Ecosyste.ms: Awesome
An open API service indexing awesome lists of open source software.
https://github.com/chakravala/Grassmann.jl
⟨Grassmann-Clifford-Hodge⟩ multilinear differential geometric algebra
https://github.com/chakravala/Grassmann.jl
algebra automatic-differentiation clifford-algebras complex-numbers computational-geometry computer-algebra differential-geometry discrete-exterior-calculus geometric-algebra lie-groups linear-algebra manifolds math quantum-computing quaternion simplicial-complexes tensor tensor-algebra topology
Last synced: about 2 months ago
JSON representation
⟨Grassmann-Clifford-Hodge⟩ multilinear differential geometric algebra
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/chakravala/Grassmann.jl
- Owner: chakravala
- License: agpl-3.0
- Created: 2017-08-26T23:55:49.000Z (about 7 years ago)
- Default Branch: master
- Last Pushed: 2024-04-28T02:47:21.000Z (5 months ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-05-02T03:19:37.181Z (5 months ago)
- Topics: algebra, automatic-differentiation, clifford-algebras, complex-numbers, computational-geometry, computer-algebra, differential-geometry, discrete-exterior-calculus, geometric-algebra, lie-groups, linear-algebra, manifolds, math, quantum-computing, quaternion, simplicial-complexes, tensor, tensor-algebra, topology
- Language: Julia
- Homepage: https://grassmann.crucialflow.com
- Size: 2.63 MB
- Stars: 450
- Watchers: 19
- Forks: 39
- Open Issues: 16
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- Funding: .github/FUNDING.yml
- License: LICENSE
Awesome Lists containing this project
README
# Grassmann.jl
*⟨Leibniz-Grassmann-Clifford-Hestenes⟩ differential geometric algebra / multivector simplicial complex*
[](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQjDN0JQ6-s)
[](https://www.dropbox.com/sh/tphh6anw0qwija4/AAACiaXig5djrLVAKLPFmGV-a/Geometric-Algebra?preview=grassmann-juliacon-2019.pdf)
[](https://grassmann.crucialflow.com/stable)
[](https://grassmann.crucialflow.com/dev)
[](https://gitter.im/Grassmann-jl/community?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge)
The [Grassmann.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/Grassmann.jl) package provides tools for doing computations based on multi-linear algebra, differential geometry, and spin groups using the extended tensor algebra known as Leibniz-Grassmann-Clifford-Hestenes geometric algebra.
Combinatorial products include `∧, ∨, ⋅, *, ⋆, ', ~, d, ∂` (which are the exterior, regressive, inner, and geometric products; along with the Hodge star, adjoint, reversal, differential and boundary operators).
The kernelized operations are built up from composite sparse tensor products and Hodge duality, with high dimensional support for up to 62 indices using staged caching and precompilation. Code generation enables concise yet highly extensible definitions.
The [DirectSum.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/DirectSum.jl) multivector parametric type polymorphism is based on tangent bundle vector spaces and conformal projective geometry to make the dispatch highly extensible for many applications.
Additionally, the universal interoperability between different sub-algebras is enabled by [AbstractTensors.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/AbstractTensors.jl), on which the type system is built.
[](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/101519786)
[](https://opencollective.com/grassmannjl)
[](https://liberapay.com/chakravala)
[](https://travis-ci.org/chakravala/Grassmann.jl)
[](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/chakravala/grassmann-jl)
```
____ ____ ____ _____ _____ ___ ___ ____ ____ ____
/ T| \ / T / ___/ / ___/| T T / T| \ | \
Y __j| D )Y o |( \_ ( \_ | _ _ |Y o || _ Y| _ Y
| T || / | | \__ T \__ T| \_/ || || | || | |
| l_ || \ | _ | / \ | / \ || | || _ || | || | |
| || . Y| | | \ | \ || | || | || | || | |
l___,_jl__j\_jl__j__j \___j \___jl___j___jl__j__jl__j__jl__j__j
```
This `Grassmann` package for the Julia language was created by [github.com/chakravala](https://github.com/chakravala) for mathematics and computer algebra research with differential geometric algebras.
These projects and repositories were started entirely independently and are available as free software to help spread the ideas to a wider audience.
Please consider donating to show your thanks and appreciation to this project at [liberapay](https://liberapay.com/chakravala), [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/chakravala), [Patreon](https://patreon.com/dreamscatter), [Tidelift](https://tidelift.com/funding/github/julia/Grassmann), [Bandcamp](https://music.crucialflow.com) or contribute (documentation, tests, examples) in the repositories.
* [TensorAlgebra design, Manifold code generation](#tensoralgebra-design-manifold-code-generation)
* [Requirements](#requirements)
* [Grassmann for enterprise](#grassmann-for-enterprise)
* [DirectSum yields TensorBundle parametric type polymorphism ⨁](#directsum-yields-tensorbundle-parametric-type-polymorphism-)
* [Interoperability for TensorAlgebra{V}](#interoperability-for-tensoralgebrav)
* [Grassmann elements and geometric algebra Λ(V)](#grassmann-elements-and-geometric-algebra-λv)
* [Approaching ∞ dimensions with SparseBasis and ExtendedBasis](#approaching--dimensions-with-sparsebasis-and-extendedbasis)
* [References](#references)
#### `TensorAlgebra` design, `Manifold` code generation
Mathematical foundations and definitions specific to the [Grassmann.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/Grassmann.jl) implementation provide an extensible platform for computing with geometric algebra at high dimensions, along with the accompanying support packages.
The design is based on the `TensorAlgebra` abstract type interoperability from [AbstractTensors.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/AbstractTensors.jl) with a `TensorBundle` parameter from [DirectSum.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/DirectSum.jl).
Abstract tangent vector space type operations happen at compile-time, resulting in a differential conformal geometric algebra of hyper-dual multivector forms.
* [DirectSum.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/DirectSum.jl): Abstract tangent bundle vector space types (unions, intersections, sums, etc.)
* [AbstractTensors.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/AbstractTensors.jl): Tensor algebra abstract type interoperability with vector bundle parameter
* [Grassmann.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/Grassmann.jl): ⟨Leibniz-Grassmann-Clifford-Hestenes⟩ differential geometric algebra of multivector forms
* [Leibniz.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/Leibniz.jl): Derivation operator algebras for tensor fields
* [Reduce.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/Reduce.jl): Symbolic parser generator for Julia expressions using REDUCE algebra term rewriter
Mathematics of `Grassmann` can be used to study unitary groups used in quantum computing by building efficient computational representations of their algebras.
Applicability of the Grassmann computational package not only maps to quantum computing, but has the potential of impacting countless other engineering and scientific computing applications.
It can be used to work with automatic differentiation and differential geometry, algebraic forms and invariant theory, electric circuits and wave scattering, spacetime geometry and relativity, computer graphics and photogrammetry, and much more.
```Julia
using Grassmann, Makie; @basis S"∞+++"
streamplot(vectorfield(exp((π/4)*(v12+v∞3)),V(2,3,4),V(1,2,3)),-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5,gridsize=(10,10))
```
Thus, computations involving fully general rotational algebras and Lie bivector groups are possible with a full trigonometric suite.
Conformal geometric algebra is possible with the Minkowski plane, based on the null-basis.
In general, multivalued quantum logic is enabled by the `∧,∨,⋆` Grassmann lattice.
Mixed-symmetry algebra with *Leibniz.jl* and *Grassmann.jl*, having the geometric algebraic product, yields automatic differentiation and Hodge-DeRahm co/homology as unveiled by Grassmann.
Dirac-Clifford product yields generalized Hodge-Laplacian and Betti numbers with Euler characteristic `χ`.
The *Grassmann.jl* package and its accompanying support packages provide an extensible platform for high performance computing with geometric algebra at high dimensions.
This enables the usage of many different types of `TensorAlgebra` along with various `TensorBundle` parameters and interoperability for a wide range of scientific and research applications.
More information and tutorials are available at https://grassmann.crucialflow.com/dev
### Requirements
*Grassmann.jl* is a package for the [Julia language](https://julialang.org), which can be obtained from their website or the recommended method for your operating system (GNU/Linux/Mac/Windows). Go to [docs.julialang.org](https://docs.julialang.org) for documentation.
Availability of this package and its subpackages can be automatically handled with the Julia package manager `using Pkg; Pkg.add("Grassmann")` or
```Julia
pkg> add Grassmann
```
If you would like to keep up to date with the latest commits, instead use
```Julia
pkg> add Grassmann#master
```
which is not recommended if you want to use a stable release.
When the `master` branch is used it is possible that some of the dependencies also require a development branch before the release. This may include (but is not limited to):
This requires a merged version of `ComputedFieldTypes` at https://github.com/vtjnash/ComputedFieldTypes.jl
Interoperability of `TensorAlgebra` with other packages is automatically enabled by [DirectSum.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/DirectSum.jl) and [AbstractTensors.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/AbstractTensors.jl).
The package is compatible via [Requires.jl](https://github.com/MikeInnes/Requires.jl) with
[Reduce.jl](https://github.com/chakravala/Reduce.jl),
[Symbolics.jl](https://github.com/JuliaSymbolics/Symbolics.jl),
[SymPy.jl](https://github.com/JuliaPy/SymPy.jl),
[SymEngine.jl](https://github.com/symengine/SymEngine.jl),
[AbstractAlgebra.jl](https://github.com/wbhart/AbstractAlgebra.jl),
[Nemo.jl](https://github.com/wbhart/Nemo.jl),
[GaloisFields.jl](https://github.com/tkluck/GaloisFields.jl),
[LightGraphs.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGraphs/LightGraphs.jl),
[Compose.jl](https://github.com/GiovineItalia/Compose.jl),
[UnicodePlots.jl](https://github.com/Evizero/UnicodePlots.jl),
[Makie.jl](https://github.com/JuliaPlots/Makie.jl),
[AbstractPlotting.jl](https://github.com/JuliaPlots/AbstractPlotting.jl),
[GeometryBasics.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGeometry/GeometryBasics.jl),
[Meshes.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGeometry/Meshes.jl),
[MiniQhull.jl](https://github.com/gridap/MiniQhull.jl),
[QHull.jl](https://github.com/JuliaPolyhedra/QHull.jl),
[Delaunay.jl](https://github.com/eschnett/Delaunay.jl),
[Triangulate.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGeometry/Triangulate.jl),
[TetGen.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGeometry/TetGen.jl),
[MATLAB.jl](https://github.com/JuliaInterop/MATLAB.jl).
## Grassmann for enterprise
Sponsor this at [liberapay](https://liberapay.com/chakravala), [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/chakravala), [Patreon](https://patreon.com/dreamscatter), or [Bandcamp](https://music.crucialflow.com); also available as part of the [Tidelift](https://tidelift.com/funding/github/julia/Grassmann) Subscription:
The maintainers of Grassmann and thousands of other packages are working with Tidelift to deliver commercial support and maintenance for the open source dependencies you use to build your applications. Save time, reduce risk, and improve code health, while paying the maintainers of the exact dependencies you use. [Learn more.](https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/julia-grassmann?utm_source=julia-grassmann&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=enterprise&utm_term=repo)
## DirectSum yields `TensorBundle` parametric type polymorphism ⨁
The *DirectSum.jl* package is a work in progress providing the necessary tools to work with an arbitrary `Manifold` specified by an encoding.
Due to the parametric type system for the generating `TensorBundle`, the Julia compiler can fully preallocate and often cache values efficiently ahead of run-time.
Although intended for use with the *Grassmann.jl* package, `DirectSum` can be used independently.
Let `n` be the rank of a `Manifold{n}`.
The type `TensorBundle{n,ℙ,g,ν,μ}` uses *byte-encoded* data available at pre-compilation, where
`ℙ` specifies the basis for up and down projection,
`g` is a bilinear form that specifies the metric of the space,
and `μ` is an integer specifying the order of the tangent bundle (i.e. multiplicity limit of Leibniz-Taylor monomials). Lastly, `ν` is the number of tangent variables.
The metric signature of the `Submanifold{V,1}` elements of a vector space `V` can be specified with the `V"..."` constructor by using `+` and `-` to specify whether the `Submanifold{V,1}` element of the corresponding index squares to `+1` or `-1`.
For example, `S"+++"` constructs a positive definite 3-dimensional `TensorBundle`.
```Julia
julia> ℝ^3 == V"+++" == Manifold(3)
true
```
It is also possible to specify an arbitrary `DiagonalForm` having numerical values for the basis with degeneracy `D"1,1,1,0"`, although the `Signature` format has a more compact representation.
Further development will result in more metric types.
Declaring an additional plane at infinity is done by specifying it in the string constructor with `∞` at the first index (i.e. Riemann sphere `S"∞+++"`). The hyperbolic geometry can be declared by `∅` subsequently (i.e. Minkowski spacetime `S"∅+++"`).
Additionally, the *null-basis* based on the projective split for confromal geometric algebra would be specified with `∞∅` initially (i.e. 5D CGA `S"∞∅+++"`). These two declared basis elements are interpreted in the type system.
The `tangent` map takes `V` to its tangent space and can be applied repeatedly for higher orders, such that `tangent(V,μ,ν)` can be used to specify `μ` and `ν`.
The direct sum operator `⊕` can be used to join spaces (alternatively `+`), and the dual space functor `'` is an involution which toggles a dual vector space with inverted signature.
The direct sum of a `TensorBundle` and its dual `V⊕V'` represents the full mother space `V*`.
In addition to the direct-sum operation, several other operations are supported, such as `∪,∩,⊆,⊇` for set operations.
Due to the design of the `TensorBundle` dispatch, these operations enable code optimizations at compile-time provided by the bit parameters.
Calling manifolds with sets of indices constructs the subspace representations.
Given `M(s::Int...)` one can encode `Submanifold{length(s),M,s}` with induced orthogonal space, such that computing unions of submanifolds is done by inspecting the parameter `s`.
Operations on `Manifold` types is automatically handled at compile time.
More information about `DirectSum` is available at https://github.com/chakravala/DirectSum.jl
## Interoperability for `TensorAlgebra{V}`
The `AbstractTensors` package is intended for universal interoperability of the abstract `TensorAlgebra` type system.
All `TensorAlgebra{V}` subtypes have type parameter `V`, used to store a `TensorBundle` value obtained from *DirectSum.jl*.
By itself, this package does not impose any specifications or structure on the `TensorAlgebra{V}` subtypes and elements, aside from requiring `V` to be a `TensorBundle`.
This means that different packages can create tensor types having a common underlying `TensorBundle` structure.
The key to making the whole interoperability work is that each `TensorAlgebra` subtype shares a `TensorBundle` parameter (with all `isbitstype` parameters), which contains all the info needed at compile time to make decisions about conversions. So other packages need only use the vector space information to decide on how to convert based on the implementation of a type. If external methods are needed, they can be loaded by `Requires` when making a separate package with `TensorAlgebra` interoperability.
Since `TensorBundle` choices are fundamental to `TensorAlgebra` operations, the universal interoperability between `TensorAlgebra{V}` elements with different associated `TensorBundle` choices is naturally realized by applying the `union` morphism to operations.
Some of the method names like `+,-,\otimes,\times,\cdot,*` for `TensorAlgebra` elements are shared across different packages, with interoperability.
Additionally, a universal unit volume element can be specified in terms of `LinearAlgebra.UniformScaling`, which is independent of `V` and has its interpretation only instantiated by the context of the `TensorAlgebra{V}` element being operated on.
The universal interoperability of `LinearAlgebra.UniformScaling` as a pseudoscalar element which takes on the `TensorBundle` form of any other `TensorAlgebra` element is handled globally.
This enables the usage of `I` from `LinearAlgebra` as a universal pseudoscalar element.
More information about `AbstractTensors` is available at https://github.com/chakravala/AbstractTensors.jl
# Grassmann elements and geometric algebra Λ(V)
The Grassmann `Submanifold` elements `vₖ` and `wᵏ` are linearly independent vector and covector elements of `V`, while the Leibniz `Operator` elements `∂ₖ` are partial tangent derivations and `ϵᵏ` are dependent functions of the `tangent` manifold.
An element of a mixed-symmetry `TensorAlgebra{V}` is a multilinear mapping that is formally constructed by taking the tensor products of linear and multilinear maps.
Higher `grade` elements correspond to `Submanifold` subspaces, while higher `order` function elements become homogenous polynomials and Taylor series.
Combining the linear basis generating elements with each other using the multilinear tensor product yields a graded (decomposable) tensor `Submanifold` ⟨w₁⊗⋯⊗wₖ⟩, where `grade` is determined by the number of anti-symmetric basis elements in its tensor product decomposition.
The algebra is partitioned into both symmetric and anti-symmetric tensor equivalence classes.
For the oriented sets of the Grassmann exterior algebra, the parity of `(-1)^P` is factored into transposition compositions when interchanging ordering of the tensor product argument permutations.
The symmetrical algebra does not need to track this parity, but has higher multiplicities in its indices.
Symmetric differential function algebra of Leibniz trivializes the orientation into a single class of index multi-sets, while Grassmann's exterior algebra is partitioned into two oriented equivalence classes by anti-symmetry.
Full tensor algebra can be sub-partitioned into equivalence classes in multiple ways based on the element symmetry, grade, and metric signature composite properties.
Both symmetry classes can be characterized by the same geometric product.
Higher-order composite tensor elements are oriented-multi-sets.
Anti-symmetric indices have two orientations and higher multiplicities of them result in zero values, so the only interesting multiplicity is 1.
The Leibniz-Taylor algebra is a quotient polynomial ring so that `ϵₖ^(μ+1)` is zero.
Grassmann's exterior algebra doesn't invoke the properties of multi-sets, as it is related to the algebra of oriented sets; while the Leibniz symmetric algebra is that of unoriented multi-sets.
Combined, the mixed-symmetry algebra yield a multi-linear propositional lattice.
The formal sum of equal `grade` elements is an oriented `Chain` and with mixed `grade` it is a `Multivector` simplicial complex.
Thus, various standard operations on the oriented multi-sets are possible including `∪,∩,⊕` and the index operation `⊖`, which is symmetric difference operation `⊻`.
By virtue of Julia's multiple dispatch on the field type `𝕂`, methods can specialize on the dimension `n` and grade `G` with a `TensorBundle{n}` via the `TensorAlgebra{V}` subtypes, such as `Submanifold{V,G}`, `Single{V,G,B,𝕂}`, `Couple{V,B,𝕂}`, `Chain{V,G,𝕂}`, `Spinor{V,𝕂}`, and `Multivector{V,𝕂}` types.
The elements of the `Basis` can be generated in many ways using the `Submanifold` elements created by the `@basis` macro,
```Julia
julia> using Grassmann; @basis ℝ'⊕ℝ^3 # equivalent to basis"-+++"
(⟨-+++⟩, v, v₁, v₂, v₃, v₄, v₁₂, v₁₃, v₁₄, v₂₃, v₂₄, v₃₄, v₁₂₃, v₁₂₄, v₁₃₄, v₂₃₄, v₁₂₃₄)
```
As a result of this macro, all of the `Submanifold{V,G}` elements generated by that `TensorBundle` become available in the local workspace with the specified naming.
The first argument provides signature specifications, the second argument is the variable name for the `TensorBundle`, and the third and fourth argument are the the prefixes of the `Submanifold` vector names (and covector basis names). By default, `V` is assigned the `TensorBundle` and `v` is the prefix for the `Submanifold` elements.
It is entirely possible to assign multiple different bases with different signatures without any problems. In the following command, the `@basis` macro arguments are used to assign the vector space name to `S` instead of `V` and basis elements to `b` instead of `v`, so that their local names do not interfere.
Alternatively, if you do not wish to assign these variables to your local workspace, the versatile `DirectSum.Basis` constructors can be used to contain them, which is exported to the user as the method `Λ(V)`.
The parametric type formalism in `Grassmann` is highly expressive to enable the pre-allocation of geometric algebra computations for specific sparse-subalgebras, including the representation of rotational groups, Lie bivector algebras, and affine projective geometry.
Together with [LightGraphs.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGraphs/LightGraphs.jl), [GraphPlot.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGraphs/GraphPlot.jl), [Cairo.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGraphics/Cairo.jl), [Compose.jl](https://github.com/GiovineItalia/Compose.jl) it is possible to convert `Grassmann` numbers into graphs.
```Julia
using Grassmann, Compose # environment: LightGraphs, GraphPlot
x = Λ(ℝ^7).v123
Grassmann.graph(x+!x)
draw(PDF("simplex.pdf",16cm,16cm),x+!x)
```
Due to [GeometryTypes.jl](https://github.com/JuliaGeometry/GeometryTypes.jl) `Point` interoperability, plotting and visualizing with [Makie.jl](https://github.com/JuliaPlots/Makie.jl) is easily possible. For example, the `vectorfield` method creates an anonymous `Point` function that applies a versor outermorphism:
```Julia
using Grassmann, Makie
basis"2" # Euclidean
streamplot(vectorfield(exp(π*v12/2)),-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5)
streamplot(vectorfield(exp((π/2)*v12/2)),-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5)
streamplot(vectorfield(exp((π/4)*v12/2)),-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5)
streamplot(vectorfield(v1*exp((π/4)*v12/2)),-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5)
@basis S"+-" # Hyperbolic
streamplot(vectorfield(exp((π/8)*v12/2)),-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5)
streamplot(vectorfield(v1*exp((π/4)*v12/2)),-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5)
```
 
 
 
```Julia
using Grassmann, Makie
@basis S"∞+++"
f(t) = (↓(exp(π*t*((3/7)*v12+v∞3))>>>↑(v1+v2+v3)))
lines(V(2,3,4).(points(f)))
@basis S"∞∅+++"
f(t) = (↓(exp(π*t*((3/7)*v12+v∞3))>>>↑(v1+v2+v3)))
lines(V(3,4,5).(points(f)))
```
 
```Julia
using Grassmann, Makie; @basis S"∞+++"
streamplot(vectorfield(exp((π/4)*(v12+v∞3)),V(2,3,4)),-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5,-1.5..1.5,gridsize=(10,10))
```
```Julia
using Grassmann, Makie; @basis S"∞+++"
f(t) = ↓(exp(t*v∞*(sin(3t)*3v1+cos(2t)*7v2-sin(5t)*4v3)/2)>>>↑(v1+v2-v3))
lines(V(2,3,4).(points(f)))
```
```Julia
using Grassmann, Makie; @basis S"∞+++"
f(t) = ↓(exp(t*(v12+0.07v∞*(sin(3t)*3v1+cos(2t)*7v2-sin(5t)*4v3)/2))>>>↑(v1+v2-v3))
lines(V(2,3,4).(points(f)))
```
## Approaching ∞ dimensions with `SparseBasis` and `ExtendedBasis`
In order to work with a `TensorAlgebra{V}`, it is necessary for some computations to be cached. This is usually done automatically when accessed.
Staging of precompilation and caching is designed so that a user can smoothly transition between very high dimensional and low dimensional algebras in a single session, with varying levels of extra caching and optimizations.
The parametric type formalism in `Grassmann` is highly expressive and enables pre-allocation of geometric algebra computations involving specific sparse subalgebras, including the representation of rotational groups.
It is possible to reach elements with up to `N=62` vertices from a `TensorAlgebra` having higher maximum dimensions than supported by Julia natively.
The 62 indices require full alpha-numeric labeling with lower-case and capital letters. This now allows you to reach up to `4,611,686,018,427,387,904` dimensions with Julia `using Grassmann`. Then the volume element is
```Julia
v₁₂₃₄₅₆₇₈₉₀abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
```
Full `Multivector` allocations are only possible for `N≤22`, but sparse operations are also available at higher dimensions.
While `DirectSum.Basis{V}` is a container for the `TensorAlgebra` generators of `V`, the `DirectSum.Basis` is only cached for `N≤8`.
For the range of dimensions `8 Λ(22)
DirectSum.SparseBasis{⟨++++++++++++++++++++++⟩,4194304}(v, ..., v₁₂₃₄₅₆₇₈₉₀abcdefghijkl)
```
This is the largest `SparseBasis` that can be generated with Julia, due to array size limitations.
To reach higher dimensions with `N>22`, the `DirectSum.ExtendedBasis` type is used.
It is suficient to work with a 64-bit representation (which is the default). And it turns out that with 62 standard keyboard characters, this fits nicely.
At 22 dimensions and lower there is better caching, with further extra caching for 8 dimensions or less.
Thus, the largest Hilbert space that is fully reachable has 4,194,304 dimensions, but we can still reach out to 4,611,686,018,427,387,904 dimensions with the `ExtendedBasis` built in.
Full `Multivector` elements are not representable when `ExtendedBasis` is used, but the performance of the `Submanifold` and sparse elements is possible as it is for lower dimensions for the current `SubAlgebra` and `TensorAlgebra` types.
The sparse representations are a work in progress to be improved with time.
## References
* Michael Reed, [Differential geometric algebra with Leibniz and Grassmann](https://crucialflow.com/grassmann-juliacon-2019.pdf), JuliaCon (2019)
* Emil Artin, [Geometric Algebra](https://archive.org/details/geometricalgebra033556mbp) (1957)
* John Browne, [Grassmann Algebra, Volume 1: Foundations](https://www.grassmannalgebra.com/) (2011)
* C. Doran, D. Hestenes, F. Sommen, and N. Van Acker, [Lie groups as spin groups](http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/LGasSG.pdf), J. Math Phys. (1993)
* David Hestenes, [Universal Geometric Algebra](http://lomont.org/math/geometric-algebra/Universal%20Geometric%20Algebra%20-%20Hestenes%20-%201988.pdf), Pure and Applied (1988)
* David Hestenes, Renatus Ziegler, [Projective Geometry with Clifford Algebra](http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/PGwithCA.pdf), Acta Appl. Math. (1991)
* David Hestenes, [Tutorial on geometric calculus](http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/Tutorial%20on%20Geometric%20Calculus.pdf). Advances in Applied Clifford Algebra (2013)
* Lachlan Gunn, Derek Abbott, James Chappell, Ashar Iqbal, [Functions of multivector variables](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4361175/pdf/pone.0116943.pdf) (2011)
* Aaron D. Schutte, [A nilpotent algebra approach to Lagrangian mechanics and constrained motion](https://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/publications/Aaron_Schutte/schutte_nonlinear_dynamics_1.pdf) (2016)
* Vladimir and Tijana Ivancevic, [Undergraduate lecture notes in DeRahm-Hodge theory](https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.4991). arXiv (2011)
* Peter Woit, [Clifford algebras and spin groups](http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/LieGroups-2012/cliffalgsandspingroups.pdf), Lecture Notes (2012)
## Contributors
### Code Contributors
This project exists thanks to all the people who contribute. [[Contribute](CONTRIBUTING.md)].
### Financial Contributors
Become a financial contributor and help us sustain our community. [[Contribute](https://opencollective.com/grassmannjl/contribute)]
#### Individuals
#### Organizations
Support this project with your organization. Your logo will show up here with a link to your website. [[Contribute](https://opencollective.com/grassmannjl/contribute)]
```
developed by
/\
/ \ ___ ___ __ __ _ _
/ /\ \ / _ \ / __) / \/ /| | | |
/ /__\ \ | |_) )> _) ( () < | |_| |
/________\| __/ \___) \__/\_\| ._,_|
______ | | | |
\ ___) |_| |_|
\ \ __ __ __ __ ___ ___ ___ ___
> > \ \ / / / \/ /( )( )/ __) / _ \
/ /__ \ v / ( () < | | | | > _) | |_) )
/_____) > < \__/\_\ \_) \_)\___)| __/
/ ^ \ | |
/_/ \_\ |_|
https://crucialflow.com
https://github.com/chakravala
_ _ _
| | | | | |
___| |__ __ _| | ___ __ __ ___ ____ _| | __ _
/ __| '_ \ / _` | |/ / '__/ _` \ \ / / _` | |/ _` |
| (__| | | | (_| | <| | | (_| |\ V / (_| | | (_| |
\___|_| |_|\__,_|_|\_\_| \__,_| \_/ \__,_|_|\__,_|
```