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https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook
101 Linux commands Open-source eBook
https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook
devops ebook hacktoberfest hacktoberfest2021 linux shell
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101 Linux commands Open-source eBook
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook
- Owner: bobbyiliev
- License: mit
- Created: 2021-04-06T19:20:07.000Z (over 3 years ago)
- Default Branch: main
- Last Pushed: 2024-10-08T13:51:05.000Z (about 1 month ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-10-14T08:16:38.030Z (28 days ago)
- Topics: devops, ebook, hacktoberfest, hacktoberfest2021, linux, shell
- Language: Python
- Homepage: https://leanpub.com/b/linux-devops-ebook-bundle
- Size: 19.9 MB
- Stars: 748
- Watchers: 10
- Forks: 254
- Open Issues: 4
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- Contributing: CONTRIBUTING.md
- Funding: .github/FUNDING.yml
- License: LICENSE
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README
## 💻 ++101 Linux commands Open-source eBook
This is an open-source eBook with 101 Linux commands that everyone should know. No matter if you are a DevOps/SysOps engineer, developer, or just a Linux enthusiast, you will most likely have to use the terminal at some point in your career.
**Make sure to star the repository** ⭐
If you need a Linux virtual machine to test these commands on, use the following referral link to get a [free $200 Credit For DigitalOcean](https://m.do.co/c/2a9bba940f39)!
## Introduction to Linux eBook
If you are looking for a comprehensive guide for beginners, check out this eBook: [Introduction to Linux eBook](https://leanpub.com/introduction-to-linux)
## 📙 Online eBook
An online copy :zap:🌐 of this ebook is available [**here** 📙](https://sugatoray.github.io/101-linux-commands-ebook).
## 🔽 Download links
- [Dark mode](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/export/101-linux-commands-ebook-dark.pdf)
- [Light mode](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/export/101-linux-commands-ebook-light.pdf)
---
# Content
- [Basics](#basics)
- [File Hierarchy Standard (FHS)](#file-hierarchy-standard-fhs)
- [Commands](#commands)
- [Disk and File System Management](#disk-and-file-system-management)
- [General Disk Manipulation (non-LVM)](#general-disk-manipulation-non-lvm)
- [Globs (Wildcards)](#globs-wildcards)
- [Regex](#regex)
- [Stream redirection](#stream-redirection)
- [Text Readers & Editors](#text-readers--editors)
- [Less](#less)
- [VI](#vi)
- [User and Group Management](#user-and-group-management)
- [File System Permissions](#file-system-permissions)
- [SSH](#ssh)
- [Cronjobs](#cronjobs)
- [Package Management](#package-management)
- [RPM](#rpm)
- [YUM](#yum)
- [📃 List of commands by category:](#-list-of-commands-by-category)
- [Directory Navigation](#directory-navigation)
- [File Commands](#file-commands)
- [File and Directory Manipulation](#file-and-directory-manipulation)
- [Package archive and compression tools](#package-archive-and-compression-tools)
- [System commands](#system-commands)
- [Networking Commands](#networking-commands)
- [Package Management](#package-management-1)
- [User Information commands](#user-information-commands)
- [Session commands](#session-commands)
- [Getting Help](#getting-help)
- [Applications](#applications)
- [📃 List of commands by chapter:](#-list-of-commands-by-chapter)
- [🔗Links](#links)
- [📖Other eBooks](#other-ebooks)
- [🤲Contributing](#contributing)
---
# Basics
## File Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
| Path | Content |
| -------- | ----------------------------------- |
| `/bin` | Binaries (User) |
| `/boot` | Static boot loader files |
| `/etc` | Host specific configs |
| `/lib` | Shared libraries and kernel modules |
| `/sbin` | Binaries (System/root) |
| `/var` | Varying files (e.g. Logs) |
| `/usr` | 3rd party software |
| `/proc` | Pseudo file system |
| `/sys` | Pseudo file system |
| `/mnt` | Mountpoint for internal drives |
| `/media` | Mountpoint for external drives |
| `/home` | User homes |
| `/run` | PID files of running processes |
---
## Commands
**File System Commands**
| Command | Options | Description |
| ------- | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| [`cd`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/002-the-cd-command.md) | `-` | Navigate to last dir |
| | `~` | Navigate to home |
| | `~username` | Navigate to home of specified user |
| [`pwd`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/006-the-pwd-command.md) | | Print working dir |
| [`ls`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/001-the-ls-command.md) | | Print dir content |
| | `-l` | Format as list |
| | `-a` | Show hidden items (`-A` without `.` and `..`) |
| | `-r` | Invert order |
| | `-R` | Recurse |
| | `-S` | Sort by size |
| | `-t` | Sort by date modified |
| [`mkdir`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/014-the-mkdir-command.md) | `-p` | Create dir with parents |
| [`cp`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/031-the-cp-command.md) | `-r` | Copy dir |
| [`rmdir`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/103-the-rmdir-command.md) | `-p` | Remove dir and empty parents |
| [`rm`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/040-the-rm-command.md) | `-rf` | Remove dir recursively, `-f` without confirmation |
| [`mv`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/032-the-mv-command.md) | | Move recursively |
| [`find`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/102-the-find-command.md) | `-iname pattern` | Search dir/file case-insensitive |
| | `-mmin n` | Last modified n minutes ago |
| | `-mtime n` | Last modified n days ago |
| | `-regex pattern` | Path matches pattern |
| | `-size n[kMG]` | By file size (`-n` less than; `+n` greater than) |
| | `! searchparams` | Invert search |
---
**File Manipulation**
| Command | Options | Description |
| ------- | ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ |
| [`cat`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/003-the-cat-tac-command.md) | `file` | Print content |
| [`tac`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/003-the-cat-tac-command.md) | `file` | Print content inverted |
| [`sort`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/059-the-sort-command.md) | `file` | Print sorted |
| | `file -r -u` | Print sorted descending without dublicates |
| [`head`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/004-the-head-command.md) | `-n10 file` | Print lines 5-10 |
| [`tail`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/005-the-tail-command.md) | `-f file` | Print new lines automatically |
| [`cut`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/098-the-cut-command.md) | `-f -4,7-10,12,15- file` | Print selected fields (tab delimited) |
| | `-c -4,7-10,12,15- file` | Print selected characters positions |
| | `-f 2,4 -d, --output-delimiter=$'\t' file` | Change delimiter (but use tab for output) |
| [`uniq`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/074-the-uniq-command.md) | `file` | Hide consecutive identical lines |
| | `file -c` | Show consecutive identical line count |
| | `file -u` | Hide consecutive identical lines |
| `file` | `file` | Get file type |
| `wc` | `file` | Count Lines, Words, Chars (Bytes) |
---
**Archiving**
| Command | Options | Description |
| ---------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| [`tar`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/063-the-tar-command.md) | `cfv archiv.tar file1 file2` | Create archive / add or overwrite content |
| | `tfv archiv.tar` | Show content |
| | `xf archiv.tar [-C ~/extracted]` | Extract (and decompress) archive (to ~ / extracted) |
| | `cfvj archiv.tar.bz2 file` | Create bzip2 compressed archive |
| | `cfvz archiv.tar.gz file` | Create gzip compressed archive |
| | `cfa archiv.tar.[komp] file` | create compressed archive (auto type based on name) |
| [`bzip2`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/069-the-bzip2-command.md) | `file1 file2` | Dateien (einzeln) komprimieren |
| | `-d file1 file2` | Compress files (one at a time) |
| [`gzip`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/015-the-gzip-command.md) | `file1 file2` | Dateien (einzeln) komprimieren |
| | `-d file1 file2` | Decompress files |
---
# Disk and File System Management
## General Disk Manipulation (non-LVM)
Creating physical partitions is **not required**! You can create PVs directly!
| Command | Options | Description |
| ---------------|---------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| `fdisk` | `-l` | List physical disks and partitions |
| | `/dev/sdb`
`n` | Create new partition |
| | `/dev/sdb`
`t`
`8e` | Change partition type to *Linux LVM* |
| `mkfs.xfs` | `/dev/myVG/myVol` | Format LV with XFS |
| `mkfs.ext4` | `-f /dev/myVG/myVol` | Format LV with EXT4 (overwrite) |
| `blkid` | `/dev/myVG/myVol` | Show UUID and formatting of volume |
| `mount` | | Show current mounted file systems |
| | `-t ext4 /dev/myVG/myVol /mountpoint` | Mount LV to /mountpoint |
| | `-a` | Mount as configured in /etc/fstab |
| `umount` | | Unmount a file system
| | `/dev/myVG/myVol` | Unmount LV from /mountpoint |
| | `/mountpoint` | Unmount LV from /mountpoint |
| [`df`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/010-the-df-command.md)| - | Show disk usage |
| `xfs_growfs` | `/dev/myVG/myVol` | Resize xfs filesystem |
| `resize2fs` | ` /dev/myVG/myVol` | Resize ext3/4 filesystem |
---
**Other**
| Command | Options | Description |
| ----------- | --------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
| `` | `--help` | Help of current command (not standardized) |
| | `-h` | |
| | `-?` | |
| [`man`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/024-the-man-command.md) | `` | Manual page of command |
| | `-k keyword` | Search command by keyword (oder `apropos`) |
| `alias` | | Show aliases |
| | `name='befehl'` | Create alias |
---
## Globs (Wildcards)
The dot `.` in front of hidden items is ignored by glob patterns!
| Character | Description |
| --------- | ----------------------- |
| `?` | Any single character |
| `*` | Any characters |
| `[ac-e]` | 1 character in enum |
| `[!ac-e]` | 1 character not in enum |
## Regex
Bash itself does not know regex. Use programs like `grep`, `sed`, `awk`.
**Control characters**
| Character | Description |
| -------------- | ----------------------- |
| `.` | Any single character |
| `[ac-e]` | 1 character in enum |
| `[^ac-e]` | 1 character not in enum |
| `^` | Start of string |
| `$` | End of string |
| `\d` | Digit |
| `\D` | Not a digit |
| `\s` | Whitespace |
| `\S` | Not a Whitespace |
| `\<` | Start of word |
| `\>` | End of word |
| `pattern?` | Quantifier 0 or 1 |
| `pattern*` | Quantifier 0..n |
| `pattern+` | Quantifier 1..n |
| `pattern{x}` | Quantifier exactly x |
| `pattern{x,}` | Quantifier x..n |
| `pattern{x,y}` | Quantifier x..y |
| `pattern{,y}` | Quantifier 0..y |
**Grep**
| Command | Options | Description |
| ------- | ----------------- | -------------- |
| [`grep`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/107-the-grep-command.md) | `pattern file` | Extended Regex |
| | `-E pattern file` | Extended Regex |
| | `-v pattern file` | Invert match |
| | `-w pattern file` | Word match |
| | `-i pattern file` | Ignore case |
## Stream redirection
- `>` overwrite
- `>>` append
| Character | Description |
| --------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| `> file` or `1> file` | STDOUT to file |
| `< file` | Datei to STDIN |
| `2> file` | STDERR to file |
| `2>&1` | STDERR to same target as STDOUT |
| `> file 2>&1` | STDOUT and STDERR to file |
# Text Readers & Editors
## Less
| Command | Description |
| ------------------- | ------------------------------- |
| `q` | Quit |
| `R` | Refresh content |
| `F` | Auto scroll |
| `g number` | Go to line |
| `m lowercaseLetter` | Mark line |
| `' lowercaseLetter` | Go to mark |
| `/pattern` | Search forward |
| `?pattern` | Search backward |
| `n` | Next search result |
| `N` | Last search result |
| `ESC u` | Remove highlighting from search |
## VI
[`VI/VIM`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/100-the-vim-command.md)
**Editing**
To leave editing mode press `ESC`.
| Command | Description |
| --------- | --------------------- |
| `i` | insert before cursor |
| `a` | insert after cursor |
| `A` | insert at end of line |
| `o` | new line below |
| `O` | new line above |
| `u` | undo |
| `.` | repeat last command |
| `yy` | copy line |
| `5yy` | copy 5 lines |
| `p` | paste below |
| `P` | paste above |
| `x` | delete character |
| `5x` | delete 5 characters |
| `dd` | delete line |
| `5dd` | delete 5 lines |
| `:10,20d` | delete lines 10-20 |
| `d0` | delete to line begin |
| `d$` | delete to line end |
**Navigation**
Navigate as usual with `arrow keys`, `home`, `end`, `pg up`, `pg dn`.
| Command | Description |
| ------- | ---------------------- |
| `5G` | go to line 5 |
| `H` | go to top of screen |
| `M` | go to middle of screen |
| `L` | go to end of screen |
| `5w` | move over 7 words |
| `5b` | move back 5 words |
**Other**
| Command | Description |
| ----------- | ---------------------------- |
| `/foo` | search forward |
| `?foo` | search backwards |
| `n` | repeat search |
| `:w` | save |
| `:q` | close |
| `:wq` | save and close |
| `:q!` | close without saving |
| `:!command` | run bash command |
| `:r foo` | read file foo into this file |
# User and Group Management
**UID**
| UID | Type |
| ----- | -------------- |
| <1000 | system account |
| >1000 | user account |
**User Database**
User info without passwords is stored in `/etc/passwd`.
| username | PW | UID | GID | GECOS | HOME | SHELL |
| -------- | --- | ---- | ---- | --------- | ----------- | --------- |
| hfict | x | 1000 | 1000 | | /home/hfict | /bin/bash |
**Group Database**
Group info with secondary group members are stored in `/etc/group`.
Primary group members are identified by GID in user database.
| groupname | PW | GID | Users |
| --------- | --- | --- | ----------- |
| wheel | x | 10 | hfict,user2 |
**Password Database**
Hashed user passwords are stored in `/etc/shadow`.
Password encryption is configured in `/etc/login.defs`.
| username | PW | Last PW change | Minimum | Maximum | Warn | Inactive | Expire |
| -------- | ------ | -------------- | ------- | ------- | ---- | -------- | ------ |
| hfict | [hash] | 17803 | 0 | 99999 | 7 | | |
PW:
- `[hash]` Encrypted test password
- `! [hash]` Account locked
- `!!` or `*` Account locked, no password set
**Commands**
| Command | Param | Description |
| ---------- | ---------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- |
| `id` | `username` | Show a user's ID and groups |
| [`who`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/017-the-who-command.md) | | Show logged in users |
| [`last`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/048-the-last-command.md) | | Show last logins |
| `lastb` | | Show last failed logins |
| [`sudo`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/051-the-sudo-command.md) | `-u user command` | Execute command with user rights (default is root) |
| | `-i` or` su -` | Shell with root rights |
| [`su`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/044-the-su-command.md) | | Shell as root (non-login shell) |
| | `-` | Shell as root (login shell) |
| | `- user` | Shell as user |
| [`useradd`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/080-the-useradd-command.md) | `-u 2101 -g primarygroup -c comment username` | Create user (without `-g`, new group will be created) |
| [`usermod`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/082-the-usermod-command.md) | `-G group1, group2` | Define (overwrite) secondary groups |
| | `-ag group, group2` | Add secondary groups |
| | `-l username` | Change username |
| | `-L` | Lock Account |
| | `-U` | Unlock Account |
| | `-s shellpath` | Change shell |
| [`userdel`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/081-the-userdel-command.md) | `-r username` | Delete user including home and mail spool |
| [`passwd`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/025-the-passwd-command.md) | `username` | Change password (interactive) |
| `groupadd` | `groupname` | Create group (optionally set GID with `-g`) |
| `groupdel` | `groupname` | Delete group |
# File System Permissions
Permissions can be set on:
- User (owner)
- Group (owner)
- Others
Only root can change *User*. *User* can change *Group*.
Basic permissions (Add binary flags to combine):
| Char | Binary Flag | Permission |
| ---- | ----------- | ---------- |
| r | 4 | read |
| w | 2 | write |
| x | 1 | execute |
Advanced permissions (place in front of basic permissions: `chmod 1777 shared`).:
| Char | Binary Flag | Name | Description |
| ----- | ----------- | ---------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| t / T | 1 | Sticky Bit | *Others* can't delete content (only applicable for directories) |
| s / S | 2 | SGID-Bit | File: run with permissions of *Group*
Dir: New elements inherit *Group* |
| s / S | 4 | SUID-Bit | File is run with permissions of *User* (only applicable for files) |
Advanced permissions replace the **x** when using `ls -l`. Lower case if **x** is set, upper case if **x** is not set.
*Read* permission on a directory only allows to see the directory itself but not it's contents. Use *execute* permission to show contents.
**Commands**
| Command | Options | Description |
| --------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------- |
| [`chmod`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/106-the-chmod-command.md) | `-R [uog] dirname` | Set permissions recursively using binary flags |
| | `+[suog] filename` | Add permissions using binary flags |
| | `-[suog] filename` | Remove permissions using binary flags |
| | `u+x filename` | Add *execute* permission for *User* |
| | `g+wx filename` | Add *write* and *execute* permissions for *Group* |
| | `o-r filename` | Remove *read* permission for *Others* |
| [`chown`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/101-the-chown-command.md) | `-R user:group filename` | Change owner (*User* & *Group*) recursively |
| | `user filename` | Change owner (*User*) |
| | `:group filename` | Change owner (*Group*) |
| `chgroup` | `group filename` | Change owner (*Group*) |
# SSH
[`SSH`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/089-the-ssh-command.md)
Configuration is done in `/etc/ssh/sshd_config`.
Reload SSH service with `systemctl reload sshd` to apply changes!
DenyUsers, AllowUsers, DenyGroups, AllowGroups override each other and are applied in the order listed above.
| Config | Option | Description |
| ----------------- | ------------------ | --------------------------------------------- |
| `PermitRootLogin` | `no` | Deny root to login via SSH |
| | `yes` | Allow root to login via SSH |
| | `without-password` | Allow only with private/public key auth |
| `AllowUsers` | `user1 user2` | Allow only user1 and user2 |
| `DenyUsers` | `user1 user2` | Allow all users but user1 and user2 |
| `AllowGroups` | `group1 group2` | Allow only users from specified groups |
| `DenyGroups` | `group1 group2` | Allow all users but those in specified groups |
# Cronjobs
**[`Crontab`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/091-the-crontab-command.md)**
Cronjobs are configured in crontab files. Do not edit these files directly. Use `crontab -e` instead. This runs all required actions to activate a cronjob after saving the edited crontab. The locations are as follows:
- `/var/spool/cron/username` user specific
- `/etc/crontab` system wide crontab
The format of the files is (user specific crontabs **do not** have the column *user-name*):
```
Example of job definition:
.---------------- minute (0 - 59 | */5 [every 5 minutes])
| .------------- hour (0 - 23)
| | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
| | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
| | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
| | | | |
* * * * * user-name command to be executed
```
| Command | Description |
| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| `rpm -q cronie` | Check if package is installed |
| `systemctl status crond.service` | Check if service is running |
| `crontab -l` | List current users crontab |
| `crontab -e` | Edit current users crontab |
| `crontab -e -u username` | Edit specific users crontab |
| `crontab -r` | Remove current users crontab |
**Script folders**
Scripts in one of the following directories will be executed at the interval specified by the directory's name:
- `/etc/cron.hourly`
- `/etc/cron.daily`
- `/etc/cron.weekly`
- `/etc/cron.monthly`
**Allow / Deny usage**
Add user names one per line to the following files:
- `/etc/cron.allow` Whitelist
- `/etc/cron.deny` Blacklist
If none of the files exists, all users are allowed.
**Logs and Results**
Execution of cronjobs is logged in `/var/log/cron`.
Results are sent to the users mail `/var/spool/mail/username`.
# Package Management
## RPM
[`RPM`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/075-the-rpm-command.md)
| Command | Description |
| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------- |
| `rpm -i rpmfile\|rpmurl` | Install package |
| `rpm -e packagename` | Uninstall package |
| `rpm -q packagename` | Check if package is installed |
| `rpm -ql packagename` | List files in a package |
| `rpm -qa` | List all installed packages |
| `rpm -qf /path/to/file` | Get package that installed the file |
| `rpm -qf $(which )` | Get package that installed the executable |
| `rpm -V packagename` | Validate installed package |
## YUM
[`YUM`](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/101-linux-commands-ebook/blob/main/ebook/en/content/053-the-yum-command.md) is configured in `/etc/yum.conf`
Repos are configured in `/etc/yum.repos.d/`
Log is in `/var/log/yum.log`
| Command | Description |
| ------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| `yum install packagename [-y]` | Install package (`-y` no confirm message) |
| `yum remove packagename` | Uninstall package |
| `yum update` | Update all installed packages |
| `yum update packagename` | Update specific package |
| `yum update pattern*` | Update packages using wildcard |
| `yum info packagename` | Get detailed info about package |
| `yum list packagename` | List installed and available packages |
| `yum search searchstring` | search for a package (name & summary) |
| `yum search all searchstring` | search for a package (all infos) |
| `yum deplist packagename` | List dependencies of a package |
| `yum reinstall packagename` | Reinstall (corrupted) package |
| `yumdownloader --resolve packagename` | Download rpm package with dependencies |
---
# 📃 List of commands by category:
If you want to contribute, feel free to pick up a topic marked as `TODO` and submit a pull request 🙌
Feel free to add new topics in case that you don't find one that you like from the current list.
---
### Directory Navigation
- [cd](ebook/en/content/002-the-cd-command.md) - change working directory
- [ls](ebook/en/content/001-the-ls-command.md) - list directory contents
- [dir](ebook/en/content/057-the-dir-command.md) - directory listing, columnar format
- [pwd](ebook/en/content/006-the-pwd-command.md) - return working directory name
- [tree](ebook/en/content/095-the-tree-command.md) - list subdirectories in a tree structure
### File Commands
- [cat/tac](ebook/en/content/003-the-cat-tac-command.md) - concatenate and print files
- [diff/sdiff](ebook/en/content/062-the-diff-sdiff-command.md) - compare files line by line
- [find](ebook/en/content/102-the-find-command.md) - search for files
- [grep](ebook/en/content/107-the-grep-command.md) - file pattern matcher
- [head](ebook/en/content/004-the-head-command.md) - display the first lines of a file
- [locate](ebook/en/content/049-the-locate-command.md) - find files and directories
- [stat](ebook/en/content/079-the-stat-command.md) - display file status
- [tail](ebook/en/content/005-the-tail-command.md) - display the last lines of a file
- [uniq](ebook/en/content/074-the-uniq-command.md) - report or filter out repeated lines in a file
### File and Directory Manipulation
- [awk](ebook/en/content/090-the-awk-command.md) - pattern-directed scanning and processing language
- [chmod](ebook/en/content/106-the-chmod-command.md) - change permissions
- [chown](ebook/en/content/101-the-chown-command.md) - change file owner and group
- [cp](ebook/en/content/031-the-cp-command.md) - copy files and directories
- [cut](ebook/en/content/098-the-cut-command.md) - remove sections from files
- [mkdir](ebook/en/content/014-the-mkdir-command.md) - make a new directory
- [mv](ebook/en/content/032-the-mv-command.md) - move files and directories
- [nano](ebook/en/content/039-the-nano-command.md) - text editor
- [rm](ebook/en/content/040-the-rm-command.md) - delete files and directories
- [rmdir](ebook/en/content/103-the-rmdir-command.md) - remove directory
- [paste](ebook/en/content/060-the-paste-command.md) - merge corresponding or subsequent lines of file
- [rsync](ebook/en/content/086-the-rsync-command.md) - remote copy files
- [scp](ebook/en/content/076-the-scp-command.md) - secure copy
- [basename](ebook/en/content/111-the-basename-command.md) - strips directory information and suffixes from file path
- [sed](ebook/en/content/099-the-sed-command.md) - text transformation tool
- [sort](ebook/en/content/059-the-sort-command.md) - arrange or merge lines of files
- [split](ebook/en/content/078-the-split-command.md) - split a file into pieces
- [touch](ebook/en/content/007-the-touch-command.md) - change file access and modification times
- [vim](ebook/en/content/100-the-vim-command.md) - text editor
### Package archive and compression tools
- [bzip2](ebook/en/content/069-the-bzip2-command.md) - block-sorting file compressor
- [gzip](ebook/en/content/015-the-gzip-command.md) - compression tool
- [gunzip](ebook/en/content/064-the-gunzip-command.md) - decompression tool
- [tar](ebook/en/content/063-the-tar-command.md) - create, extract and manipulate archives
- [zip](ebook/en/content/054-the-zip-command.md) - package and compress files
- [unzip](ebook/en/content/055-the-unzip-command.md) - list, test, extract compressed ZIP files
### System commands
- [crontab](ebook/en/content/091-the-crontab-command.md) - maintain individual tables used to drive the cron daemon
- [df](ebook/en/content/010-the-df-command.md) - display free disk space
- [du](ebook/en/content/084-the-du-command.md) - display disk usage statistics
- [free](ebook/en/content/018-the-free-command.md) - show memory usage information
- [hostname](ebook/en/content/038-the-hostname-command.md) - set or print name of current host system
- [hostnamectl](ebook/en/content/065-the-hostnamectl-command.md) - change hostname settings
- [ionice](ebook/en/content/083-the-ionice-command.md) - get/set I/O process priority
- [iostat](ebook/en/content/050-the-iostat-command.md) - I/O statistics
- [kill](ebook/en/content/034-the-kill-command.md) - terminate or signal a process by id
- [killall](ebook/en/content/035-the-killall-command.md) - kill processes by name
- [lsblk](ebook/en/content/104-the-lsblk-command.md) - display block and loop devices
- [lsof](ebook/en/content/068-the-lsof-command.md) - list open files
- [mpstat](ebook/en/content/072-the-mpstat-command.md) - CPU statistics
- [ncdu](ebook/en/content/073-the-ncdu-command.md) - curses-based disk usage
- [ps](ebook/en/content/033-the-ps-command.md) - display process status
- [pstree](ebook/en/content/094-the-pstree-command.md) - show processes in tree format
- [reboot](ebook/en/content/058-the-reboot-command.md) - restart the system
- [service](ebook/en/content/070-the-service-command.md) - run an init script
- [shutdown](ebook/en/content/056-the-shutdown-command.md) - close down the system at a specific time
- [top/htop](ebook/en/content/019-the-top-htop-command.md) - display process information
- [uname](ebook/en/content/013-the-uname-command.md) - prints operating system details
- [useradd](ebook/en/content/080-the-useradd-command.md) - add/update user accounts
- [userdel](ebook/en/content/081-the-userdel-command.md) - delete user account
- [usermod](ebook/en/content/082-the-usermod-command.md) - modify user properties
- [vmstat](ebook/en/content/071-the-vmstat-command.md) - virtual memory statistics
- [whereis](ebook/en/content/096-the-whereis-command.md) - locate programs
### Networking Commands
- [dig](ebook/en/content/087-the-dig-command.md) - DNS lookup utility
- [ifconfig](ebook/en/content/041-the-ifconfig-command.md) - configure network interface parameters
- [ip](ebook/en/content/042-the-ip-command.md) - perform network administration tasks
- [iptable](ebook/en/content/066-the-iptable-command.md) - configure IPv4 network firewall
- [lscpu](ebook/en/content/030-the-lscpu-command.md) - display CPU architecture information
- [netstat](ebook/en/content/067-the-netstat-command.md) - show network status
- [ping](ebook/en/content/085-the-ping-command.md) - check network connectivity
- [whois](ebook/en/content/088-the-whois-command.md) - information about Internet domain names and network numbers
### Package Management
- [apt](ebook/en/content/052-the-apt-command.md) - Debian package management
- [rpm](ebook/en/content/075-the-rpm-command.md) - RPM package manager (RedHat)
- [yum](ebook/en/content/053-the-yum-command.md) - package manager for RedHat Linux
### User Information commands
For user modification, see useradd, userdel, usermod under System commands
- [groups](ebook/en/content/023-the-groups-command.md) - show group memberships
- [finger](ebook/en/content/022-the-finger-command.md) - shows information about users
- [last](ebook/en/content/048-the-last-command.md) - displays most recent user logins
- [passwd](ebook/en/content/025-the-passwd-command.md) - modify a user's password
- [w](ebook/en/content/026-the-w-command.md) - display who is logged in and what they are doing
- [who](ebook/en/content/017-the-who-command.md) - display who is logged in
- [whoami](ebook/en/content/027-the-whoami-command.md) - display effective user id
### Session commands
- [clear](ebook/en/content/043-the-clear-command.md) - clear terminal screen
- [env](ebook/en/content/036-the-env-command.md) - display environment variables, or set variables for command execution
- [exit](ebook/en/content/061-the-exit-command.md) - close the active session/shell
- [printenv](ebook/en/content/037-the-printenv-command.md) - print specified environment variables
- [history](ebook/en/content/028-the-history-command.md) - display the command history
- [login](ebook/en/content/029-the-login-command.md) - login and initiate a user session
- [nohup](ebook/en/content/093-the-nohup-command.md) - invoke a utility immune to hangups
- [sleep](ebook/en/content/077-the-sleep-command.md) - suspend execution for a time interval
- [ssh](ebook/en/content/089-the-ssh-command.md) - secure shell login
- [su](ebook/en/content/044-the-su-command.md) - substitute user identity
- [sudo](ebook/en/content/051-the-sudo-command.md) - execute a command as another user
- [screen](ebook/en/content/108-the-screen-command.md) - start a screen session
### Getting Help
- [man](ebook/en/content/024-the-man-command.md) - format and display online manual pages
- [help](ebook/en/content/011-the-help-command.md) - displays help about basic commands not covered by 'man'
- [whatis](ebook/en/content/016-the-whatis-command.md) - display one-line command descriptions
### Applications
- [bc](ebook/en/content/009-the-bc-command.md) - basic calculator
- [cal](ebook/en/content/008-the-cal-command.md) - displays a calendar
- [cmatrix](ebook/en/content/105-the-cmatrix-command.md) - enter the Matrix
- [curl](ebook/en/content/046-the-curl-command.md) - transfer data to or from a server
- [echo](ebook/en/content/021-the-echo-command.md) - display interpreted arguments
- [factor](ebook/en/content/012-the-factor-command.md) - prints prime factors of numbers
- [printf](ebook/en/content/097-the-printf-command.md) - format output
- [sl](ebook/en/content/020-the-sl-command.md) - runs a steam locomotive across your terminal
- [wget](ebook/en/content/045-the-wget-command.md) - non-interactive web file download
- [xargs](ebook/en/content/092-the-xargs-command.md) - construct argument lists and execute utility
- [yes](ebook/en/content/047-the-yes-command.md) - print continous output stream
- [banner](ebook/en/content/112-the-banner-command.md) - Writes ASCII character strings in large letters to standard output.
- [aplay](ebook/en/content/125-the-aplay-command.md) - aplay is a command-line to play audio files.
- [spd-say](ebook/en/content/126-the-spd-say-command.md) - plays the given text as the sound from the command line.
---
# 📃 List of commands by chapter:
If you want to contribute, feel free to pick up a topic, update it with `New Examples | [Options]`and submit a pull request 🙌
Feel free to add new topics in case that you don't find one that you like from the current list.
- [001-the-ls-command.md](ebook/en/content/001-the-ls-command.md)
- [002-the-cd-command.md](ebook/en/content/002-the-cd-command.md)
- [003-the-cat-tac-command.md](ebook/en/content/003-the-cat-tac-command.md)
- [004-the-head-command.md](ebook/en/content/004-the-head-command.md)
- [005-the-tail-command.md](ebook/en/content/005-the-tail-command.md)
- [006-the-pwd-command.md](ebook/en/content/006-the-pwd-command.md)
- [007-the-touch-command.md](ebook/en/content/007-the-touch-command.md)
- [008-the-cal-command.md](ebook/en/content/008-the-cal-command.md)
- [009-the-bc-command.md](ebook/en/content/009-the-bc-command.md)
- [010-the-df-command.md](ebook/en/content/010-the-df-command.md)
- [011-the-help-command.md](ebook/en/content/011-the-help-command.md)
- [012-the-factor-command.md](ebook/en/content/012-the-factor-command.md)
- [013-the-uname-command.md](ebook/en/content/013-the-uname-command.md)
- [014-the-mkdir-command.md](ebook/en/content/014-the-mkdir-command.md)
- [015-the-gzip-command.md](ebook/en/content/015-the-gzip-command.md)
- [016-the-whatis-command.md](ebook/en/content/016-the-whatis-command.md)
- [017-the-who-command.md](ebook/en/content/017-the-who-command.md)
- [018-the-free-command.md](ebook/en/content/018-the-free-command.md)
- [019-the-top-htop-command.md](ebook/en/content/019-the-top-htop-command.md)
- [020-the-sl-command.md](ebook/en/content/020-the-sl-command.md)
- [021-the-echo-command.md](ebook/en/content/021-the-echo-command.md)
- [022-the-finger-command.md](ebook/en/content/022-the-finger-command.md)
- [023-the-groups-command.md](ebook/en/content/023-the-groups-command.md)
- [024-the-man-command.md](ebook/en/content/024-the-man-command.md)
- [025-the-passwd-command.md](ebook/en/content/025-the-passwd-command.md)
- [026-the-w-command.md](ebook/en/content/026-the-w-command.md)
- [027-the-whoami-command.md](ebook/en/content/027-the-whoami-command.md)
- [028-the-history-command.md](ebook/en/content/028-the-history-command.md)
- [029-the-login-command.md](ebook/en/content/029-the-login-command.md)
- [030-the-lscpu-command.md](ebook/en/content/030-the-lscpu-command.md)
- [031-the-cp-command.md](ebook/en/content/031-the-cp-command.md)
- [032-the-mv-command.md](ebook/en/content/032-the-mv-command.md)
- [033-the-ps-command.md](ebook/en/content/033-the-ps-command.md)
- [034-the-kill-command.md](ebook/en/content/034-the-kill-command.md)
- [035-the-killall-command.md](ebook/en/content/035-the-killall-command.md)
- [036-the-env-command.md](ebook/en/content/036-the-env-command.md)
- [037-the-printenv-command.md](ebook/en/content/037-the-printenv-command.md)
- [038-the-hostname-command.md](ebook/en/content/038-the-hostname-command.md)
- [039-the-nano-command.md](ebook/en/content/039-the-nano-command.md)
- [040-the-rm-command.md](ebook/en/content/040-the-rm-command.md)
- [041-the-ifconfig-command.md](ebook/en/content/041-the-ifconfig-command.md)
- [042-the-ip-command.md](ebook/en/content/042-the-ip-command.md)
- [043-the-clear-command.md](ebook/en/content/043-the-clear-command.md)
- [044-the-su-command.md](ebook/en/content/044-the-su-command.md)
- [045-the-wget-command.md](ebook/en/content/045-the-wget-command.md)
- [046-the-curl-command.md](ebook/en/content/046-the-curl-command.md)
- [047-the-yes-command.md](ebook/en/content/047-the-yes-command.md)
- [048-the-last-command.md](ebook/en/content/048-the-last-command.md)
- [049-the-locate-command.md](ebook/en/content/049-the-locate-command.md)
- [050-the-iostat-command.md](ebook/en/content/050-the-iostat-command.md)
- [051-the-sudo-command.md](ebook/en/content/051-the-sudo-command.md)
- [052-the-apt-command.md](ebook/en/content/052-the-apt-command.md)
- [053-the-yum-command.md](ebook/en/content/053-the-yum-command.md)
- [054-the-zip-command.md](ebook/en/content/054-the-zip-command.md)
- [055-the-unzip-command.md](ebook/en/content/055-the-unzip-command.md)
- [056-the-shutdown-command.md](ebook/en/content/056-the-shutdown-command.md)
- [057-the-dir-command.md](ebook/en/content/057-the-dir-command.md)
- [058-the-reboot-command.md](ebook/en/content/058-the-reboot-command.md)
- [059-the-sort-command.md](ebook/en/content/059-the-sort-command.md)
- [060-the-paste-command.md](ebook/en/content/060-the-paste-command.md)
- [061-the-exit-command.md](ebook/en/content/061-the-exit-command.md)
- [062-the-diff-sdiff-command.md](ebook/en/content/062-the-diff-sdiff-command.md)
- [063-the-tar-command.md](ebook/en/content/063-the-tar-command.md)
- [064-the-gunzip-command.md](ebook/en/content/064-the-gunzip-command.md)
- [065-the-hostnamectl-command.md](ebook/en/content/065-the-hostnamectl-command.md)
- [066-the-iptable-command.md](ebook/en/content/066-the-iptable-command.md)
- [067-the-netstat-command.md](ebook/en/content/067-the-netstat-command.md)
- [068-the-lsof-command.md](ebook/en/content/068-the-lsof-command.md)
- [069-the-bzip2-command.md](ebook/en/content/069-the-bzip2-command.md)
- [070-the-service-command.md](ebook/en/content/070-the-service-command.md)
- [071-the-vmstat-command.md](ebook/en/content/071-the-vmstat-command.md)
- [072-the-mpstat-command.md](ebook/en/content/072-the-mpstat-command.md)
- [073-the-ncdu-command.md](ebook/en/content/073-the-ncdu-command.md)
- [074-the-uniq-command.md](ebook/en/content/074-the-uniq-command.md)
- [075-the-rpm-command.md](ebook/en/content/075-the-rpm-command.md)
- [076-the-scp-command.md](ebook/en/content/076-the-scp-command.md)
- [077-the-sleep-command.md](ebook/en/content/077-the-sleep-command.md)
- [078-the-split-command.md](ebook/en/content/078-the-split-command.md)
- [079-the-stat-command.md](ebook/en/content/079-the-stat-command.md)
- [080-the-useradd-command.md](ebook/en/content/080-the-useradd-command.md)
- [081-the-userdel-command.md](ebook/en/content/081-the-userdel-command.md)
- [082-the-usermod-command.md](ebook/en/content/082-the-usermod-command.md)
- [083-the-ionice-command.md](ebook/en/content/083-the-ionice-command.md)
- [084-the-du-command.md](ebook/en/content/084-the-du-command.md)
- [085-the-ping-command.md](ebook/en/content/085-the-ping-command.md)
- [086-the-rsync-command.md](ebook/en/content/086-the-rsync-command.md)
- [087-the-dig-command.md](ebook/en/content/087-the-dig-command.md)
- [088-the-whois-command.md](ebook/en/content/088-the-whois-command.md)
- [089-the-ssh-command.md](ebook/en/content/089-the-ssh-command.md)
- [090-the-awk-command.md](ebook/en/content/090-the-awk-command.md)
- [091-the-crontab-command.md](ebook/en/content/091-the-crontab-command.md)
- [092-the-xargs-command.md](ebook/en/content/092-the-xargs-command.md)
- [093-the-nohup-command.md](ebook/en/content/093-the-nohup-command.md)
- [094-the-pstree-command.md](ebook/en/content/094-the-pstree-command.md)
- [095-the-tree-command.md](ebook/en/content/095-the-tree-command.md)
- [096-the-whereis-command.md](ebook/en/content/096-the-whereis-command.md)
- [097-the-printf-command.md](ebook/en/content/097-the-printf-command.md)
- [098-the-cut-command.md](ebook/en/content/098-the-cut-command.md)
- [099-the-sed-command.md](ebook/en/content/099-the-sed-command.md)
- [100-the-vim-command.md](ebook/en/content/100-the-vim-command.md)
- [101-the-chown-command.md](ebook/en/content/101-the-chown-command.md)
- [102-the-find-command.md](ebook/en/content/102-the-find-command.md)
- [103-the-rmdir-command.md](ebook/en/content/103-the-rmdir-command.md)
- [104-the-lsblk-command.md](ebook/en/content/104-the-lsblk-command.md)
- [105-the-cmatrix-command.md](ebook/en/content/105-the-cmatrix-command.md)
- [106-the-chmod-command.md](ebook/en/content/106-the-chmod-command.md)
- [107-the-grep-command.md](ebook/en/content/107-the-grep-command.md)
- [108-the-screen-command.md](ebook/en/content/108-the-screen-command.md)
- [109-the-nc-command.md](ebook/en/content/109-the-nc-command.md)
- [110-the-make-command.md](ebook/en/content/110-the-make-command.md)
- [111-the-basename-command.md](ebook/en/content/111-the-basename-command.md)
- [112-the-banner-command.md](ebook/en/content/112-the-banner-command.md)
- [113-the-alias-command.md](ebook/en/content/113-the-alias-command.md)
- [114-the-which-command.md](ebook/en/content/114-the-which-command.md)
- [115-the-date-command.md](ebook/en/content/115-the-date-command.md)
- [116-the-mount-command.md](ebook/en/content/116-the-mount-command.md)
- [117-the-nice-command.md](ebook/en/content/117-the-nice-command.md)
- [118-the-wc-command.md](ebook/en/content/118-the-wc-command.md)
- [119-the-tr-command.md](ebook/en/content/119-the-tr-command.md)
- [120-the-fdisk-command.md](ebook/en/content/120-the-fdisk-command.md)
- [121-the-wait-command.md](ebook/en/content/121-the-wait-command.md)
- [122-the-zcat-command.md](ebook/en/content/122-the-zcat-command.md)
- [123-the-fold-command.md](ebook/en/content/123-the-fold-command.md)
- [124-the-quota-command.md](ebook/en/content/124-the-quota-command.md)
- [125-the-aplay-command.md](ebook/en/content/125-the-aplay-command.md)
- [126-the-spd-say-command.md](ebook/en/content/126-the-spd-say-command.md)
- [127-the-xeyes-command.md](ebook/en/content/127-the-xeyes-command.md)
- [128-the-parted-command.md](ebook/en/content/128-the-parted-command.md)
- [129-the-nl-command.md](ebook/en/content/129-the-nl-command.md)
- [130-the-pidof-command.md](ebook/en/content/130-the-pidof-command.md)
- [131-the-shuf-command.md](ebook/en/content/131-the-shuf-command.md)
- [132-the-less-command.md](ebook/en/content/132-the-less-command.md)
- [133-the-nslookup-command.md](ebook/en/content/133-the-nslookup-command.md)
- [134-the-cmp-command.md](ebook/en/content/134-the-cmp-command.md)
- [135-the-expr-command.md](ebook/en/content/135-the-expr-command.md)
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- [Join DevDojo](https://devdojo.com?ref=bobbyiliev)
- [Ibis](https://github.com/themsaid/ibis/)
- [Canva](https://www.canva.com/join/determined-cork-learn)
- [Tails](http://devdojo.com/tails)
# 📖Other eBooks
- [Introduction to SQL](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/introduction-to-sql)
- [Introduction to Git and GitHub](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/introduction-to-git-and-github-ebook)
- [Introduction to Bash Scripting](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/introduction-to-bash-scripting)
- [Laravel tips and tricks](https://github.com/bobbyiliev/laravel-tips-and-tricks-ebook)
# 🤲Contributing
If you are contributing 🍿 please read the [contributing file](CONTRIBUTING.md) before submitting your pull requests.