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# Desktop Operating System Performance Comparison

This is a comparative analysis of various desktop environments, window managers, and display managers across different operating systems. It presents quantitative metrics to help make informed decisions when choosing a desktop environment.

## Desktop Services

### Display Manager
The graphical login screen that allows users to authenticate and launch a specific window manager or desktop environment.

### Window Manager
Responsible for managing the placement and appearance of graphical application windows on the screen. It handles tasks such as opening, closing, resizing, and moving windows, as well as providing keyboard shortcuts and other window management features.

### Desktop Environment
A suite of applications bundled with a Window Manager to provide a cohesive graphical user interface (GUI) experience. It typically includes an application launcher, panel, file manager, and other utilities.

## Metrics Explained

- **Timing**: All metrics are measured 10 seconds after the environment has started.
- **Memory Usage**: RAM consumed by all currently running software.
- **Load Average**: Measure of the system's CPU load, averaged over a specific time period. Lower values indicate better performance.
- **Disk Usage**: Disk space occupied by the installed software.
- **Reboot Time**: Time taken for the system to reboot from an open terminal to an open terminal.

## Hardware Specifications

Tests were conducted on a system with the following specifications:

- **CPU**: AMD 6800H 1vCPU
- **RAM**: 8GB LPDDR5
- **Storage**: SK Hynix Platinum P41 M.2-2280 PCIe 4.0 X4 NVME SSD

## Desktop Environment Comparison

|Rank|Desktop Environment |Window Manager |Display Manager |Operating System |Memory Usage (M)|Load Average|Disk Usage (M)|Reboot Time|
|---:|---------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------:|-----------:|-------------:|----------:|
| 1|- |- |- |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| ✔️ 85| ✔️ 0.00| ✔️ 347| 🔵 8s|
| 2|- |[Wayland][Wayland] Labwc [0.7.2 24.05][Labwc Repository] |- |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| ✔️ 96| ✔️ 0.00| ✔️ 415| 10s|
| 3|- |[Wayland][Wayland] [Sway][Sway] [1.9 24.02][Sway Repository] |- |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| ✔️ 97| ✔️ 0.00| ✔️ 413| 11s|
| 4|- |- |- |[postmarketOS][postmarketOS] [24.06][postmarketOS Repository] | 🟢 101| ✔️ 0.00| ✔️ 459| 🔴 21s|
| 5|- |[Wayland][Wayland] [Sway][Sway] [1.9 24.02][Sway Repository] |🟧 greetd agreety 0.10.0 24.03 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 102| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 606| 10s|
| 6|- |[Wayland][Wayland] [Sway][Sway] [1.9 24.02][Sway Repository] |emptty 0.12.1 24.06 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 107| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 612| 11s|
| 7|- |X11 dwm 6.5 24.03 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 114| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 710| 🔵 9s|
| 8|- |🟥 X11 Spectrwm 3.5.1 23.11 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 119| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 710| 10s|
| 9|- |🟥 X11 i3 4.23 23.10 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 120| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 720| 11s|
| 10|- |[Wayland][Wayland] [Sway][Sway] [1.9 24.02][Sway Repository] |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 120| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 732| 🟡 12s|
| 11|- |- |- |NixOS 24.05 | 🟢 120| ✔️ 0.00| 2443| ✔️ 5s|
| 12|- |[Wayland][Wayland] Labwc [0.7.2 24.05][Labwc Repository] |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 121| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 732| 10s|
| 13|- |🟧 X11 IceWM 3.5.0 24.05 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 128| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 721| 10s|
| 14|- |🟧 [Wayland][Wayland] River 0.3.1 24.05 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |NixOS 24.05 | 🟢 147| ✔️ 0.00| 🟡 3345| 🟢 6s|
| 15|Sxmo 1.16.3 24.06 |[Wayland][Wayland] [Sway][Sway] [1.9 24.02][Sway Repository] |🟥 tinydm 1.2.0 23.12 |[postmarketOS][postmarketOS] [24.06][postmarketOS Repository] | 🟢 153| 🟡 0.46| 🔵 1152| 🔴 24s|
| 16|- |🟥 X11 LeftWM 0.5.1 23.11 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |NixOS 24.05 | 🟢 153| 🟢 0.08| 🟡 3416| ✔️ 5s|
| 17|- |🟧 [Wayland][Wayland] [Weston][Weston] [12.0.4 24.04][Weston Repository]|SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟢 155| ✔️ 0.00| 🟢 744| 🔵 9s|
| 18|- |X11 FVWM3 1.1.0 24.03 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |NixOS 24.05 | 🟢 169| 0.27| 🟡 3394| 🔵 8s|
| 19|- |🟧 X11 Qtile 0.25.0 24.04 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |NixOS 24.05 | 🟢 179| 0.20| 🟡 3479| 🟢 7s|
| 20|- |🟥 X11 Enlightenment 0.26.0 23.12 |❌ LightDM 1.32.0 22.07 |NixOS 24.05 | 🔵 211| 0.20| 🔴 5671| 🟡 13s|
| 21|🟥 LXQt 1.4.0 23.11 |🟥 🟪 X11 KWin 5.27.10 23.12 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🔵 243| ✔️ 0.00| 🔵 1122| 10s|
| 22|- |- |- |FreeBSD 14.1 24.05 | 🔵 258| ❌ 5.62| 🟢 985| 🔴 22s|
| 23|- |- |- |Debian 12.6 24.06 | 🔵 280| ✔️ 0.00| 🔵 1853| 11s|
| 24|❌ KDE 4.2.2 09.04 |❌ X11 KWin 4.2.2 09.04 |❌ KDM 4.2.2 09.04 |❌ Hannah Montana Linux v2 09.06 | 337| ✔️ 0.00| 2534| 🔴 23s|
| 25|MATE 1.28.2 24.03 |X11 Metacity Marco 1.28.1 24.02 |❌ LightDM 1.32.0 22.07 |NixOS 24.05 | 337| 🟢 0.07| 🔴 5992| 🔴 16s|
| 26|- |- |- |EndeavourOS Gemini 24.04 | 355| ✔️ 0.00| 🔴 5587| 🟢 6s|
| 27|- |- |- |Ubuntu Server LTS 24.04 | 403| ✔️ 0.00| 🟠 4859| 10s|
| 28|- |🟥 X11 IceWM 3.4.5 23.12 |❌ slimski 1.5.0 21.01 |antiX Full 23.1 24.02 | 444| ✔️ 0.00| 🔴 7395| 🔵 9s|
| 29|Phosh 0.39.0 24.05 |[Wayland][Wayland] Phoc 0.39.0-r0 24.04 |🟥 tinydm 1.2.0 23.12 |[postmarketOS][postmarketOS] [24.06][postmarketOS Repository] | 467| 🔴 1.04| 🔵 1603| 🟠 15s|
| 30|🟥 Pantheon 7.1.1 23.09 |🟥 X11 Mutter Gala 7.1.3 23.11 |❌ LightDM 1.32.0 22.07 |NixOS 24.05 | 499| 🟡 0.40| 🔴 6329| 🔴 18s|
| 31|🟧 Gnome-Mobile 45.rc 24.06|🟥 [Wayland][Wayland] Mutter-Mobile 45 23.09 |🟧 GDM 46.0 24.03 |[postmarketOS][postmarketOS] [24.06][postmarketOS Repository] | 🟡 530| 🔴 1.17| 🔵 1851| 🟠 14s|
| 32|🟧 Budgie 10.9.1 24.02 |🟧 X11 Mutter Budgie 10.9.1 24.02 |❌ LightDM 1.32.0 22.07 |NixOS 24.05 | 🟡 531| 🟠 0.67| 🔴 6476| 🔴 19s|
| 33|🟧 Gnome 46.1 24.04 |🟧 [Wayland][Wayland] Mutter 46.1 24.04 |🟧 GDM 46.0 24.03 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟡 556| 🟡 0.48| 🔵 1843| 🔴 19s|
| 34|- |- |- |NetBSD 10.0 24.03 | 🟡 563| ✔️ 0.00| 🔵 1450| ❌ 30s|
| 35|🟧 Plasma 6.0.4 24.04 |🟧 [Wayland][Wayland] KWin 6.0.4 24.04 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |[Alpine Linux][Alpine Linux] [3.20 24.05][Alpine Linux Repository]| 🟡 578| 🟠 0.88| 2618| 🔴 16s|
| 36|🟧 Cinnamon 6.0.4 24.01 |🟥 X11 Mutter Muffin 6.0.1 23.12 |❌ LightDM 1.32.0 22.07 |NixOS 24.05 | 🟠 617| 🟠 0.68| 🔴 7135| 🔴 20s|
| 37|Budgie 10.9.2 24.06 |🟥 X11 Mutter Magpie 0.9.3 23.08 |❌ LightDM 1.32.0 22.07 |Solus 4.5 24.01 | 🟠 633| 🔴 1.70| 🔴 7586| 🔴 21s|
| 38|🟧 🟪 Cosmic 24-05 |🟧 🟪 [Wayland][Wayland] Cosmic-session 24-05 |🟧 greetd 0.10.0 24.03 |NixOS 24.05 | 🟠 676| 🟠 0.59| 🟠 4323| 🟡 12s|
| 39|❌ LXQt 1.2.0 22.11 |❌ X11 Openbox 3.6.1 15.07 |❌ LightDM 1.26.0 18.03 |SparkyLinux 7.4 24.06 | 🟠 690| 🔴 1.66| 🔴 6417| 🟠 15s|
| 40|🟧 Cinnamon 6.0.4 24.01 |🟥 X11 Mutter Muffin 6.0.1 23.12 |❌ LightDM 1.30.0 19.05 |Linux Mint 21.3 24.01 | 🔴 741| 🔴 1.28| ❌ 11141| 🟠 15s|
| 41|❌ Xfce 4.18 22.12 |❌ X11 Xfwm4 4.18.0 22.12 |❌ LightDM 1.32.0 22.07 |Kali Linux 2024.2 24.06 | 🔴 822| 0.27| ❌ 13410| 10s|
| 42|🟥 Gnome 43.9 23.09 |🟥 [Wayland][Wayland] Mutter 43.8 23.08 |❌ GDM 42.0 22.03 |Zorin Core 17.1 24.03 | 🔴 847| 🟠 0.81| 🔴 9074| 🔴 18s|
| 43|❌ Xfce 4.18 22.12 |❌ X11 Xfwm4 4.18.0 22.12 |❌ LightDM 1.30.0 19.05 |Linux Lite 7.0 24.06 | 🔴 848| 🟠 0.89| ❌ 11842| 🔴 29s|
| 44|❌ Xfce 4.18 22.12 |❌ X11 Xfwm4 4.18.0 22.12 |❌ LightDM 1.26.0 18.03 |MX Linux 23.3 24.05 | 🔴 876| 🟠 0.61| 🔴 8734| 🔴 19s|
| 45|❌ Mate 1.26.0 21.08 |❌ X11 Metacity Marco 1.26.1 22.11 |❌ LightDM 1.26.0 18.03 |Parrot OS Home 6.1 24.06 | 🔴 923| 🟡 0.47| 🔴 7054| 🔴 20s|
| 46|🟧 Plasma 6.0.5 24.05 |🟧 X11 KWin 6.0.5 24.05 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |Manjaro 24.0 24.05 | ❌ 1011| 🔴 1.56| 🔴 7552| 🔴 26s|
| 47|🟧 Gnome 46.0 24.03 |🟧 [Wayland][Wayland] Mutter 46.0 24.03 |🟧 GDM 46.0 24.03 |Ubuntu LTS 24.04 | ❌ 1038| 🟠 0.74| 🔴 9154| 🔴 19s|
| 48|🟥 Gnome 43.9 23.09 |🟥 [Wayland][Wayland] Mutter 43.8 23.08 |❌ GDM 43.0 22.09 |Debian 12.6 24.06 | ❌ 1065| 🟡 0.43| 🔴 5146| 🔴 19s|
| 49|❌ Gnome 40.10 22.03 |❌ [Wayland][Wayland] Mutter 40.9 22.02 |❌ GDM 40.1 21.07 |AlmaLinux 9.4 24.05 | ❌ 1080| 🟠 0.60| 🟠 4407| 🔴 18s|
| 50|🟧 Plasma 6.0.5 24.05 |🟧 [Wayland][Wayland] KWin 6.0.5 24.05 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |EndeavourOS Gemini 24.04 | ❌ 1102| 🔴 1.47| 🔴 6323| 🔴 23s|
| 51|❌ Gnome 40.10 22.03 |❌ [Wayland][Wayland] Mutter 40.9 22.02 |❌ GDM 40.1 21.07 |Rocky Linux 9.4 24.05 | ❌ 1143| 🟠 0.83| 🟠 4532| 🔴 17s|
| 52|Gnome 46.2 24.05 |[Wayland][Wayland] Mutter 46.2 24.05 |GDM 46.2 24.05 |Fedora Workstation 40 1.14 24.04 | ❌ 1285| ❌ 2.63| 🟡 3866| 🔴 24s|
| 53|🟧 Plasma 6.0.5 24.05 |🟧 X11 KWin 6.0.5 24.05 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |openSUSE Tumbleweed 24.06 | ❌ 1400| 🟠 0.99| 🔴 6103| 🔴 22s|
| 54|Cosmic 0.1.0 24.09 |[Wayland][Wayland] Cosmic-Comp 0.1 24.09 |Greetd Cosmic-Greeter 0.1.0 24.09|Pop!_OS Alpha 2 24.04 24.09 | ❌ 1526| 🔴 1.65| 🔴 6674| 🔴 18s|
| 55|🟧 Plasma 6.1.0 24.06 |🟧 [Wayland][Wayland] KWin 6.1.0 24.06 |SDDM 0.21.0 24.02 |Bazzite 40 3.0.1 24.05 | ❌ 1635| ❌ 15.04| ❌ 17566| ❌ 93s|
| 56|🟧 MATE 1.28.0 24.02 |X11 Metacity Marco 1.28.1 24.02 |❌ LightDM 1.30.0 19.05 |OpenIndiana Hipster 24.04 | ❌ 1832| ❌ 2.17| 🔴 7071| ❌ 36s|
| 57|Windows Shell |Desktop Window Manager | |❌ Windows 11 21.10 | ❌ 2916| | ❌ 25720| ❌ 57s|
| 58|Aqua |Quartz Compositor | |❌ MacOS 13.6.7 22.10 | ❌ 3252| ❌ 126.37| 🔴 8912| ❌ 47s|

**Legend:**
- 🟪 Non-default option of distribution
- 🟧 Newer version available
- 🟥 More than 1 year since release
- ❌ More than 2 years since release

## Additional Information

### Request an Operating System Benchmark
Request a benchmark of an Operating System by submitting a new [Issue](https://github.com/crftbt/EveryByteCounts.org/issues).

## Help Support This Project :)

If you find this research valuable, support our work:

[Be Our Hero with a Donation via Liberapay](https://liberapay.com/craft/donate)

Be Our Hero with a Donation via Liberapay

### Multiple Terminals Without a Window Manager
It's possible to show multiple terminals on a screen without a Window Manager using a Terminal Multiplexer like tmux or screen.

### Instructions
- [Improve Alpine Linux Reboot Time](/alpine/boot.md)
- [Install Labwc with SDDM on Alpine](/alpine/labwc-sddm.md)
- [Install Sway with greetd + GTKGreet on Alpine](/alpine/sway-greetd-gtkgreet.md)
- [Install Sway with SDDM on Alpine](/alpine/sway-sddm.md)
- [Install Weston with SDDM on Alpine](/alpine/weston-sddm.md)

### Related Resources
- [Window Manager Keyboard Shortcuts](/keyboardshortcuts.md)
- [Open Source Hardware and Software Comparison List](https://fullstackopensource.com/)
- [Eylenburg's Operating System Comparison](https://eylenburg.github.io/os_comparison.htm)
- [Eylenburg's Desktop Environment Comparison](https://eylenburg.github.io/de_comparison.htm)

### Alpine Linux VPS Hosting Providers

| Provider | DDoS Protection | Pricing | Note |
| - | - | - | - |
| Vultr | ❌ $10 extra fee per VPS | $2.50 | |
| Linode (Akamai) | Included | $5 | ❌ [Litigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies#Litigation) ❌ [Controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies#Controversies) |

## Get Involved

We're exploring options to monetize and provide the results of this research sustainably. If you're hiring or seeking a consultant, please contact us by electronic message at craft at nothirdpartyrecruiters dotcom.

[Alpine Linux]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux
[Alpine Linux Repository]: https://gitlab.alpinelinux.org/alpine/aports/-/tags
[Labwc]: https://github.com/labwc/labwc
[Labwc Repository]: https://github.com/labwc/labwc/releases
[postmarketOS]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostmarketOS
[postmarketOS Repository]: https://gitlab.com/postmarketOS/pmaports/-/branches?state=all&sort=updated_desc&search=%5Ev2
[Sway]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sway_(window_manager)
[Sway Repository]: https://github.com/swaywm/sway/releases
[Wayland]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)
[Weston]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)#Weston
[Weston Repository]: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wayland/weston/-/releases