few white clouds.§)

jail - n. a prison for those waiting to be tried for a crime or for those serving sentences for crimes that are not serious

jewel - n. a valuable stone, such as a diamond or emerald

job - n. the work that one does to earn money

join - v. to put together or come together; to become part of or a member of

joint - ad. shared by two or more

joke - n. something done or said to cause others to laugh

judge - v. to form an opinion about; to decide a question, especially a legal one; n. a public official who decides problems of law in a court

jump - v. to push down on the feet and move up quickly into the air

jury - n. a group of people chosen to decide what is true in a trial

just - ad. only (※Help me for just a minute.§); very shortly before or after the present (※He just left.§); at the same time (※He left just as I came in.§); what is right or fair (※The law is just, in my opinion.§)

justice - n. the quality of being right, fair or lawful

keep  -  v. to possess; to have for oneself

kick - v. to hit with the foot

kidnap - v. to seize and take away by force

kill - v. to make dead; to cause to die

kind - n. sort (※What kind of dog is that?§); ad. gentle; caring; helpful

kiss - v. to touch with the mouth to show love or honor

knife - n. a tool or weapon used to cut

know - v. to understand something as correct; to have the facts about; to recognize someone because you have met and talked together before

knowledge - n. that which is known; learning or understanding

labor - n. work; workers as a group

laboratory - n. a room or place where experiments in science are done

lack - v. to be without; n. the condition of needing, wanting or not having

lake - n. a large area of fresh water surrounded by land

land - v. to come to the earth from the air (※Airplanes land at airports.§); n. the part of the earth not covered by water; the ground

language - n. words and their use; what people speak in a country, nation or group

large - ad. big; being of more than usual size, amount or number; oppo-site small

laser - n. an instrument that makes a thin, powerful light

last - v. to continue (※The talks will last three days.§); ad. after all others; the only one remaining (※She is the last person in line.§)

late - ad. after the correct time; near the end; opposite early

laugh - v. to make sounds to express pleasure or happy feelings

launch - v. to put into operation; to begin; to send into the air or space

law - n. all or any rules made by a government

lead - v. to show the way; to command; to control; to go first

leak - v. to come out of or to escape through a small opening or hole (usually a gas or liquid)

learn - v. to get knowledge about; to come to know a fact or facts

leave - v. to go away from; to let something stay where it is

left - ad. on the side that is toward the west when one is facing north; op-posite right

legal - ad. of or in agreement with the law

legislature - n. a government lawmaking group

lend - v. to permit someone to use a thing temporarily; to make a loan of money

less - ad. smaller in amount; not as much

let - v. to permit to do or to be; to make possible

letter - n. a message written on paper; a communication in writing sent to another person

level - n. the amount or height that something reaches or rises to; the position of something or someone

liberal - ad. one who usually supports social progress or change

lie - v. to have one＊s body on the ground or other surface; to say some-thing that one knows is not true

life - n. the time between being born and dying; opposite death; all living things

lift - v. to take or bring up to a higher place or level

light - n. a form of energy that affects the eyes so that one is able to see; anything that produces light; ad. bright; clear; not heavy

lightning - n. light produced by electricity in the air, usually during a storm

like - v. to be pleased with; to have good feelings for someone or some-thing; ad. in the same way as; similar to

limit - v. to restrict to a number or amount; n. the greatest amount or number permitted

line - n. a long, thin mark on a surface; a number of people or things orga-nized; one after another; the edge of an area protected by military forces

link - v. to connect; to unite one thing or event with another; n. a relation between two or more things, situations or events

liquid - n. a substance that is not a solid or gas, and can move freely, like water

list - v. to put in writing a number of names of people or things; n. a writ-ten series of names or things

listen - v. to try to hear

literature - n. all the poems, stories and writings of a period of time or of a country

little - ad. not tall or big; a small amount

live - v. to have life; to exist; ad. having life; alive

load - v. to put objects on or into a vehicle or container; n. that which is carried

loan - n. money borrowed that usu-ally must be returned with interest payments; something borrowed

local - ad. about or having to do with one place

lonely - ad. feeling alone

long - ad. not short; measuring from beginning to end; measuring much; for much time

look - v. to turn the eyes toward so as to see; to search or hunt for; to seem to be

lose - v. to have no longer; to not find; to fail to keep; to be defeated

loud - ad. having a strong sound; full of sound or noise

love - v. to like very much; to feel a strong, kind emotion (sometimes involving sex); n. a strong, kind emotion for someone or something; opposite hate

low - ad. not high or tall; below the normal height; close to the ground

loyal - ad. showing strong friendship and support for someone or some-thing

luck - n. something that happens by chance

machine - n. a device with moving parts used to do work

magazine - n. a publication of news, stories, pictures or other information

magnet - n. a piece of iron or other material that has a pulling force; this pull-ing force is called magnetism

mail - n. letters, papers and other things sent through an official sys-tem, such as a post office

main - ad. the most important or largest

major - ad. great in size, importance or amount

majority - n. the greater number; more than half

make - v. to produce; to create; to build; to do something or to carry out an action; to cause to be or to become

male - n. a man or boy; the sex that is the father of children; ad. of or about men

man - n. an adult male human

manufacture - v. to make goods in large amounts

many - ad. a large number or amount of

map - n. a picture of the earth＊s surface or a part of it

march - v. to walk in a group like soldiers; to walk together in a large group to protest about something

mark - v. to make a sign or cut on something

market - n. a place or area where goods are sold, bought or traded; an economic system in which the prices of things are decided by how many there are and how much money peo-ple are willing to pay for them

marry - v. to join a man and woman together as husband and wife; to 

become husband and wife (usually in a religious or civil ceremony)

mass - n. an amount of matter hav-ing no special form and usually of a large size

mate - v. to bring together a male and a female to create another creature

material - n. the substance, substanc-es or matter of which something is made or from which something can be made, such as wood, cloth or stone; anything that can be made into something else

mathematics - n. the science dealing with amounts, sizes and shapes, as explained by numbers and signs

matter - n. anything that can be seen or felt; what things are made of

may - v. a word used with an action word to mean permit or possible (※May I go?§ ※They may leave tomor-row.§)

mayor - n. the chief official of a city or town government

meal - n. food eaten to satisfy hunger, such as dinner

mean - v. to want to; to give the idea of; to have the idea of

measure - v. to learn the amount, size or distance of something; n. an action taken; a legislative proposal

meat - n. the part of a dead animal used for food

media - n. all public information or-ganizations, including newspapers, television and radio

medicine - n. a substance or drug used to treat disease or pain; the science or study of treating and curing disease or improving health

meet - v. to come together with someone or something at the same time and place

melt - v. to make a solid into a liquid by heating it

member - n. one of a group

memorial - n. something done or made to honor the memory of a person or event

memory - n. a picture in the mind of past events; the ability to remember; a thing remembered

mental - ad. about or having to do with the mind

message - n. written or spoken news or information; a note from one person to another person or group

metal - n. a hard substance such as iron, steel or gold

method - n. the way something is done

microscope - n. a device used to make very small things look larger so they can be studied

middle - n. the center; a place or time of equal distance from both sides or ends; ad. in the center

militant - n. someone active in trying to cause political change, often by the use of force or violence

military - n. the armed forces of a nation or group; ad. of or about the armed forces

militia - n. an army of citizens instead of professional soldiers; an armed force or private army

milk - n. the white liquid produced by female animals to feed their young

mind - n. the thinking, feeling part of a person

mine - v. to dig useful or valuable substances out of the earth; n. a place in the earth where such sub-stances are found; a bomb placed under the ground or under water so it cannot be seen

mineral - n. a substance found in nature that is not an animal or a plant, such as coal or salt

minister - n. a member of a cabinet; a high government official (※prime minister,§ ※foreign minister§)

minor - ad. small in size; of little importance

minority - n. the smaller number; opposite majority

minute - n. a measure of time; one of the sixty equal parts of an hour; sixty seconds

miss -  v. to fail to hit, see, reach or meet

missile - n. any weapon that can be thrown or fired through the air and explodes when it reaches its target

missing - ad. lost; not found

mistake - n. a wrong action or de-cision; an action done without the knowledge that it was wrong

mix - v. to put different things to-gether to make one thing

mob - n. a large group of wild or angry people

model - n. an example; something, usually small, made to show how something will look or work

moderate - ad. not extreme

modern - ad. of the present or very recent time; the most improved

molecule - n. the smallest amount of a chemical substance that can exist

money - n. pieces of metal or paper used to pay for things

month - n. one of the twelve periods of time into which a year is divided

moon - n. the bright object often seen in the night sky that orbits the earth about every twenty-nine days

moral - ad. concerning what is right or wrong in someone＊s actions

more - ad. greater in size or amount

morning - n. the early part of the day, from sunrise until noon

most - ad. greatest in size or amount

mother - n. the female parent; a woman who has a child or children

motion - n. a movement; a continuing change of position or place

mountain - n. a part of the earth＊s surface that rises high above the area around it

mourn - v. to express or feel sadness

move - v. to change position; to put or keep in motion; to go

movement - n. the act of moving or a way of moving; a series of acts or efforts to reach a goal

movie - n. a motion picture; a film

much - ad. great in amount

murder - v. to kill another person illegally; n. the crime of killing another person

music - n. the making of sounds by singing or using a musical instrument

must - v. a word used with an action word to mean necessary (※You must go to school.§)

mystery - n. something that is not or cannot be explained or understood; a secret

name - v. to appoint; to nominate; to give a name to; n. a word by which a person, animal or thing is known or called

narrow - ad. limited in size or amount; not wide; having a short distance from one side to the other

nation - n. a country, together with its social and political systems

native - n. someone who was born in a place, not one who moved there

natural - ad. of or about nature; normal; common to its kind

nature - n. all the plants, animals and other things on earth not created by humans; events or processes not caused by humans

navy - n. the part of a country＊s military force trained to fight at sea

near - ad. not far; close to

necessary - ad. needed to get a result or effect; required

need - v. to require; to want; to be necessary to have or to do

negotiate - v. to talk about a problem or situation to find a com-mon solution

neighbor - n. a person or country that is next to or near another

neither - ad. not one or the other of two

nerve - n. a thin piece of tissue that sends information through the body to and from the brain

neutral - ad. not supporting one side or the other in a dispute

never - ad. at no time; not ever

new - ad. not existing before; not known before; recently made, built, bought or grown; another; different

news - n. information about any recent events, especially as reported by the media

next - ad. coming immediately after; nearest

nice - ad. pleasing; good; kind

night - n. the time between when the sun goes down and when it rises, when there is little or no light

no - ad. used to reject or to refuse; not any; not at all

noise - n. sound, especially when loud

nominate - v. to name someone as a candidate for an election; to propose a person for an office or position

noon - n. the middle of the day; twelve o＊clock in the daytime

normal - n. the usual condition, amount or form; ad. usual; what is expected

north - n. the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun

not - ad. a word showing that some-thing is denied or untrue (※She is not going.§)

note - v. to talk about something already known; n. a word or words written to help a person remember; a short letter

nothing - n. not anything; no thing

now - ad. at this time; immediately

nowhere - ad. not in, to or at any place

nuclear - ad. of or about the energy produced by splitting atoms or bringing them together; of or about weapons that explode by us-ing energy from atoms

nucleic acid - n. a molecule that holds the genetic information nec-essary for life; there are two kinds of nucleic acid; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

nucleus - n. the center part of an atom or cell

nutrient - n. a food or substance that makes plants, humans or animals grow

number - n. a word or sign used to show the order or amount of things

obey - v. to act as one is ordered to act

object - v. to show that one does not like or approve; to protest; n. some-thing not alive that can be seen or touched

observe - v. to watch; to look at care-fully; to celebrate or honor something (※They will observe the anniversary of the day she was born.§)

occupy - v. to take and hold or to control by force

ocean - n. the area of salt water that covers almost seventy-five percent of the earth＊s surface; any of the five main divisions of this water

of - prep. made from; belonging to; about; connected to; included among

off - ad. away; at a distance; condi-tion when something is no longer operating or continuing; not on; not connected

offensive - n. a military campaign of attack; ad. having to do with attacking

offer - v. to present or propose; n. the act of presenting or proposing; that which is presented or proposed

office - n. a room or building where business or work is done; a public position to which one is elected or appointed

officer - n. a person in the military who commands others; any person who is a member of a police force

official - n. a person with power in an organization; a representative of an organization or government; ad. of or about an office; approved by the government or someone in power

often - ad. many times

oil - n. a thick liquid that does not mix with water and that burns easily; a black liquid taken from the ground and used as fuel

old - ad. not young or new; having lived or existed for many years

on - prep. above and held up by; touching the upper surface of (※The book is on the table.§); supported by (※He is on his feet.§); about (※The re-port on the meeting is ready.§); at the time of (※He left on Wednesday.§)

once - ad. one time only

only - ad. being the single one or ones; no more than (※We have only two dollars.§)

open - v. to start (※They opened talks.§); ad. not closed; not secret

operate - v. to do work or a job; to cut into the body for medical reasons

opinion - n. a belief based on one＊s own ideas and thinking

oppose - v. to be against; to fight against

opposite - ad. different as possible; completely different from; exactly the other way (※North is the opposite direction from south.§)

oppress - v. to make others suffer; to control by the use of unjust and cruel force or power

or - conj. giving another of two choices; giving the last of several choices

orbit - v. to travel in space around a planet or other object; n. the path or way an object travels in space around another object or planet

order - v. to give a command; to tell someone what to do; n. a command; the correct or normal way things are organized; a peaceful situation in which people obey laws

organ - n. a part of the body that has a special purpose, such as the heart or brain

organism - n. a living thing, often so small it can be seen only through a microscope

organize - v. to put in order; to put together into a system

other - ad. different; of another kind; the remaining one or ones of two or more (※That man is short; the other is tall.§)

our - ad. of or belonging to us

oust - v. to force to leave; to remove by force

out - ad. away from the inside; opposite of in

over - conj. above; covering; across, in or on every part of (※all over the world§)

overthrow - v. to remove from power; to defeat or end by force

owe - v. to pay or have to repay (usu-ally money) in return for something received

own - v. to have or possess for oneself

pain - n. a hurt or suffering some-where in the body

paint - v. to cover with a liquid color; to make a picture with liquid colors; n. a colored liquid used to cover or protect a surface

paper - n. a thin, flat material made from plants or cloth often used for writing

parachute - n. a device that permits a person or thing to fall slowly from an airplane or helicopter to the ground

parade - n. a group of people and vehicles moving together to celebrate a special event or anniversary

pardon - v. to forgive for a crime and release from punishment

parent - n. a father or mother

parliament - n. a government law-making group

part - n. something less than the whole; not all of something

particle - n. a very small piece of matter

partner - n. a person who takes part in some activity in common with an-other or others. (※The two men were business partners.§)

party - n. a group of people working together for a political purpose; a group of people or friends gathered together for enjoyment

pass - v. to go by or move around something; to move along; to cause or permit to go

passenger - n. a person traveling by airplane, train, boat or car who is not the pilot or driver

passport - n. an official government document that shows a person＊s identity and citizenship and permits a citizen to travel to another country

past - n. the time gone by; the time before; ad. recent; immediately be-fore; former

path - n. a narrow way for walking; a way along which something moves

patient - n. a person being treated by a doctor for a health problem

pay - v. to give money for work done or for something bought

peace - n. the condition of freedom from war, fighting or noise; rest; quiet

people - n. any group of persons; all the persons of a group, race, religion or nation (※the American people§)

percent - n. a part of every hundred (※Ten is ten percent of one hundred.§)

perfect - ad. complete or correct in every way; completely right or good; without mistakes

perform - v. to speak, dance or sing in front of others

period - n. an amount of time within events, restrictions or conditions

permanent - ad. never changing; lasting for a very long time or for all time

permit - v. to let; to make possible

person - n. a man, woman or child

persuade - v. to cause someone to do something by explaining or urging (※The police persuaded the criminal to surrender his weapon.§)

physical - ad. of the body

physics - n. the study of motion, matter and energy

picture - n. something that shows what another thing looks like; an idea or representation of something as seen by the eye; a painting; what is made with a camera

piece - n. a part of something larger

pig - n. a farm animal used for its meat

pilot - n. one who guides or flies an airplane or helicopter

pipe - n. a long, round piece of mate-rial used to move liquid or gas

place - v. to put something some-where; n. an area or a part of an area; space where a person or thing is; any room, building, town or country

plan - v. to organize or develop an idea or method of acting or doing something (※They plan to have a party.§); n. an organized or developed idea or method (※The plan will not work.§)

planet - n. a large object in space that orbits the sun (※Earth is a planet.§)

plant - v. to put into the ground to grow; n. a living growth from the ground which gets its food from air, water and earth

plastic - n. a material made from chemicals that can be formed and made into things

play - v. to have fun; to not work; to take part in a sport; to make music on an instrument; n. a story acted in a theater

please - v. to make one happy; to give enjoyment

plenty - n. all that is needed; a large enough amount

plot - v. to make secret plans; n. a secret plan to do something wrong or illegal

poem - n. words and their sounds organized in a special way to express emotions

point - v. to aim one＊s finger toward; to aim; n. the sharp end of something

poison - n. a substance that can destroy life or damage health

police - n. a government agency re-sponsible for guarding the public, keeping order, and making sure peo-ple obey the law; members of that agency

policy - n. an established set of plans or goals used to develop and make decisions in politics, economics or business

politics - n. the activities of govern-ment and of those who are in public office

pollute - v. to release dangerous or unpleasant substances into the air, soil or water

poor - n. people with little or no money; ad. lacking money or goods; of bad quality

popular - ad. liked by many people; generally approved by the public

population - n. all the people in a place, city or country

port - n. a city where ships load or unload goods; a place on a coast where ships can be safe from a storm

position - n. a place; the way of hold-ing the body; the way a thing is set or placed; a job (or level of a job) in an organization

possess - v. to have; to own; to control or be controlled by

possible - ad. able to be done; can happen or is expected to happen

postpone - v. to delay action until a later time

pour - v. to flow; to cause to flow

poverty - n. the condition of being poor

power - n. the ability to control or di-rect others; control; strength; ruling force; force or energy used to do work (※Water power turns the wheel.§)

praise - v. to say good things about; to approve

pray - v. to make a request to a god or spirit; to praise a god or spirit

predict - v. to say what one believes will happen in the future. (※The weather scientist predicted a cold winter.§)

pregnant - ad. carrying a child within the body before it is born; expecting to give birth to a baby

present - v. to offer for consideration (※We will present our idea to the com-mittee.§); n. a gift (※I gave them a present for their anniversary.§); ad. now (※The present time is a good time.§); ad. to be at a place (※I was present at school yesterday.§)

president - n. the chief official of a country that is a republic; the leader of an organization

press - v. to urge strongly; n. newspapers, magazines and other publications

pressure - n. the force produced when something is pushed down or against something else

prevent - v. to keep or stop from going or happening

price - n. the amount of money for which anything is bought, sold or offered for sale

prison - n. a place where a person is kept as punishment for a crime

private - ad. of or about a person or group that is secret; opposite public

prize - n. something offered or won in a competition; something of value that one must work hard for

probably - ad. a good chance of tak-ing place; a little more than possible

problem - n. a difficult question or situation with an unknown or un-clear answer

process - n. an operation or series of changes leading to a desired result

produce - v. to make; to create; to cause something to be; to manu-facture

profession - n. a job that requires special training

professor - n. a teacher at a college or university

profit - n. money gained from a busi-ness activity after paying all costs of that activity

program - n. a plan of action; the different events or parts of a meeting or show

progress - n. movement forward or toward improvement or a goal

project - n. a planned effort to do something

promise - v. to say one will do some-thing; n. a spoken or written agree-ment to do something

propaganda - n. ideas or information used to influence opinions

property - n. anything owned by someone such as land, buildings or goods

propose - v. to present or offer for consideration

protect - v. to guard; to defend; to prevent from being harmed or damaged

proteins - n. substances responsible for the growth of tissue and for fix-ing damaged tissue

protest - v. to speak against; to object

prove - v. to show to be true

provide - v. to give something needed or wanted

public - ad. of or about all the people in a community or country; opposite private

publication - n. something that is published such as a book, newspaper or magazine

publish - v. to make public something that is written; to include something in a book, newspaper or magazine

pull - v. to use force to move some-thing toward the person or thing using the force; opposite push

pump - v. to force a gas or liquid up, into or through

punish - v. to cause pain, suffering or loss for doing something bad or illegal

purchase - v. to buy with money or with something of equal value; n. that which is bought

pure - ad. free from anything that is different or that reduces value; clean

purpose - n. the reason or desired effect for doing something; goal

push - v. to use force to move some-thing away from the person or thing using the force; opposite pull

put - v. to place; to set in position

quality - n. that which something is known to have or be (※An import-ant quality of steel is its strength.§); amount of value or excellence (※Their goods are of the highest quality.§)

question - v. to ask; to express wonder or disbelief; n. a sentence or word used in asking for information; a problem; an issue to be discussed

quick - ad. fast

quiet - ad. with little or no noise; having little or no movement; calm

race - v. to run; to take part in a com-petition to decide who or what can move fastest; to take part in a cam-paign for political office; n. one of the major groups that humans can be divided into because of a common physical similarity, such as skin color

radar - n. a device that uses radio signals to learn the position or speed of objects that may be too far away to be seen

radiation - n. waves of energy from something that produces heat or light; energy from a nuclear sub-stance, which can be dangerous

radio - n. the system of sending and receiving signals or sounds through the air without wires

raid - v. to make a sudden attack; n. a sudden attack carried out as an act of war, or for the purpose of seiz-ing or stealing something

railroad - n. a road for trains; a com-pany that operates such a road and its stations and equipment

rain - n. water falling from the sky

raise - v. to lift up; to move to a higher position; to cause to grow; to increase

rape - v. to carry out a sexual attack by force against a person

rare - ad. not common; not usual; not often

rate - n. speed; a measure of how quickly or how often something 

happens; the price of any thing or service that is bought or sold

reach - v. to put a hand toward; to arrive at; to come to

react - v. to act as a result of or in answer to

read - v. to look at and understand the meaning of written words or numbers

ready - ad. prepared; completed; organized; willing

real - ad. true; truly existing; not false

realistic - ad. in agreement with the way things are

reason - n. the cause for a belief or act; purpose; something that explains

reasonable - ad. ready to listen to reasons or ideas; not extreme; ready or willing to compromise

rebel - v. to act against a govern-ment or power, often with force; to refuse to obey; n. one who opposes or fights against the government of his or her country

receive - v. to get or accept some-thing given, offered or sent

recent - ad. a short time ago

recession - n. a temporary reduction in economic activity, when industries produce less and many workers lose their jobs

recognize - v. to know or remember something or someone that was known, known about or seen before; to accept another nation as indepen-dent and establish diplomatic ties with its government

record - v. to write something in order to have it for future use; to put sound or pictures in a form that can be kept and heard or seen again; n. a writing that shows proof or facts about something

recover - v. to get again something that was lost, stolen or taken away (※The police recovered the stolen money.§); to return to normal health or normal conditions (※She is expected to recover from the operation.§)

red - ad. having the color like that of blood

reduce - v. to make less or smaller in number, size or amount; to cut

reform - v. to make better by chang-ing; to improve; n. a change to a better condition

refugee - n. a person who has been forced to flee because of unjust treatment, danger or war

refuse - v. to reject; to not accept, give or do something

register - v. to have one＊s name officially placed on a list of people permitted to vote in an election or take part in an educational program

regret - n. a feeling of sadness or sorrow about something that is done or that happens

reject - v. to refuse to accept, use or believe

relations - n. understandings or ties between nations; members of the same family; people connected by marriage or family ties

release - v. to free; to permit to go; to permit to be known or made public

religion - n. a belief in, or the honoring of, a god or gods

remain - v. to stay in a place after others leave; to stay the same

remains - n. a dead body

remember - v. to think about the past; opposite forget

remove - v. to take away or take off; to put an end to; to take out of a position or office

repair - n. work done to fix something

repeat - v. to say or do again

report - v. to tell about; to give the results of a study or investigation; n. the story about an event; the re-sults of a study or investigation; a statement in which the facts may not be confirmed

represent - v. to act in the place of someone else; to substitute for; to serve as an example

repress - v. to control or to restrict freedoms by force

request - v. to ask for; n. the act of asking for

require - v. to need or demand as necessary

rescue - v. to free from danger or evil

research - n. a careful study to discover correct information

resign - v. to leave a position, job or office

resist - v. to oppose; to fight to prevent

resolution - n. an official statement of agreement by a group of people, usually reached by voting

resource - n. anything of value that can be used or sold

respect - v. to feel or show honor to a person or thing (※All citizens should respect the law.§)

responsible - ad. having a duty or job to do (※He is responsible for pre-paring the report.§); being the cause of (※They were responsible for the accident.§)

rest - v. to sit, lie down or sleep to re-gain strength; n. that which remains; the others

restaurant - n. a place where people can buy and eat meals

restrain - v. to keep controlled; to limit action by a person or group

restrict - v. to limit; to prevent from increasing or becoming larger

result - v. to happen from a cause; n. that which follows or is produced by a cause; effect

retire - v. to leave a job or position because one is old or in poor health

return - v. to go or come back; to bring, give, take or send back

revolt - v. to protest violently; to fight for a change, especially of government

rice - n. a food grain

rich - ad. having much money or goods; having plenty of something

ride - v. to sit on or in and be carried along; to travel by animal, wheeled vehicle, airplane or boat

right - n. what a person legally and morally should be able to do or have (※It is their right to vote.§); ad. agree-ing with the facts; good; correct; opposite wrong; on the side that is toward the east when one is facing north; opposite left

riot - v. to act with many others in a violent way in a public place; n. a vio-lent action by a large group of people

rise - v. to go up; to go higher; to increase; to go from a position of sit-ting or lying to a position of standing

risk - n. the chance of loss, damage or injury

river - n. a large amount of water that flows across land into another river, a lake or an ocean

road - n. a long piece of hard ground built between two places so people can walk, drive or ride easily from one place to the other

rob - v. to take money or property secretly or by force; to steal

robot - n. a machine that moves and performs work

rock - n. a hard piece of mineral matter

rocket - n. a device shaped like a tube that moves through air or space by burning gases and letting them escape from the back or bottom, sometimes used as a weapon

roll - v. to turn over and over; to move like a ball

room - n. a separate area within a building with its own walls

root - n. the part of a plant that is under the ground and takes nutri-ents from the soil

rope - n. a long, thick piece of mate-rial made from thinner pieces of ma-terial, used for tying

rough - ad. not flat or smooth; hav-ing an uneven surface; violent; not made well

round - ad. having the shape of a ball or circle

rub - v. to move something over the surface of another thing

rubber - n. a substance made from the liquid of trees with the same name, or a similar substance made from chemicals

ruin - v. to damage severely; to destroy

rule - v. to govern or control; to decide; n. a statement or an order that says how something must be done

run - v. to move quickly by steps faster than those used for walking

rural - ad. describing areas away from cities which may include farms, small towns and unpopulated areas.

sabotage - v. to damage or destroy as an act against an organization or nation

sacrifice - v. to do without some-thing or to suffer a loss for a belief, idea, goal or another person

sad - ad. not happy

safe - ad. away from harm or danger

sail - v. to travel by boat or ship

sailor - n. a person involved in sailing a boat or ship

salt - n. a white substance found in sea water and in the ground, used to affect the taste of food

same - ad. not different; not changed; like another or others

sand - n. extremely small pieces of crushed rock found in large amounts in deserts and on coasts

satellite - n. a small object in space that moves around a larger object; an object placed in orbit around the earth

satisfy - v. to give or provide what is desired, needed or demanded

save - v. to make safe; to remove from harm; to keep for future use

say - v. to speak; to express in words

school - n. a place for education; a place where people go to learn

science - n. the study of nature and the actions of natural things, and the knowledge gained about them

sea - n. a large area of salt water, usually part of an ocean

search - v. to look for carefully

season - n. one of the four periods of the year that is based on the earth＊s position toward the sun (spring, summer, autumn, winter); a period of time based on different weather conditions (※dry season§, ※rainy sea-son§); a period during the year when something usually happens (※base-ball season§)

seat - n. a thing to sit on; a place to sit or the right to sit there (※a seat in parliament§)

second - ad. the one that comes after the first

secret - n. something known only to a few and kept from general knowl-edge; ad. hidden from others; known only to a few

security - n. freedom from danger or harm; protection; measures necessary to protect a person or place (※Security was increased in the city.§)

see - v. to know or sense through the eyes; to understand or know

seed - n. the part of a plant from which new plants grow

seek(ing) - v. to search for (※They are seeking a cure for cancer.§); to try to get (※She is seeking election to public office.§); to plan to do (※Electric power companies are seeking to reduce their use of coal.§)

seem - v. to appear to be (※She seems to be in good health.§)

seize - v. to take quickly by force; to take control of quickly; to arrest

self - n. all that which makes one person different from others

sell - v. to give something in exchange for money

Senate - n. the smaller of the two groups in the governments of some countries, such as in the United States Congress

send - v. to cause to go; to permit to go; to cause to be carried, taken or directed to or away from a place

sense - v. to come to know about by feeling, believing or understanding; n. any of the abilities to see, hear, taste, smell or feel

sentence - v. to declare the punish-ment for a crime; n. the punishment for a crime

separate - v. to set or keep people, things or ideas away from or indepen-dent from others; ad. not together or connected; different

series - n. a number of similar things or events that follow one after another in time, position or order

serious - ad. important; needing careful consideration; dangerous

serve - v. to work as an official; to be employed by the government; to assist or help

service - n. an organization or system that provides something for the public (※Schools and roads are 

services paid for by taxes.§); a job that an organization or business can do for money; military organizations such as an army, navy or air force; a religious ceremony

set - v. to put in place or position; to establish a time, price or limit

settle - v. to end (a dispute); to agree about (a problem); to make a home in a new place

several - ad. three or more, but not many

severe - ad. not gentle; causing much pain, sadness or damage

sex - n. either the male or the female group into which all people and an-imals are divided because of their actions in producing young; the physical activity by which humans and animals can produce young.

shake - v. to move or cause to move in short, quick movements

shape - v. to give form to; n. the form of something, especially how it looks

share - v. to give part of something to another or others; n. a part be-longing to, given to or owned by a single person or a group; any one of the equal parts of ownership of a business or company

sharp - ad. having a thin edge or small point that can cut or hurt; causing hurt or pain

she - pro. the girl or woman who is being spoken about

sheep - n. a farm animal used for its meat and hair

shell - v. to fire artillery; n. a metal container that is fired from a large gun and explodes when it reaches its target; a hard outside cover

shelter - v. to protect or give protec-tion to; n. something that gives pro-tection; a place of safety

shine - v. to aim a light; to give bright light; to be bright; to clean to make bright

ship - v. to transport; n. a large boat

shock - v. to cause to feel sudden surprise or fear; n. something that greatly affects the mind or emotions; a powerful shake, as from an earth-quake

shoe - n. a covering for the foot

shoot - v. to cause a gun or other weapon to send out an object de-signed to kill; to use a gun

short - ad. lasting only for a small period of time; not long; opposite tall

should - v. used with another verb (action word) to show responsibility (※We should study.§), probability (※The talks should begin soon.§), or that something is believed to be a good idea (※Criminals should be punished.§)

shout - v. to speak very loudly

show - v. to make something be seen; to make known; n. a play or story presented in a theater, or broadcast on radio or television, for enjoyment or education; something organized to be seen by the public

shrink - v. to make or become less in size, weight or value

sick - ad. suffering physically or mentally with a disease or other problem; not in good health

sickness - n. the condition of being in bad health

side - n. the outer surfaces of an ob-ject that are not the top or bottom; parts away from the middle; either the right or left half of the body

sign - v. to write one＊s name; n. a mark or shape used to mean something; evidence that something exists or will happen; a flat piece of material with writing that gives information

signal - v. to send a message by signs; n. an action or movement that sends a message

silence - v. to make quiet; to stop from speaking or making noise; n. a lack of noise or sound

silver - n. a valued white metal

similar - ad. like something else but not exactly the same

simple - ad. easy to understand or do; not difficult or complex

since - prep. from a time in the past until now (※I have known her since we went to school together.§)

sing - v. to make music sounds with the voice

single - ad. one only

sink - v. to go down into water or other liquid

sister - n. a female with the same father or mother as another person

sit - v. to rest on the lower part of the body without the support of the legs; to become seated

situation - n. the way things are during a period of time

size - n. the space occupied by something; how long, wide or high something is

skeleton - n. all the bones of a human or other animal together in their normal positions

skill - n. the ability gained from train-ing or experience

skin - n. the outer covering of humans and most animals

sky - n. the space above the earth

slave - n. a person owned or con-trolled by another

sleep - v. to rest the body and mind with the eyes closed

slide - v. to move smoothly over a surface

slow - v. to reduce the speed of; ad. not fast in moving, talking or oth-er activities

small - ad. little in size or amount; few in number; not important; oppo-site large

smash - v. to break or be broken into small pieces by force; to hit or move with force

smell - v. to sense through the nose; n. something sensed by the nose (※the smell of food cooking§)

smoke - v. to use cigarettes or other tobacco products by burning them and breathing in the smoke; n. that which can be seen rising into the air like a cloud from something burning

smooth - ad. having a level surface; opposite rough

snow - n. soft, white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky, usually in winter or when the air tempera-ture is very cold

so - ad. in such a way that (※He held the flag so all could see it.§); also; too (※She left early, and so did we.§); very (※I am so sick.§); as a result (※They were sick, so they could not come.§); conj. in order that; for the purpose of (※Come early so we can discuss the plans.§)

social - ad. of or about people or a group

soft - ad. not hard; easily shaped; pleasing to touch; not loud

soil - n. earth in which plants grow

soldier - n. a person in the army

solid - ad. having a hard shape with no empty spaces inside; strong; not in the form of a liquid or gas

solve - v. to find an answer; to settle

some - ad. of an amount or number or part not stated; not all

son - n. a person＊s male child

soon - ad. not long after the present time; quickly

sort - n. any group of people or things that are the same or are similar in some way; a kind of something

sound - n. fast-moving waves of energy that affect the ear and result in hearing; that which is heard

south - n. the direction to the right of a person facing the rising sun

space - n. the area outside the earth＊s atmosphere where the sun, moon, planets and stars are; the area between or inside things

speak - v. to talk; to say words with the mouth; to express one＊s thoughts to others and exchange ideas; to give a speech to a group

special - ad. of a different or unusual kind; not for general use; better or more important than others of the same kind

speech - n. a talk given to a group of people

speed - v. to make something go or move faster; n. the rate at which something moves or travels; the 

rate at which something happens or is done

spend - v. to give as payment; to use (※He spends much time studying.§)

spill - v. to cause or permit liquid to flow out, usually by accident

spirit - n. the part of a human that is not physical and is connected to thoughts and emotions; the part of a person that is believed to remain alive after death

split - v. to separate into two or more parts; to divide or break into parts

sport - n. any game or activity of competition involving physical effort or skill

spread - v. to become longer or wider; to make or become widely known

spring - n. the time of the year between winter and summer

spy - v. to steal or get information secretly; n. one who watches others secretly; a person employed by a gov-ernment to get secret information about another country

square - n. a flat shape having four equal sides

stab - v. to cut or push into or through with a pointed weapon

stand - v. to move into or be in a po-sition in which only the feet are on a surface; to be in one position or place

star - n. a mass of gas that usually appears as a small light in the sky at night, but is not a planet; a famous person, usually an actor or singer

start - v. to begin; to make some-thing begin

starve - v. to suffer or die from a lack of food

state - v. to say; to declare; n. a political part of a nation

station - n. a place of special work or purpose (※a police station§); a place where passengers get on or off trains or buses; a place for radio or television broadcasts

statue - n. a form of a human, animal or other creature usually made of stone, wood or metal

stay - v. to continue to be where one is; to remain; to not leave; to live for a time (※They stayed in New York for two years.§)

steal - v. to take without permission or paying

steam - n. the gas that comes from hot water

steel - n. iron made harder and stronger by mixing it with other substances

step - v. to move by lifting one foot and placing it in a new position; n. the act of stepping; one of a series of actions designed to reach a goal

stick - v. to attach something to an-other thing using a substance that will hold them together; to become fixed in one position so that movement is difficult (※Something is making the door stick.§); n. a thin piece of wood

still - ad. not moving (※The man was standing still.§); until the present or a stated time (※Was he still there?§); even so; although (※The job was difficult, but she still wanted to do it.§)

stone - n. a small piece of rock

stop - v. to prevent any more move-ment or action; to come or bring to an end

store - v. to keep or put away for future use; n. a place where people buy things

storm - n. violent weather, including strong winds and rain or snow

story - n. the telling or writing of an event, either real or imagined

stove - n. a heating device used for cooking

straight - ad. continuing in one direc-tion without turns

strange - ad. unusual; not normal; not known

street - n. a road in a city, town or village

stretch - v. to extend for a distance; to pull on to make longer or wider

strike - v. to hit with force; to stop work as a way to seek better con-ditions, more pay or to make other demands

strong - ad. having much power; not easily broken, damaged or destroyed

structure - n. the way something is built, made or organized; a system that is formed or organized in a spe-cial way; a building

struggle - v. to try with much effort; to fight with; n. a great effort; a fight

study - v. to make an effort to gain knowledge by using the mind; to examine carefully

stupid - ad. not able to learn much; not intelligent

subject - n. the person or thing being discussed, studied or written about

submarine - n. an underwater ship

substance - n. the material of which something is made (a solid, liquid or gas)

substitute - v. to put or use in place of another; n. a person or thing put or used in place of another

subversion - n. an attempt to weak-en or destroy a political system or government, usually secretly

succeed - v. to reach a goal or thing desired; to produce a planned result

such - ad. of this or that kind; of the same kind as; similar to

sudden - ad. not expected; without warning; done or carried out quickly or without preparation

suffer - v. to feel pain in the body or mind; to receive or experience hurt or sadness

sugar - n. a sweet substance made from liquids taken from plants

suggest - v. to offer or propose some-thing to think about or consider

suicide - n. the act of killing oneself

summer - n. the warmest time of the year, between spring and autumn

sun - n. the huge star in the sky that provides heat and light to earth

supervise - v. to direct and observe the work of others

supply - v. to give; to provide; n. the amount of something that can be given or sold to others

support - v. to carry the weight of; to hold up or in position; to agree with others and help them reach a goal; to approve

suppose - v. to believe, think or imag-ine (※I suppose you are right.§); to ex-pect (※It is supposed to rain tonight.§)

suppress - v. to put down or to keep down by force; to prevent information from being known publicly

sure - ad. very probable; with good rea-son to believe; true without question

surface - n. the outer side or top of something (※The rocket landed on the surface of the moon.§)

surplus - n. an amount that is more than is needed; extra; (※That country has a trade surplus. It exports more than it imports.§)

surprise - v. to cause a feeling of wonder because something is not expected; n. something not expected; the feeling caused by something not expected

suffer - v. to give control of oneself or one＊s property to another or others; to stop fighting and admit defeat

surround - v. to form a circle around; to be in positions all around some-one or something

survive - v. to remain alive during or after a dangerous situation

suspect - v. to imagine or believe that a person is guilty of something bad or illegal; n. a person believed to be guilty

suspend - v. to cause to stop for a period of time

swallow - v. to take into the stomach through the mouth

swear in - v. to put an official into office by having him or her promise to carry out the duties of that office (※The chief justice will swear in the president.§)

sweet - ad. tasting pleasant, like sugar

swim - v. to move through water by making motions with the arms and legs

sympathy - n. a sharing of feelings or emotions with another person, usu-ally feelings of sadness

system - n. a method of organizing or doing something by following rules or a plan; a group of connected things or parts working together for a common purpose or goal

take - v. to put a hand or hands around something and hold it, often to move it to another place; to carry something; to seize; to capture; to begin to be in control (※The president takes office tomorrow.§)

talk - v. to express thoughts in spoken words; n. a meeting for discussion

tall - ad. higher than others; oppo-site short

tank - n. a large container for hold-ing liquids; a heavy military vehicle with guns

target - n. any person or object aimed at or fired at

taste - v. to sense through the mouth (※The fruit tastes sweet.§)

tax - n. the money a person or busi-ness must pay to the government so the government can provide services

tea - n. a drink made from the plant of the same name

teach - v. to show how to do some-thing; to provide knowledge; to cause to understand

team - n. a group organized for some purpose, often for sports

tear - v. to pull apart, often by force

technical - ad. involving machines, processes and materials in industry, transportation and communications; of or about a very special kind of subject or thing (※You need technical knowledge to understand how this system works.§)

technology - n. the use of scientific knowledge and methods to produce goods and services

telephone - n. a device or system for sending sounds, especially the voice, over distances

telescope - n. a device for making ob-jects that are far away appear closer and larger

television - n. a device that receives electronic signals and makes them into pictures and sounds; the system of sending pictures and sounds by electronic signals over a distance so others can see and hear them on a receiver

tell - v. to give information; to make known by speaking; to order; to command

temperature - n. the measurement of heat and cold

temporary - ad. lasting only a short time

tense - ad. having fear or concern; dangerous; opposite calm

term - n. a limited period of time during which someone does a job or carries out a responsibility (※He served two terms in Congress.§); the conditions of an agreement that have been accepted by those involved in it

terrible - ad. very bad; causing terror or fear

territory - n. a large area of land

terror - n. extreme fear; that which causes great fear

terrorist - n. a person who carries out acts of extreme violence as a protest or a way to influence a government

test - v. to attempt to learn or prove what something is like or how it will act by studying or doing (※The scien-tists will test the new engine soon.§); n. an attempt to learn or prove what something is like or how it will act by 

studying or doing (※The test of the new engine takes place today.§); a group of questions or problems used to find out a person＊s knowledge (※The stu-dents did well on the language test.§)

than - conj. connecting word used to link things that may be similar, but are not equal (※My sister is taller than I am.§)

thank - v. to say that one has a good feeling toward another because that person did something kind (※I want to thank you for helping me.§)

that - ad. showing the person, place or thing being spoken about (※That man is a soldier.§); pro. the person, place or thing being spoken about (※The building that I saw was very large.§)

the - pro. used in front of a name word to show that it is a person or thing that is known about or is being spoken about

theater - n. a place where movies are shown or plays are performed

them - pro. other people being spo-ken about

then - ad. at that time; existing; and so

theory - n. a possible explanation of why something exists or how some-thing happens using experiments or ideas, but which is not yet proven (※Other scientists are debating his theory about the disappearance of dinosaurs.§)

there - ad. in that place or position; to or toward that place

these - pro. of or about the people, places or things nearby that have been spoken about already

they - pro. those ones being spoken about

thick - ad. having a large distance between two opposite surfaces (※The wall is two meters thick.§); having many parts close together (※The for-est is very thick.§); almost solid, such as a liquid that does not flow easily; opposite thin

thin - ad. having a small distance between two opposite surfaces; not fat; not wide; opposite thick

thing - n. any object

think - v. to produce thoughts; to form ideas in the mind; to consider; to believe

third - ad. coming after two others

this - pro. of or about the person, place or thing nearby that has been spoken about already

threaten - v. to warn that one will do harm or cause damage

through - prep. in at one end and out at the other; from front to back; from top to bottom; with the help of; by

throw - v. to cause to go through the air by a movement of the arm

tie - v. to join or hold together with some material; n. anything that joins or unites; links or connections (※The two nations have strong trade ties.§)

time - n. that which is measured in minutes, hours, days and years; a period that can be identified in hours and minutes and is shown on a clock; a period when an event should or will take place

tired - ad. having less strength because of work or exercise; needing sleep or rest

tissue - n. living material; a group of cells that are similar in appearance and do the same thing

to - prep. showing the direction of an action; showing the person or place toward which an action is directed; showing a goal or purpose

today - n. this day

together - ad. in one group; at the same time or place; in cooperation

tomorrow - n. the day after today

tonight - n. this night

too - ad. also; as well as; more than is necessary

tool - n. any instrument or device designed to help one do work

top - n. the upper edge or surface; the highest part; the cover of some-thing

torture - v. to cause severe pain; n. the act of causing severe pain in order to harm, to punish or to get in-formation from

total - n. the complete amount

touch - v. to put the hand or fingers on

toward - prep. in the direction of; leading to

town - n. a center where people live, larger than a village but not as large as a city

trade - v. to buy and sell or exchange products or services; n. the activity of buying, selling or exchanging prod-ucts or services

tradition - n. a ceremony, activity or belief that has existed for a long time

traffic - n. the movement of people, vehicles or ships along a street, road or waterway

tragic - ad. extremely sad; terrible

train - v. to teach or learn how to do something; to prepare for an activity; n. an engine and the cars connected to it that move along a railroad

transport - v. to move goods or people from one place to another

transportation - n. the act or business of moving goods or people

trap - v. to catch or be caught by being tricked; to be unable to move or escape; n. a device used to catch animals

travel - v. to go from one place to another, usually for a long distance

treason - n. the act of fighting against one＊s own country or of help-ing its enemies

treasure - n. a large collection of money, jewels or other things of great value

treat - v. to deal with; to act toward in a special way; to try to cure

treatment - n. the act of treating; the use of medicine to try to cure or make better

treaty - n. a written agreement between two or more nations

tree - n. a very tall plant that is mostly wood, except for its leaves

trial - n. an examination in a court of a question or dispute to decide if a charge is true

tribe - n. a group of families ruled by a common chief or leader

trick - v. to cheat; to fool a person so as to get something or make him or her do something

trip - n. a movement from one place to another, usually a long distance

troops - n. a number of soldiers in a large controlled group

trouble - n. that which causes concern, fear, difficulty or problems

truce - n. a temporary halt in fighting agreed to by all sides involved

truck - n. a heavy vehicle used to carry goods

true - ad. correct; not false

trust - v. to believe that someone is honest and will not cause harm

try - v. to make an effort; to take court action against a person to de-cide if he or she is guilty or innocent of a crime

tube - n. a long, round structure through which liquids or gases can flow; a long, thin container in which they can be kept

turn - v. to change direction; to move into a different position; to change color, form or shape

under - prep. below; below the sur-face of; less than; as called for by a law, agreement or system (※The river flows under the bridge.§ ※Such action is not permitted under the law.§)

understand - v. to know what is meant; to have knowledge of

unite - v. to join together

universe - n. all of space, including planets and stars

university - n. a place of education that usually includes several colleges and research organizations

unless - conj. except if it happens; on condition that (※I will not go, unless the rain stops.§)

until - conj. up to a time; before

up - ad. to, in or at a higher position or value

urge - v. to advise strongly; to make a great effort to get someone to do something

urgent - ad. needing an immediate decision or action

us - pro. the form of the word ※we§ used after a preposition (※He said he would write to us.§) or used as an object of a verb (※They saw us yester-day.§)

use - v. to employ for a purpose; to put into action

usual - ad. as is normal or common; as is most often done, seen or heard

vacation - n. a holiday; a period of time for travel, pleasure or rest, especially one with pay given to an employee

vaccine - n. a substance containing killed or weakened organisms given to a person or animal to produce protection against a disease

valley - n. a long area of land between higher areas of land

value - n. the quality of being useful, important or desired; the amount of money that could be received if something is sold

vegetable - n. a plant grown for food

vehicle - n. anything on or in which a person or thing can travel or be transported, especially anything on wheels; a car or truck

version - n. the form of something with different details than earlier or later forms

very - ad. extremely (※He was very late.§)

veto - v. to reject or refuse to approve

victim - n. someone or something that is injured, killed or made to suffer; someone who is tricked

victory - n. a success in a fight or competition

video - n. a method of recording im-ages and sound without a traditional film camera to be shown on a televi-sion, computer or other device

village - n. a very small town

violate - v. to fail to obey or honor; to break (an agreement)

violence - n. the use of force to cause injury, death or damage

virus - n. a kind of organism that causes disease

visa - n. the official permission given to a person to enter a country where he or she is not a citizen

visit - v. to go to or come to a place for a short time for friendly or business reasons

voice - n. the sound made by creatures, especially humans, for speaking

volcano - n. a hill or mountain around a hole in the earth＊s sur-face that can explode, sending hot, melted rock and ash into the air

volunteer - n. a person who choos-es to do something without being asked, usually without being paid

vote - v. to choose a candidate in an election; n. a choice or decision ex-pressed by the voice, by hand or by writing

wages - n. money received for work done

wait - v. to delay acting; to postpone

walk - v. to move by putting one foot in front of the other.wall - n. the side of a room or building formed by wood, stone or other material; a structure sometimes used to sepa-rate areas of land

want - v. to desire; to wish for; to need

war - n. fighting between nations, or groups in a nation, using weapons

warm - ad. almost hot; having or feeling some heat

warn - v. to tell of possible danger; to advise or inform about something bad that may happen

wash - v. to make clean, usually with water

waste - v. to spend or use without need or care; to make bad use of; n. a spending of money, time or effort with no value gained or returned; something thrown away as having no value; the liquid and solid sub-stances that result from body pro-cesses and are passed out of the body

watch - v. to look at; to observe closely; to look and wait for

water - n. the liquid that falls from the sky as rain or is found in lakes, rivers and oceans

wave - v. to move or cause to move one way and the other, as a flag in the wind; to signal by moving the hand one way and the other; n. a large mass of water that forms and moves on the surface of a lake or ocean

way - n. a path on land or sea or in the air; how something is done; method

we - pro. two or more people, includ-ing the speaker or writer (※He and I will go together, and we will return together.§)

weak - ad. having little power; easily broken, damaged or destroyed; op-posite strong

wealth - n. a large amount of pos-sessions, money or other things of value

weapon - n. anything used to cause injury or to kill during an attack, fight or war

wear - v. to have on the body, as clothes

weather - n. the condition of the atmosphere resulting from sun, wind, rain, heat or cold

Web site - n. a collection of informa-tion prepared by a person or organi-zation on the World Wide Web of the Internet

week - n. a period of time equal to seven days

weigh - v. to measure how heavy someone or something is

welcome - v. to express happiness or pleasure when some-one arrives or something develops

well - ad. in a way that is good or pleasing; in good health; n. a hole in the ground where water, gas or oil can be found

west - n. the direction in which the sun goes down

wet - ad. covered with water or other liquid; not dry

what - pro. used to ask about some-thing or to ask for information about something (※What is this?§); ad. which or which kind (※He wants to know what you would like to drink.§)

wheat - n. a grain used to make bread; the plant that produces the grain

wheel - n. a round structure that turns around a center

when - ad. at what time; at any time (※When will she come home?§); conj. during or at the time (※I studied hard when I was in school.§)

where - ad., conj. at, to or in what place (※Where is his house?§ ※The house where he lives is in the old part of the city.§)

whether - conj. if it be the case or fact that (※He did not know whether he was right or wrong.§)

which - pro. used to ask about what one or what ones of a group of things or people (※Which program do you like best?§ ※Which students will take the test?§)

while - n. a space of time (※Please come to my house for a while.§); conj. at or during the same time (※It may not be a good idea to eat while you are running.§)

white - ad. having the color like that of milk or snow

who - pro. what or which person or persons that (※Who wants to go?§); the person or persons (※They are the ones who want to go.§)

whole - ad. the complete amount; all together; not divided; not cut into pieces

why - ad. for what cause or reason (※Why did she do it?§); conj. the rea-son for which (※I do not know why she did it.§)

wide - ad. having a great distance from one side to the other; not limited

wife - n. a woman who is married

wild - ad. living and growing in natural conditions and not organized or supervised by humans; angry; uncontrolled

will - v. a word used with action words to show future action (※They will hold talks tomorrow.§)

willing - ad. being ready or having a desire to (※They are willing to talk about the problem.§)

win - v. to gain a victory; to defeat another or others in a competition, election or battle

wind - n. a strong movement of air

window - n. an opening in a wall to let in light and air, usually filled with glass

winter - n. the coldest time of year, between autumn and spring

wire - n. a long, thin piece of metal used to hang objects or to carry elec-tricity or electronic communications from one place to another

wise - ad. having much knowledge and understanding; able to use knowledge and understanding to make good or correct decisions

wish - v. to want; to express a desire for

with - prep. along or by the side of; together; using (※He fixed it with a tool.§); having (※the house with the red door§)

withdraw - v. to take or move out, away or back; to remove

without - prep. with no; not having or using; free from; not doing

witness - n. a person who saw and can tell about an action or event, sometimes in a court of law

woman - n. an adult female human

wonder - v. to ask oneself; to ques-tion (※She wonders if it is true.§); n. a feeling of surprise

wonderful - ad. causing wonder; especially good

wood - n. the solid material of which trees are made

word - n. one or more connected sounds that form a single part of a language

work - v. to use physical or mental effort to make or do something; n. the effort used to make or to do something; that which needs effort; the job one does to earn money

world - n. the earth; the people who live on the earth

worry - v. to be concerned; to contin-ue thinking that something, possibly bad, can happen

worse - ad. more bad than

worth - n. value measured in money

wound - v. to injure; to hurt; to cause physical damage to a person or ani-mal; n. an injury to the body of a hu-man or animal in which the skin is usually cut or broken

wreck - v. to damage greatly; to destroy; n. anything that has been badly damaged or broken

wreckage - n. what remains of some-thing severely damaged or destroyed

write - v. to use an instrument to make words appear on a surface, such as paper

wrong - ad. not correct; bad; not legal; opposite right

x-ray - n. a kind of radiation that can pass through most solid material, often used in medicine

year - n. a period of time equal to twelve months

yellow - ad. having the color like that of gold or the sun

yes - ad. used to express agreement or to permit

yesterday - n. the day before today

yet - ad. at some time before now (※Have they arrived yet?§); now; at this time (※I cannot tell you about it yet.§); conj. however (※The sun was shining, yet it was cold.§)

you - pro. the person or persons being spoken to

young - ad. in the early years of life; not old

zero - n. the number meaning none or nothing

zoo - n. a place where animals are kept for the public to look at and study