https://github.com/daijro/hrequests

🚀 Web scraping for humans
https://github.com/daijro/hrequests

forhumans gevent grequests http humans playwright playwright-python python python-requests requests scraping tls

Last synced: about 2 months ago
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🚀 Web scraping for humans

• Host: GitHub
• URL: https://github.com/daijro/hrequests
• Owner: daijro
• License: apache-2.0
• Created: 2023-07-06T17:56:09.000Z (about 1 year ago)
• Default Branch: main
• Last Pushed: 2024-03-31T07:08:20.000Z (6 months ago)
• Last Synced: 2024-07-10T15:32:12.759Z (2 months ago)
• Topics: forhumans, gevent, grequests, http, humans, playwright, playwright-python, python, python-requests, requests, scraping, tls
• Language: Python
• Homepage: https://daijro.gitbook.io/hrequests/
• Size: 135 KB
• Stars: 571
• Watchers: 12
• Forks: 33
• Open Issues: 14
• Metadata Files:
  • Readme: README.md
  • License: LICENSE

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README

        


hrequests






    

        

    

    

        

    

    

        

    

    

        

    

    

        

    

    

        

    



    Hrequests (human requests) is a simple, configurable, feature-rich, replacement for the Python requests library. 


### ✨ Features

- Seamless transition between HTTP and headless browsing 💻

- Integrated fast HTML parser 🚀

- High performance network concurrency with goroutines & gevent 🚀

- Replication of browser TLS fingerprints 🚀

- JavaScript rendering 🚀

- Supports HTTP/2 🚀

- Realistic browser header generation 🚀

- JSON serializing up to 10x faster than the standard library 🚀

### 💻 Browser crawling

- Simple & uncomplicated browser automation

- Human-like cursor movement and typing

- Chrome and Firefox extension support

- Full page screenshots

- Proxy support

- Headless and headful support

- No CORS restrictions

### ⚡ More

- High performance ✨

- Minimal dependence on the python standard libraries

- HTTP backend written in Go

- Automatic gzip & brotli decode

- Written with type safety

- 100% threadsafe ❤️

---

# Installation

Install via pip:

```bash

pip install -U hrequests[all]

python -m hrequests install

```

Or, install without headless browsing support

**Ignore the `[all]` option if you don't want headless browsing support:**

```bash

pip install -U hrequests

```

---

# Documentation

**For the latest stable hrequests documentation, check the [Gitbook page](https://daijro.gitbook.io/hrequests/).**

1. [Simple Usage](https://github.com/daijro/hrequests#simple-usage)

2. [Sessions](https://github.com/daijro/hrequests#sessions)

3. [Concurrent & Lazy Requests](https://github.com/daijro/hrequests#concurrent--lazy-requests)

4. [HTML Parsing](https://github.com/daijro/hrequests#html-parsing)

5. [Browser Automation](https://github.com/daijro/hrequests#browser-automation)



## Simple Usage

Here is an example of a simple `get` request:

```py

>>> resp = hrequests.get('https://www.google.com/')

```

Requests are sent through [bogdanfinn's tls-client](https://github.com/bogdanfinn/tls-client) to spoof the TLS client fingerprint. This is done automatically, and is completely transparent to the user.

Other request methods include `post`, `put`, `delete`, `head`, `options`, and `patch`.

The `Response` object is a near 1:1 replica of the `requests.Response` object, with some additional attributes.

Parameters

```

Parameters:

    url (Union[str, Iterable[str]]): URL or list of URLs to request.

    data (Union[str, bytes, bytearray, dict], optional): Data to send to request. Defaults to None.

    files (Dict[str, Union[BufferedReader, tuple]], optional): Data to send to request. Defaults to None.

    headers (dict, optional): Dictionary of HTTP headers to send with the request. Defaults to None.

    params (dict, optional): Dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL. Defaults to None.

    cookies (Union[RequestsCookieJar, dict, list], optional): Dict or CookieJar to send. Defaults to None.

    json (dict, optional): Json to send in the request body. Defaults to None.

    allow_redirects (bool, optional): Allow request to redirect. Defaults to True.

    history (bool, optional): Remember request history. Defaults to False.

    verify (bool, optional): Verify the server's TLS certificate. Defaults to True.

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

    proxy (str, optional): Proxy URL. Defaults to None.

    nohup (bool, optional): Run the request in the background. Defaults to False.

    

Returns:

    hrequests.response.Response: Response object

```

### Properties

Get the response url:

```py

>>> resp.url: str

'https://www.google.com/'

```

Check if the request was successful:

```py

>>> resp.status_code: int

200

>>> resp.reason: str

'OK'

>>> resp.ok: bool

True

>>> bool(resp)

True

```

Getting the response body:

```py

>>> resp.text: str

'>> resp.content: bytes

b'>> resp.encoding: str

'UTF-8'

```

Parse the response body as JSON:

```py

>>> resp.json(): Union[dict, list]

{'somedata': True}

```

Get the elapsed time of the request:

```py

>>> resp.elapsed: datetime.timedelta

datetime.timedelta(microseconds=77768)

```

Get the response cookies:

```py

>>> resp.cookies: RequestsCookieJar

>> resp.headers: CaseInsensitiveDict

{'Alt-Svc': 'h3=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000', 'Cache-Control': 'private, max-age=0', 'Content-Encoding': 'br', 'Content-Length': '51288', 'Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only': "object-src 'none';base-uri 'se

```



## Sessions

Creating a new Chrome Session object:

```py

>>> session = hrequests.Session()  # version randomized by default

>>> session = hrequests.Session('chrome', version=120)

```

Parameters

```

Parameters:

    browser (Literal['firefox', 'chrome'], optional): Browser to use. Default is 'chrome'.

    version (int, optional): Version of the browser to use. Browser must be specified. Default is randomized.

    os (Literal['win', 'mac', 'lin'], optional): OS to use in header. Default is randomized.

    headers (dict, optional): Dictionary of HTTP headers to send with the request. Default is generated from `browser` and `os`.

    verify (bool, optional): Verify the server's TLS certificate. Defaults to True.

    timeout (float, optional): Default timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

    proxy (str, optional): Proxy URL. Defaults to None.

    cookies (Union[RequestsCookieJar, dict, list], optional): Cookie Jar, or cookie list/dict to send. Defaults to None.

    certificate_pinning (Dict[str, List[str]], optional): Certificate pinning. Defaults to None.

    disable_ipv6 (bool, optional): Disable IPv6. Defaults to False.

    detect_encoding (bool, optional): Detect encoding. Defaults to True.

    ja3_string (str, optional): JA3 string. Defaults to None.

    h2_settings (dict, optional): HTTP/2 settings. Defaults to None.

    additional_decode (str, optional): Decode response body with "gzip" or "br". Defaults to None.

    pseudo_header_order (list, optional): Pseudo header order. Defaults to None.

    priority_frames (list, optional): Priority frames. Defaults to None.

    header_order (list, optional): Header order. Defaults to None.

    force_http1 (bool, optional): Force HTTP/1. Defaults to False.

    catch_panics (bool, optional): Catch panics. Defaults to False.

    debug (bool, optional): Debug mode. Defaults to False.

```

Browsers can also be created through the `firefox` and `chrome` shortcuts:

```py

>>> session = hrequests.firefox.Session()

>>> session = hrequests.chrome.Session()

```

Parameters

```

Parameters:

    version (int, optional): Version of the browser to use. Browser must be specified. Default is randomized.

    os (Literal['win', 'mac', 'lin'], optional): OS to use in header. Default is randomized.

    headers (dict, optional): Dictionary of HTTP headers to send with the request. Default is generated from `browser` and `os`.

    verify (bool, optional): Verify the server's TLS certificate. Defaults to True.

    timeout (float, optional): Default timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

    proxy (str, optional): Proxy URL. Defaults to None.

    cookies (Union[RequestsCookieJar, dict, list], optional): Cookie Jar, or cookie list/dict to send. Defaults to None.

    certificate_pinning (Dict[str, List[str]], optional): Certificate pinning. Defaults to None.

    disable_ipv6 (bool, optional): Disable IPv6. Defaults to False.

    detect_encoding (bool, optional): Detect encoding. Defaults to True.

    ja3_string (str, optional): JA3 string. Defaults to None.

    h2_settings (dict, optional): HTTP/2 settings. Defaults to None.

    additional_decode (str, optional): Decode response body with "gzip" or "br". Defaults to None.

    pseudo_header_order (list, optional): Pseudo header order. Defaults to None.

    priority_frames (list, optional): Priority frames. Defaults to None.

    header_order (list, optional): Header order. Defaults to None.

    force_http1 (bool, optional): Force HTTP/1. Defaults to False.

    catch_panics (bool, optional): Catch panics. Defaults to False.

    debug (bool, optional): Debug mode. Defaults to False.

```

`os` can be `'win'`, `'mac'`, or `'lin'`. Default is randomized.

```py

>>> session = hrequests.chrome.Session(os='mac')

```

This will automatically generate headers based on the browser name and OS:

```py

>>> session.headers

{'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_4; rv:60.2.2) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.2.2', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br', 'Pragma': 'no-cache'}

```

Why is the browser version in the header different than the TLS browser version?

Website bot detection systems typically do not correlate the TLS fingerprint browser version with the browser header.

By adding more randomization to our headers, we can make our requests appear to be coming from a larger number of clients. We can make it seem like our requests are coming from a larger number of clients. This makes it harder for websites to identify and block our requests based on a consistent browser version.

### Properties

Here is a simple get request. This is a wrapper around `hrequests.get`. The only difference is that the session cookies are updated with each request. Creating sessions are recommended for making multiple requests to the same domain.

```py

>>> resp = session.get('https://www.google.com/')

```

Session cookies update with each request:

```py

>>> session.cookies: RequestsCookieJar

>> session.os = 'win'

>>> session.headers: CaseInsensitiveDict

{'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:66.0.3) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/66.0.3', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br', 'Accept-Language': 'en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0', 'DNT': '1', 'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests': '1', 'Pragma': 'no-cache'}

```

### Closing Sessions

Sessions can also be closed to free memory:

```py

>>> session.close()

```

Alternatively, sessions can be used as context managers:

```py

with hrequests.Session() as session:

    resp = session.get('https://www.google.com/')

    print(resp)

```



## Concurrent & Lazy Requests

### Nohup Requests

Similar to Unix's nohup command, `nohup` requests are sent in the background.

Adding the `nohup=True` keyword argument will return a `LazyTLSRequest` object. This will send the request immediately, but doesn't wait for the response to be ready until an attribute of the response is accessed.

```py

resp1 = hrequests.get('https://www.google.com/', nohup=True)

resp2 = hrequests.get('https://www.google.com/', nohup=True)

```

`resp1` and `resp2` are sent concurrently. They will _never_ pause the current thread, unless an attribute of the response is accessed:

```py

print('Resp 1:', resp1.reason)  # will wait for resp1 to finish, if it hasn't already

print('Resp 2:', resp2.reason)  # will wait for resp2 to finish, if it hasn't already

```

This is useful for sending requests in the background that aren't needed until later.

Note: In `nohup`, a new thread is created for each request. For larger scale concurrency, please consider the following:

### Easy Concurrency

You can pass an array/iterator of links to the request methods to send them concurrently. This wraps around [`hrequests.map`](https://github.com/daijro/hrequests#map):

```py

>>> hrequests.get(['https://google.com/', 'https://github.com/'])

(, )

```

This also works with `nohup`:

```py

>>> resps = hrequests.get(['https://google.com/', 'https://github.com/'], nohup=True)

>>> resps

(, )

>>> # Sometime later...

>>> resps

(, )

```

### Grequests-style Concurrency

The methods `async_get`, `async_post`, etc. will create an unsent request. This levereges gevent, making it _blazing fast_.

Parameters

```

Parameters:

    url (str): URL to send request to

    data (Union[str, bytes, bytearray, dict], optional): Data to send to request. Defaults to None.

    files (Dict[str, Union[BufferedReader, tuple]], optional): Data to send to request. Defaults to None.

    headers (dict, optional): Dictionary of HTTP headers to send with the request. Defaults to None.

    params (dict, optional): Dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL. Defaults to None.

    cookies (Union[RequestsCookieJar, dict, list], optional): Dict or CookieJar to send. Defaults to None.

    json (dict, optional): Json to send in the request body. Defaults to None.

    allow_redirects (bool, optional): Allow request to redirect. Defaults to True.

    history (bool, optional): Remember request history. Defaults to False.

    verify (bool, optional): Verify the server's TLS certificate. Defaults to True.

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

    proxy (str, optional): Proxy URL. Defaults to None.

    

Returns:

    hrequests.response.Response: Response object

```

Async requests are evaluated on `hrequests.map`, `hrequests.imap`, or `hrequests.imap_enum`.

This functionality is similar to [grequests](https://github.com/spyoungtech/grequests). Unlike grequests, [monkey patching](https://www.gevent.org/api/gevent.monkey.html) is not required because this does not rely on the standard python SSL library.

Create a set of unsent Requests:

```py

>>> reqs = [

...     hrequests.async_get('https://www.google.com/', browser='firefox'),

...     hrequests.async_get('https://www.duckduckgo.com/'),

...     hrequests.async_get('https://www.yahoo.com/')

... ]

```

#### map

Send them all at the same time using map:

```py

>>> hrequests.map(reqs, size=3)

[, , ]

```

Parameters

```

Concurrently converts a list of Requests to Responses.

Parameters:

    requests - a collection of Request objects.

    size - Specifies the number of requests to make at a time. If None, no throttling occurs.

    exception_handler - Callback function, called when exception occurred. Params: Request, Exception

    timeout - Gevent joinall timeout in seconds. (Note: unrelated to requests timeout)

Returns:

    A list of Response objects.

```

#### imap

`imap` returns a generator that yields responses as they come in:

```py

>>> for resp in hrequests.imap(reqs, size=3):

...    print(resp)

```

Parameters

```

Concurrently converts a generator object of Requests to a generator of Responses.

Parameters:

    requests - a generator or sequence of Request objects.

    size - Specifies the number of requests to make at a time. default is 2

    exception_handler - Callback function, called when exception occurred. Params: Request, Exception

Yields:

    Response objects.

```

`imap_enum` returns a generator that yields a tuple of `(index, response)` as they come in. The `index` is the index of the request in the original list:

```py

>>> for index, resp in hrequests.imap_enum(reqs, size=3):

...     print(index, resp)

(1, )

(0, )

(2, )

```

Parameters

```

Like imap, but yields tuple of original request index and response object

Unlike imap, failed results and responses from exception handlers that return None are not ignored. Instead, a

tuple of (index, None) is yielded.

Responses are still in arbitrary order.

Parameters:

    requests - a sequence of Request objects.

    size - Specifies the number of requests to make at a time. default is 2

    exception_handler - Callback function, called when exception occurred. Params: Request, Exception

Yields:

    (index, Response) tuples.

```

#### Exception Handling

To handle timeouts or any other exception during the connection of the request, you can add an optional exception handler that will be called with the request and exception inside the main thread.

```py

>>> def exception_handler(request, exception):

...    return f'Response failed: {exception}'

>>> bad_reqs = [

...     hrequests.async_get('http://httpbin.org/delay/5', timeout=1),

...     hrequests.async_get('http://fakedomain/'),

...     hrequests.async_get('http://example.com/'),

... ]

>>> hrequests.map(bad_reqs, size=3, exception_handler=exception_handler)

['Response failed: Connection error', 'Response failed: Connection error', ]

```

The value returned by the exception handler will be used in place of the response in the result list.

If an exception handler isn't specified, the default yield type is `hrequests.FailedResponse`.



## HTML Parsing

HTML scraping is based off [selectolax](https://github.com/rushter/selectolax), which is **over 25x faster** than bs4. This functionality is inspired by [requests-html](https://github.com/psf/requests-html).

| Library        | Time (1e5 trials) |

| -------------- | ----------------- |

| BeautifulSoup4 | 52.6              |

| PyQuery        | 7.5               |

| selectolax     | **1.9**               |

The HTML parser can be accessed through the `html` attribute of the response object:

```py

>>> resp = session.get('https://python.org/')

>>> resp.html

```

### Parsing page

Grab a list of all links on the page, as-is (anchors excluded):

```py

>>> resp.html.links

{'//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/', '/about/apps/', 'https://github.com/python/pythondotorg/issues', '/accounts/login/', '/dev/peps/', '/about/legal/',...

```

Grab a list of all links on the page, in absolute form (anchors excluded):

```py

>>> resp.html.absolute_links

{'https://github.com/python/pythondotorg/issues', 'https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/', 'https://www.python.org/about/success/', 'http://feedproxy.g...

```

Search for text on the page:

```py

>>> resp.html.search('Python is a {} language')[0]

programming

```

### Selecting elements

Select an element using a CSS Selector:

```py

>>> about = resp.html.find('#about')

```

Parameters

```

Given a CSS Selector, returns a list of

:class:`Element ` objects or a single one.

Parameters:

    selector: CSS Selector to use.

    clean: Whether or not to sanitize the found HTML of ```` and ``<style>``

    containing: If specified, only return elements that contain the provided text.

    first: Whether or not to return just the first result.

    raise_exception: Raise an exception if no elements are found. Default is True.

    _encoding: The encoding format.

Returns:

    A list of :class:`Element <Element>` objects or a single one.

Example CSS Selectors:

- ``a``

- ``a.someClass``

- ``a#someID``

- ``a[target=_blank]``

See W3School's `CSS Selectors Reference

<https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_selectors.asp>`_

for more details.

If ``first`` is ``True``, only returns the first

:class:`Element <Element>` found.

```

</details>

### Introspecting elements

Grab an Element's text contents:

```py

>>> print(about.text)

About

Applications

Quotes

Getting Started

Help

Python Brochure

```

Getting an Element's attributes:

```py

>>> about.attrs

{'id': 'about', 'class': ('tier-1', 'element-1'), 'aria-haspopup': 'true'}

>>> about.id

'about'

```

Get an Element's raw HTML:

```py

>>> about.html

'<li aria-haspopup="true" class="tier-1 element-1 " id="about">\n<a class="" href="/about/" title="">About</a>\n<ul aria-hidden="true" class="subnav menu" role="menu">\n<li class="tier-2 element-1" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/apps/" title="">Applications</a></li>\n<li class="tier-2 element-2" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/quotes/" title="">Quotes</a></li>\n<li class="tier-2 element-3" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/gettingstarted/" title="">Getting Started</a></li>\n<li class="tier-2 element-4" role="treeitem"><a href="/about/help/" title="">Help</a></li>\n<li class="tier-2 element-5" role="treeitem"><a href="http://brochure.getpython.info/" title="">Python Brochure</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>'

```

Select Elements within Elements:

```py

>>> about.find_all('a')

[<Element 'a' href='/about/' title='' class=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/apps/' title=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/quotes/' title=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/gettingstarted/' title=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/help/' title=''>, <Element 'a' href='http://brochure.getpython.info/' title=''>]

>>> about.find('a')

<Element 'a' href='/about/' title='' class=''>

```

Searching by HTML attributes:

```py

>>> about.find('il', role='treeitem')

<Element 'li' role='treeitem' class=('tier-2', 'element-1')>

```

Search for links within an element:

```py

>>> about.absolute_links

{'http://brochure.getpython.info/', 'https://www.python.org/about/gettingstarted/', 'https://www.python.org/about/', 'https://www.python.org/about/quotes/', 'https://www.python.org/about/help/', 'https://www.python.org/about/apps/'}

```

<hr width=50>

## Browser Automation

Hrequests supports both Firefox and Chrome browsers, headless and headful sessions, and browser addons/extensions:

#### Browser support table

Chrome supports both Manifest v2/v3 extensions. Firefox only supports Manifest v2 extensions.

Only Firefox supports CloudFlare WAFs.

| Browser | MV2                | MV3                | Cloudfare WAFs     |

| ------- | ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------ |

| Firefox | :heavy_check_mark: | :x:                | :heavy_check_mark: |

| Chrome  | :heavy_check_mark: | :heavy_check_mark: | :x:                |

### Usage

You can spawn a `BrowserSession` instance by calling it:

```py

>>> page = hrequests.BrowserSession()  # headless=True by default

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    headless (bool, optional): Whether to run the browser in headless mode. Defaults to True.

    session (hrequests.session.TLSSession, optional): Session to use for headers, cookies, etc.

    resp (hrequests.response.Response, optional): Response to update with cookies, headers, etc.

    proxy (str, optional): Proxy to use for the browser. Example: http://1.2.3.4:8080

    mock_human (bool, optional): Whether to emulate human behavior. Defaults to False.

    browser (Literal['firefox', 'chrome'], optional): Generate useragent headers for a specific browser

    os (Literal['win', 'mac', 'lin'], optional): Generate headers for a specific OS

    extensions (Union[str, Iterable[str]], optional): Path to a folder of unpacked extensions, or a list of paths to unpacked extensions

```

</details>

By default, `BrowserSession` returns a Chrome browser.

To create a Firefox session, use the chrome shortcut instead:

```py

>>> page = hrequests.firefox.BrowserSession()

```

`BrowserSession` is entirely safe to use across threads.

### Render an existing Response

Responses have a `.render()` method. This will render the contents of the response in a browser page.

Once the page is closed, the Response content and the Response's session cookies will be updated.

#### Simple usage

Rendered browser sessions will use the browser set in the initial request.

You can set a request's browser with the `browser` parameter in the `hrequests.get` method:

```py

>>> resp = hrequests.get('https://example.com', browser='chrome')

```

Or by setting the `browser` parameter of the `hrequests.Session` object:

```py

>>> session = hrequests.Session(browser='chrome')

>>> resp = session.get('https://example.com')

```

**Example - submitting a login form:**

```py

>>> session = hrequests.Session(browser='chrome')

>>> resp = session.get('https://www.somewebsite.com/')

>>> with resp.render(mock_human=True) as page:

...     page.type('.input#username', 'myuser')

...     page.type('.input#password', 'p4ssw0rd')

...     page.click('#submit')

# `session` & `resp` now have updated cookies, content, etc.

```

<summary><strong>Or, without a context manager</strong></summary>

```py

>>> session = hrequests.Session(browser='chrome')

>>> resp = session.get('https://www.somewebsite.com/')

>>> page = resp.render(mock_human=True)

>>> page.type('.input#username', 'myuser')

>>> page.type('.input#password', 'p4ssw0rd')

>>> page.click('#submit')

>>> page.close()  # must close the page when done!

```

</details>

The `mock_human` parameter will emulate human-like behavior. This includes easing and randomizing mouse movements, and randomizing typing speed. This functionality is based on [botright](https://github.com/Vinyzu/botright/).

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    headless (bool, optional): Whether to run the browser in headless mode. Defaults to False.

    mock_human (bool, optional): Whether to emulate human behavior. Defaults to False.

    extensions (Union[str, Iterable[str]], optional): Path to a folder of unpacked extensions, or a list of paths to unpacked extensions

```

</details>

### Properties

Cookies are inherited from the session:

```py

>>> page.cookies: RequestsCookieJar  # cookies are inherited from the session

<RequestsCookieJar[Cookie(version=0, name='1P_JAR', value='2023-07-05-20', port=None, port_specified=False, domain='.somewebsite.com', domain_specified=True...

```

### Pulling page data

Get current page url:

```py

>>> page.url: str

https://www.somewebsite.com/

```

Get page content:

```py

>>> page.text: str

'<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="en"><head><meta content="Search the world\'s information, including webpag'

>>> page.content: bytes

b'<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="en"><head><meta content="Search the world\'s information, including webpag'

```

Get the status of the last navigation:

```py

>>> page.status_code: int

200

>>> page.reason: str

'OK'

```

Parsing HTML from the page content:

```py

>>> page.html.find_all('a')

[<Element 'a' href='/about/' title='' class=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/apps/' title=''>, ...]

>>> page.html.find('a')

<Element 'a' href='/about/' title='' class=''>, <Element 'a' href='/about/apps/' title=''>

```

Take a screenshot of the page:

```py

>>> page.screenshot(path='screenshot.png')

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Take a screenshot of the page

Parameters:

    selector (str, optional): CSS selector to screenshot

    path (str, optional): Path to save screenshot to. Defaults to None.

    full_page (bool): Whether to take a screenshot of the full scrollable page. Cannot be used with selector. Defaults to False.

Returns:

    Optional[bytes]: Returns the screenshot buffer, if `path` was not provided

```

</details>

### Navigate the browser

Navigate to a url:

```py

>>> page.url = 'https://bing.com'

# or use goto

>>> page.goto('https://bing.com')

```

Navigate through page history:

```py

>>> page.back()

>>> page.forward()

```

### Controlling elements

Click an element:

```py

>>> page.click('#my-button')

# or through the html parser

>>> page.html.find('#my-button').click()

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    selector (str): CSS selector to click.

    button (Literal['left', 'right', 'middle'], optional): Mouse button to click. Defaults to 'left'.

    count (int, optional): Number of clicks. Defaults to 1.

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

    wait_after (bool, optional): Wait for a page event before continuing. Defaults to True.

```

</details>

Hover over an element:

```py

>>> page.hover('.dropbtn')

# or through the html parser

>>> page.html.find('.dropbtn').hover()

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    selector (str): CSS selector to hover over

    modifiers (List[Literal['Alt', 'Control', 'Meta', 'Shift']], optional): Modifier keys to press. Defaults to None.

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 90.

```

</details>

Type text into an element:

```py

>>> page.type('#my-input', 'Hello world!')

# or through the html parser

>>> page.html.find('#my-input').type('Hello world!')

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    selector (str): CSS selector to type in

    text (str): Text to type

    delay (int, optional): Delay between keypresses in ms. On mock_human, this is randomized by 50%. Defaults to 50.

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

```

</details>

Drag and drop an element:

```py

>>> page.dragTo('#source-selector', '#target-selector')

# or through the html parser

>>> page.html.find('#source-selector').dragTo('#target-selector')

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    source (str): Source to drag from

    target (str): Target to drop to

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

    wait_after (bool, optional): Wait for a page event before continuing. Defaults to False.

    check (bool, optional): Check if an element is draggable before running. Defaults to False.

Throws:

    hrequests.exceptions.BrowserTimeoutException: If timeout is reached

```

</details>

### Check page elements

Check if a selector is visible and enabled:

```py

>>> page.isVisible('#my-selector'): bool

>>> page.isEnabled('#my-selector'): bool

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    selector (str): Selector to check

```

</details>

Evaluate and return a script:

```py

>>> page.evaluate('selector => document.querySelector(selector).checked', '#my-selector')

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    script (str): Javascript to evaluate in the page

    arg (str, optional): Argument to pass into the javascript function

```

</details>

### Awaiting events

```py

>>> page.awaitNavigation()

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

Throws:

    hrequests.exceptions.BrowserTimeoutException: If timeout is reached

```

</details>

Wait for a script or function to return a truthy value:

```py

>>> page.awaitScript('selector => document.querySelector(selector).value === 100', '#progress')

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    script (str): Script to evaluate

    arg (str, optional): Argument to pass to script

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

Throws:

    hrequests.exceptions.BrowserTimeoutException: If timeout is reached

```

</details>

Wait for the URL to match:

```py

>>> page.awaitUrl(re.compile(r'https?://www\.google\.com/.*'), timeout=10)

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    url (Union[str, Pattern[str], Callable[[str], bool]]) - URL to match for

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

Throws:

    hrequests.exceptions.BrowserTimeoutException: If timeout is reached

```

</details>

Wait for an element to exist on the page:

```py

>>> page.awaitSelector('#my-selector')

# or through the html parser

>>> page.html.find('#my-selector').awaitSelector()

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    selector (str): Selector to wait for

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

Throws:

    hrequests.exceptions.BrowserTimeoutException: If timeout is reached

```

</details>

Wait for an element to be enabled:

```py

>>> page.awaitEnabled('#my-selector')

# or through the html parser

>>> page.html.find('#my-selector').awaitEnabled()

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    selector (str): Selector to wait for

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

Throws:

    hrequests.exceptions.BrowserTimeoutException: If timeout is reached

```

</details>

Screenshot an element:

```py

>>> page.screenshot('#my-selector', path='screenshot.png')

# or through the html parser

>>> page.html.find('#my-selector').screenshot('selector.png')

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Screenshot an element

Parameters:

    selector (str, optional): CSS selector to screenshot

    path (str, optional): Path to save screenshot to. Defaults to None.

    full_page (bool): Whether to take a screenshot of the full scrollable page. Cannot be used with selector. Defaults to False.

Returns:

    Optional[bytes]: Returns the screenshot buffer, if `path` was not provided

```

</details>

### Adding Firefox/Chrome extensions

Firefox/Chrome extensions can be easily imported into a browser session. Some potentially useful extensions include:

- **hektCaptcha** - Hcaptcha solver ([Chrome](https://github.com/Wikidepia/hektCaptcha-extension))

- **uBlock Origin** - Ad & popup blocker ([Chrome](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock), [Firefox](https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock))

- **FastForward** - Bypass & skip link redirects ([Chrome](https://nightly.link/FastForwardTeam/FastForward/workflows/main/main/FastForward_chromium.zip), [Firefox](https://nightly.link/FastForwardTeam/FastForward/workflows/main/main/FastForward_firefox.zip))

Note: Firefox extensions are _Firefox-only_, and Chrome extensions are _Chrome-only_.

If you plan on using Firefox-specific or Chrome-specific extensions, make sure to set your `browser` parameter to the correct browser before rendering the page:

```py

# when dealing with captchas, make sure to use firefox

>>> resp = hrequests.get('https://accounts.hcaptcha.com/demo', browser='firefox')

```

Extensions are added with the `extensions` parameter:

- This can be an list of absolute paths to unpacked extensions:

  ```py

  with resp.render(extensions=['C:\\extensions\\hektcaptcha', 'C:\\extensions\\ublockorigin']):

  ```

- Or a folder containing the unpacked extensions:

  ```py

  with resp.render(extensions='C:\\extentions'):

  ```

  Note that these need to be _unpacked_ extensions. You can unpack a `.crx` file by changing the file extension to `.zip` and extracting the contents.

Here is an usage example of using a captcha solver:

```py

>>> resp = hrequests.get('https://accounts.hcaptcha.com/demo', browser='firefox')

>>> with resp.render(extensions=['C:\\extensions\\hektcaptcha']) as page:

...     page.awaitSelector('.hcaptcha-success')  # wait for captcha to finish

...     page.click('input[type=submit]')

```

### Requests & Responses

Requests can also be sent within browser sessions. These operate the same as the standard `hrequests.request`, and will use the browser's cookies and headers. The `BrowserSession` cookies will be updated with each request.

This returns a normal `Response` object:

```py

>>> resp = page.get('https://duckduckgo.com')

```

<details>

<summary>Parameters</summary>

```

Parameters:

    url (str): URL to send request to

    params (dict, optional): Dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL. Defaults to None.

    data (Union[str, dict], optional): Data to send to request. Defaults to None.

    headers (dict, optional): Dictionary of HTTP headers to send with the request. Defaults to None.

    form (dict, optional): Form data to send with the request. Defaults to None.

    multipart (dict, optional): Multipart data to send with the request. Defaults to None.

    timeout (float, optional): Timeout in seconds. Defaults to 30.

    verify (bool, optional): Verify the server's TLS certificate. Defaults to True.

    max_redirects (int, optional): Maximum number of redirects to follow. Defaults to None.

Throws:

    hrequests.exceptions.BrowserTimeoutException: If timeout is reached

Returns:

    hrequests.response.Response: Response object

```

</details>

Other methods include `post`, `put`, `delete`, `head`, and `patch`.

### Closing the page

The `BrowserSession` object must be closed when finished. This will close the browser, update the response data, and merge new cookies with the session cookies.

```py

>>> page.close()

```

Note that this is automatically done when using a context manager.

Session cookies are updated:

```py

>>> session.cookies: RequestsCookieJar

<RequestsCookieJar[Cookie(version=0, name='MUID', value='123456789', port=None, port_specified=False, domain='.bing.com', domain_specified=True, domain_initial_dot=True...

```

Response data is updated:

```py

>>> resp.url: str

'https://www.bing.com/?toWww=1&redig=823778234657823652376438'

>>> resp.content: Union[bytes, str]

'<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr"><head><meta name="theme-color" content="#4F4F4F"><meta name="description" content="Bing helps you turn inform...

```

#### Other ways to create a Browser Session

You can use `.render` to spawn a `BrowserSession` object directly from a url:

```py

# Using a Session:

>>> page = session.render('https://google.com')

# Or without a session at all:

>>> page = hrequests.render('https://google.com')

```

Make sure to close all `BrowserSession` objects when done!

```py

>>> page.close()

```

---