https://github.com/cybersayak/learn-golang

Last synced: 3 months ago
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Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/cybersayak/learn-golang
Owner: Cybersayak
Created: 2024-08-26T15:05:55.000Z (9 months ago)
Default Branch: main
Last Pushed: 2025-02-24T04:56:23.000Z (3 months ago)
Last Synced: 2025-02-24T05:31:42.282Z (3 months ago)
Language: Go
Size: 11.7 MB
Stars: 0
Watchers: 1
Forks: 0
Open Issues: 0
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md

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README

# How to become Golang Engineer

## **1. Go Internals & Deep Dive into the Compiler**
- **Go Runtime & Internals**
- Understanding how Go manages memory, goroutines, and scheduling.
- Exploring `runtime` package and **garbage collector (GC).**
- How `go build`, `go run`, and `go install` work internally.
- **Golang Compiler (gc)**
- How Go translates code to machine code.
- Understanding Go’s SSA (Static Single Assignment) optimization.
- **Memory Management**
- Stack vs Heap allocation in Go.
- Escape analysis and why it matters.
- Memory leaks and how to debug them (`pprof`, `trace`).
- **Garbage Collection in Depth**
- Generational GC, mark-and-sweep, and concurrent garbage collection.
- Tuning GC for high-performance applications.

---

## **2. Concurrency & Parallelism**
- **Goroutines Internals**
- How goroutines work under the hood.
- Goroutine scheduling & preemptive multitasking.
- **Channels & Synchronization**
- Unbuffered vs Buffered Channels.
- Select statement deep dive.
- Deadlocks, race conditions, and how to prevent them.
- Advanced use cases: fan-in, fan-out patterns.
- **Worker Pools & Goroutine Leak Prevention**
- Creating efficient worker pools.
- Managing thousands of goroutines without memory leaks.
- **Atomic Operations & Memory Synchronization**
- Using `sync/atomic` for lock-free data structures.
- When to use `sync.Mutex` vs `sync.RWMutex` vs `sync.Cond`.
- **Threading Model & OS Scheduling**
- How Go schedules goroutines on OS threads.
- Difference between Go’s M:N scheduler and OS threads.
- **Understanding `context` Package**
- Managing timeouts and cancellations in concurrent applications.

---

## **3. High-Performance Data Structures & Algorithms**
- **Go's Built-in Data Structures**
- Internals of slices, maps, and arrays.
- How maps handle collisions and resizing.
- **Implementing Advanced Data Structures in Go**
- Self-balancing trees (AVL, Red-Black trees).
- Graphs, tries, bloom filters, and LRU caches.
- **Optimizing Performance with Custom Allocators**
- Writing memory-efficient Go code.
- Pooling memory using `sync.Pool`.

---

## **4. Advanced Networking & Distributed Systems**
- **Low-Level Networking in Go**
- Understanding `net` and `net/http` internals.
- Writing high-performance TCP, UDP, and WebSocket servers.
- gRPC deep dive: reflection, interceptors, performance tuning.
- **Efficient Web Servers & Proxies**
- Writing a custom HTTP server from scratch.
- Load balancing strategies in Go.
- Reverse proxies with `fasthttp` and `Caddy`.
- **Distributed Systems & Scalability**
- Implementing **event-driven architectures**.
- Understanding **Raft & Paxos consensus algorithms**.
- Using **Apache Kafka, NATS, RabbitMQ** in Go.
- Designing **Microservices** and API Gateways in Go.
- **Peer-to-Peer & Blockchain Development**
- Writing a simple blockchain in Go.
- Understanding DHT (Distributed Hash Tables).
- Building P2P systems (BitTorrent, IPFS).

---

## **5. System Design & Production-Ready Go**
- **Building Scalable Go Applications**
- Architecting Go services for millions of requests.
- Choosing the right database: SQL (PostgreSQL, MySQL) vs NoSQL (MongoDB, Redis).
- Sharding, replication, and partitioning strategies.
- **Designing for Observability**
- Logging: structured logging with `logrus` or `zap`.
- Distributed tracing (`OpenTelemetry`, `Jaeger`).
- Profiling CPU, memory (`pprof`, `trace`).
- **Containerization & Orchestration**
- Dockerizing Go applications efficiently.
- Kubernetes advanced concepts (sidecars, operators).
- Running Go services with Nomad, Consul, and Linkerd.
- **Service Mesh & API Gateways**
- Envoy, Istio, Kong, and API Gateway optimizations.
- Circuit breakers, retries, and timeouts.
- **CDN, Caching & Performance Optimization**
- Redis, Memcached, and Fastly for caching.
- Writing ultra-fast in-memory caches in Go.

---

## **6. Go Security & Best Practices**
- **Preventing Memory Leaks & Goroutine Leaks**
- Detecting leaks using `pprof` and `trace`.
- Managing `context` to prevent hanging goroutines.
- **Secure Coding Practices**
- Avoiding common security vulnerabilities (SQL Injection, CSRF, XSS).
- Writing safe concurrency using `sync` and `atomic`.
- **Authentication & Authorization**
- Implementing JWT, OAuth2, and API key security.
- Role-based access control (RBAC) in Go.
- **Encryption & Cryptography in Go**
- Using `crypto` package for AES, RSA, and ECDSA.
- Secure password hashing with `bcrypt`, `argon2`.

---

## **7. Low-Level & OS-Specific Go**
- **Interacting with System Calls**
- Writing Go programs that interact with Linux syscalls.
- Using `syscall` and `golang.org/x/sys/unix`.
- **Writing Go for Embedded Systems**
- Using TinyGo for microcontrollers (Arduino, ESP32).
- Writing Go for WebAssembly (WASM).
- **Building Go CLI Tools**
- Advanced `cobra`, `urfave/cli` for CLI applications.
- Parsing command-line arguments and managing configs.

---

## **8. WebAssembly & Go for Modern Web Development**
- **Compiling Go to WebAssembly**
- Writing frontend code in Go.
- Using `tinygo` to optimize WebAssembly binaries.
- **Go for Serverless & Edge Computing**
- Running Go on Cloudflare Workers, AWS Lambda.
- Optimizing cold starts for serverless functions.

---

## **9. Performance Optimization & Benchmarks**
- **Profiling & Optimization**
- Using `pprof` to detect bottlenecks.
- Reducing memory allocations and garbage collection overhead.
- **Efficient Go Code Practices**
- Avoiding heap allocations (`[]byte` reuse).
- Writing zero-allocation JSON parsers.
- **Benchmarking Code**
- Using `testing.B` to benchmark functions.
- Profiling goroutine scheduling and preemptions.

---

## **10. Writing Idiomatic & Maintainable Go**
- **Idiomatic Go Best Practices**
- Effective error handling with `errors.Is()` and `errors.As()`.
- Clean architecture in Go.
- Writing reusable and testable Go code.
- **Unit Testing & TDD in Go**
- Writing testable code using `testing` package.
- Mocking with `testify` and `gomock`.
- Fuzz testing in Go 1.18+.

---

## **How to Study This?**
1. **Read Go’s Source Code** – Study how `net/http`, `sync`, and `runtime` are implemented(study how the standard library and runtime are implemented).
2. **Work on Complex Projects** – Build real-world production services.
3. **Profile & Optimize Code** – Analyze performance bottlenecks.
4. **Write Custom Libraries** – Implement your own HTTP framework or database driver.
5. **Contribute to Open Source** – Work on Go’s standard library or large-scale Go projects(Kubernetes, CockroachDB, Prometheus).
6. **Solve Real-World Issues** – Debug memory leaks, race conditions, and optimize throughput.
7. **Benchmark Everything** – Compare Go performance with C, Rust, Java.
8. **Follow Advanced Go Talks** – Watch **GopherCon, Google Talks, and OpenTelemetry** conferences.
9. **Re-implement core Go features** (write a mini garbage collector, scheduler, HTTP server)
10. **Benchmark everything** (optimize critical code paths)

---

# Golang Mastery

---

### **1. Go Internals & Compiler-Level Deep Dive**
- How Go's compiler works (GC Compiler, SSA optimization)
- Understanding Go's type system and how type inference works
- The internals of interfaces and how method dispatching happens
- Escape analysis and how Go decides stack vs. heap allocation
- How defer, panic, and recover work internally

---

### **2. Memory Management & Garbage Collection**
- Go's memory layout (stack, heap, global variables, etc.)
- Deep understanding of Go's **Garbage Collector (GC)**
- How Go's concurrent garbage collector works
- Tuning GC performance for low-latency applications
- Manual memory optimization techniques (sync.Pool, object reuse)

---

### **3. Advanced Concurrency & Parallelism**
- Deep dive into **Goroutine scheduling (M:N scheduler)**
- Understanding **GOMAXPROCS and OS thread management**
- Channels and mutexes at a low level
- Atomic operations & memory ordering (sync/atomic package)
- Worker pool patterns and efficient Goroutine management
- Designing highly concurrent systems with Go (lock-free data structures)

---

### **4. Network Programming & High-Performance APIs**
- Building **high-performance HTTP servers** (with net/http and fasthttp)
- Writing TCP, UDP, and WebSocket servers in Go
- Understanding **Zero-Copy Networking** (syscalls, epoll, kqueue)
- Using **netpoll** to scale networking applications
- Designing **real-time applications** (WebSockets, gRPC, QUIC)

---

### **5. Low-Level Systems Programming in Go**
- Working with raw memory using `unsafe` and `syscall`
- Writing Go programs that interact directly with hardware
- Building low-level network and OS utilities
- Writing Linux system programming tools in Go

---

### **6. Database Internals & High-Performance Data Storage**
- Understanding **SQL databases internals** (indexes, query optimization)
- Implementing a **custom database** or key-value store in Go
- Advanced **NoSQL database** optimizations (Redis, Cassandra, BadgerDB)
- Using **memory-mapped files (mmap) for fast data access**
- Writing **high-performance caching layers** in Go

---

### **7. Advanced Go Tooling & Performance Optimization**
- Writing **benchmarks** and profiling Go applications (`pprof`, `trace`)
- Understanding CPU and memory profiling for high-performance apps
- Optimizing Go applications with **flame graphs** and **heap analysis**
- Writing Go linters, static analyzers, and code generators
- **Building custom Go tooling** (AST parsing, gofmt modifications)

---

### **8. Writing Highly Scalable Distributed Systems**
- Designing **fault-tolerant, scalable microservices** in Go
- Implementing **event-driven architectures** using Kafka, NATS, or RabbitMQ
- Using **gRPC and Protocol Buffers** for high-performance RPCs
- Understanding **Raft, Paxos, and distributed consensus algorithms**
- Building **custom load balancers** and distributed schedulers in Go

---

### **9. WebAssembly & Go for High-Performance Computing**
- Writing **Go applications that run in WebAssembly**
- Interfacing Go with **C and Rust using cgo**
- Building **GPU-accelerated applications** in Go
- Implementing **real-time data processing pipelines** with Go

---

### **10. Reverse Engineering & Security in Go**
- Writing **Go malware analysis tools**
- Implementing **cryptographic systems** (TLS, JWT, HMAC, etc.)
- Security auditing of Go applications (race conditions, memory leaks)
- Writing **secure and hardened** backend APIs

---

### **11. Go Runtime & Custom Compiler Development**
- Understanding the **Go runtime scheduler in depth**
- Modifying the Go runtime (experimenting with goroutine scheduling)
- Building a **custom Go compiler** (writing a toy compiler for Go)
- Experimenting with **alternative garbage collection strategies in Go**

---

### **12. Building Your Own Go Frameworks & Libraries**
- Writing **custom web frameworks** (like Fiber, Echo, or Gin)
- Implementing **your own ORMs** (like GORM)
- Writing **high-performance caching layers** (like bigcache)
- Developing **event-driven architecture libraries** (like NATS)

---

# # Advanced Golang Mastery Guide

## 1. Deep Dive into Concurrency
### Memory Model and Synchronization
- Study the Go memory model specification in detail
- Understand memory ordering, happens-before relationships
- Master atomic operations and their implementation
- Learn about memory barriers and their impact
- Deep dive into sync package internals

### Advanced Goroutine Patterns
- Goroutine scheduling internals
- Work-stealing algorithms
- Goroutine pools and management
- Context package implementation
- Advanced channel patterns (fan-out/fan-in, pipelines)
- Select statement internals and edge cases

## 2. Runtime Internals
### Memory Management
- Garbage collector implementation details
- Memory allocation strategies
- Stack vs heap allocation
- Escape analysis optimization
- Memory profiling and optimization

### Scheduler
- GMP (Goroutine, Machine, Processor) model
- Scheduler tracing and debugging
- Work-stealing algorithms
- Preemption mechanisms
- System calls handling

## 3. Advanced Type System
### Type System Internals
- Interface implementation and method tables
- Type assertions and type switches optimization
- Reflection implementation details
- Generic type parameter specialization
- Type inference engine

### Assembly Level Understanding
- Go's assembly language (Plan 9)
- Compiler optimizations
- Function prologues and epilogues
- Interface method dispatch
- Closure implementation

## 4. Performance Engineering
### Optimization Techniques
- Mechanical sympathy
- CPU cache optimization
- False sharing prevention
- SIMD operations in Go
- System call optimization

### Profiling and Debugging
- Advanced pprof usage
- Trace tool mastery
- Memory leak detection
- Deadlock analysis
- Race detector internals

## 5. Standard Library Mastery
### Network Programming
- Net package internals
- TCP/UDP implementation details
- HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 handling
- WebSocket implementation
- Custom protocol development

### IO and Syscalls
- IO multiplexing implementation
- File system operations
- System call optimization
- Custom IO implementations
- Zero-copy techniques

## 6. Advanced Design Patterns
### Architectural Patterns
- Clean architecture implementation
- DDD in Go
- CQRS and Event Sourcing
- Microservices patterns
- Service mesh integration

### Testing Patterns
- Table-driven test design
- Property-based testing
- Fuzzing techniques
- Integration testing patterns
- Performance testing

## 7. Tools and Ecosystem
### Compiler and Toolchain
- Go compiler internals
- Custom analysis tools
- AST manipulation
- Code generation techniques
- Build system optimization

### Deployment and Operations
- Container optimization
- Linux namespace integration
- Cgroup management
- Systemd integration
- Advanced monitoring

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