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https://github.com/e3b0c442/keywords

A list and count of keywords in programming languages.
https://github.com/e3b0c442/keywords
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A list and count of keywords in programming languages.
Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/e3b0c442/keywords
Owner: e3b0c442
License: other
Fork: true (leighmcculloch/keywords)
Created: 2018-12-12T13:47:25.000Z (about 6 years ago)
Default Branch: main
Last Pushed: 2024-10-26T20:24:09.000Z (3 months ago)
Last Synced: 2024-10-26T22:26:06.368Z (3 months ago)
Language: Go
Homepage:
Size: 395 KB
Stars: 193
Watchers: 2
Forks: 21
Open Issues: 2
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
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my-awesome - e3b0c442/keywords - 10 star:0.2k fork:0.0k A list and count of keywords in programming languages. (Go)
README

        # Keywords

A list and count of keywords in programming languages. Based on work originally

compiled by [@leighmcculloch](https://github.com/leighmcculloch) and contributors.

_2022 update (WIP):_ I took the latest versions of several popularity lists and am ensuring the top 10 in all three lists were on this list. There have been some pretty significant changes in the past couple of years, including the addition of some _soft_ or _contextual_ keywords in Python 3 and Java, increasing their keyword counts significantly.

In addition to the above, I migrated CI to GitHub Actions and am working to ensure multiple language versions with different keyword sets are represented.

![Languages by keyword](chart.png)

## Why does it matter?

The number of keywords in a programming language _can_ be an indication to it's simplicity/complexity, and that can impact the simplicity/complexity of the solutions that developers produce using it. Complex solutions can be more expensive to maintain and difficult to hire for. However, this is dependent on many factors and keyword count is only one; language idioms also play a massive part.

## License

Source code in this repository is licensed under the MIT License.

Compiled data in this repository is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License.

`SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT AND CC-BY-4.0`

## Contribute

Don't see a language here? Please open a pull request adding it!

## Keyword List

* [C (ANSI (C89)) (32 keywords)](#c-ansi-c89-32-keywords)

* [C (C11) (44 keywords)](#c-c11-44-keywords)

* [C (C17) (44 keywords)](#c-c17-44-keywords)

* [C (C99) (37 keywords)](#c-c99-37-keywords)

* [C# (8.0) (107 keywords)](#c-80-107-keywords)

* [C++ (C++03) (74 keywords)](#c-c-03-74-keywords)

* [C++ (C++11) (84 keywords)](#c-c-11-84-keywords)

* [C++ (C++14) (84 keywords)](#c-c-14-84-keywords)

* [C++ (C++17) (84 keywords)](#c-c-17-84-keywords)

* [C++ (C++20) (92 keywords)](#c-c-20-92-keywords)

* [C++ (C++98) (74 keywords)](#c-c-98-74-keywords)

* [Dart (2.2) (33 keywords)](#dart-22-33-keywords)

* [Elixir (1.10) (15 keywords)](#elixir-110-15-keywords)

* [Erlang (23) (27 keywords)](#erlang-23-27-keywords)

* [Fortran (Fortran 2008) (103 keywords)](#fortran-fortran-2008-103-keywords)

* [Go (1.18) (25 keywords)](#go-118-25-keywords)

* [Java (SE 11 LTS) (51 keywords)](#java-se-11-lts-51-keywords)

* [Java (SE 17 LTS) (67 keywords)](#java-se-17-lts-67-keywords)

* [JavaScript (1st edition) (35 keywords)](#javascript-1st-edition-35-keywords)

* [JavaScript (2nd edition) (59 keywords)](#javascript-2nd-edition-59-keywords)

* [JavaScript (3rd edition) (59 keywords)](#javascript-3rd-edition-59-keywords)

* [JavaScript (5th edition) (45 keywords)](#javascript-5th-edition-45-keywords)

* [JavaScript (6th edition) (46 keywords)](#javascript-6th-edition-46-keywords)

* [Kotlin (1.4) (79 keywords)](#kotlin-14-79-keywords)

* [Lua (5.3) (22 keywords)](#lua-53-22-keywords)

* [MATLAB (R2020a) (20 keywords)](#matlab-r2020a-20-keywords)

* [Objective-C (2.0) (85 keywords)](#objective-c-20-85-keywords)

* [PHP (7.4) (69 keywords)](#php-74-69-keywords)

* [Python 2 (2.7) (31 keywords)](#python-2-27-31-keywords)

* [Python 3 (3.10) (38 keywords)](#python-3-310-38-keywords)

* [R (4.0) (21 keywords)](#r-40-21-keywords)

* [Ruby (2.7) (41 keywords)](#ruby-27-41-keywords)

* [Rust (1.46) (53 keywords)](#rust-146-53-keywords)

* [Scala (2.13) (40 keywords)](#scala-213-40-keywords)

* [Swift (5.3) (97 keywords)](#swift-53-97-keywords)

* [Visual Basic (2019) (217 keywords)](#visual-basic-2019-217-keywords)

### C (ANSI (C89)) (32 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  auto | break | case | char |

|  const | continue | default | do |

|  double | else | enum | extern |

|  float | for | goto | if |

|  int | long | register | return |

|  short | signed | sizeof | static |

|  struct | switch | typedef | union |

|  unsigned | void | volatile | while |

#### Sources:

[http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/c89-draft.html#3.1.1](http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/c89-draft.html#3.1.1)

### C (C11) (44 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  auto | break | case | char |

|  const | continue | default | do |

|  double | else | enum | extern |

|  float | for | goto | if |

|  inline | int | long | register |

|  restrict | return | short | signed |

|  sizeof | static | struct | switch |

|  typedef | union | unsigned | void |

|  volatile | while | _Alignas | _Alignof |

|  _Atomic | _Bool | _Complex | _Generic |

|  _Imaginary | _Noreturn | _Static_assert | _Thread_local |

#### Sources:

[https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf](https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1570.pdf)

### C (C17) (44 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  auto | break | case | char |

|  const | continue | default | do |

|  double | else | enum | extern |

|  float | for | goto | if |

|  inline | int | long | register |

|  restrict | return | short | signed |

|  sizeof | static | struct | switch |

|  typedef | union | unsigned | void |

|  volatile | while | _Alignas | _Alignof |

|  _Atomic | _Bool | _Complex | _Generic |

|  _Imaginary | _Noreturn | _Static_assert | _Thread_local |

#### Sources:

[https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n2310.pdf](https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n2310.pdf)

### C (C99) (37 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  auto | break | case | char |

|  const | continue | default | do |

|  double | else | enum | extern |

|  float | for | goto | if |

|  inline | int | long | register |

|  restrict | return | short | signed |

|  sizeof | static | struct | switch |

|  typedef | union | unsigned | void |

|  volatile | while | _Bool | _Complex |

|  _Imaginary |

#### Sources:

[https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf](https://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n1256.pdf)

### C# (8.0) (107 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  abstract | as | base | bool |

|  break | byte | case | catch |

|  char | checked | class | const |

|  continue | decimal | default | delegate |

|  do | double | else | enum |

|  event | explicit | extern | false |

|  finally | fixed | float | for |

|  foreach | goto | if | implicit |

|  in | int | interface | internal |

|  is | lock | long | namespace |

|  new | null | object | operator |

|  out | override | params | private |

|  protected | public | readonly | ref |

|  return | sbyte | sealed | short |

|  sizeof | stackalloc | static | string |

|  struct | switch | this | throw |

|  true | try | typeof | uint |

|  ulong | unchecked | unsafe | ushort |

|  using | virtual | void | volatile |

|  while | add | alias | ascending |

|  async | await | by | descending |

|  dynamic | equals | from | get |

|  global | group | into | join |

|  let | nameof | notnull | on |

|  orderby | partial | remove | select |

|  set | unmanaged | value | var |

|  when | where | yield |

#### Sources:

[https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c075178_ISO_IEC_23270_2018.zip](https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c075178_ISO_IEC_23270_2018.zip)

### C++ (C++03) (74 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  asm | auto | bool | break |

|  case | catch | char | class |

|  const | const_cast | continue | default |

|  delete | do | double | dynamic_cast |

|  else | enum | explicit | export |

|  extern | false | float | for |

|  friend | goto | if | inline |

|  int | long | mutable | namespace |

|  new | operator | private | protected |

|  public | register | reinterpret_cast | return |

|  short | signed | sizeof | static |

|  static_cast | struct | switch | template |

|  this | throw | true | try |

|  typedef | typeid | typename | union |

|  unsigned | using | virtual | void |

|  volatile | wchar_t | while | and |

|  and_eq | bitand | bitor | compl |

|  not | not_eq | or | or_eq |

|  xor | xor_eq |

#### Sources:

[http://staff.ustc.edu.cn/~zhuang/cpp/specs/ISO_IEC%2014882%202003.pdf](http://staff.ustc.edu.cn/~zhuang/cpp/specs/ISO_IEC%2014882%202003.pdf)

### C++ (C++11) (84 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  alignas | alignof | asm | auto |

|  bool | break | case | catch |

|  char | char_16t | char_32t | class |

|  const | constexpr | const_cast | continue |

|  decltype | default | delete | do |

|  double | dynamic_cast | else | enum |

|  explicit | export | extern | false |

|  float | for | friend | goto |

|  if | inline | int | long |

|  mutable | namespace | new | noexcept |

|  nullptr | operator | private | protected |

|  public | register | reinterpret_cast | return |

|  short | signed | sizeof | static |

|  static_assert | static_cast | struct | switch |

|  template | this | thread_local | throw |

|  true | try | typedef | typeid |

|  typename | union | unsigned | using |

|  virtual | void | volatile | wchar_t |

|  while | and | and_eq | bitand |

|  bitor | compl | not | not_eq |

|  or | or_eq | xor | xor_eq |

#### Sources:

[https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf](https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf)

### C++ (C++14) (84 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  alignas | alignof | asm | auto |

|  bool | break | case | catch |

|  char | char_16t | char_32t | class |

|  const | constexpr | const_cast | continue |

|  decltype | default | delete | do |

|  double | dynamic_cast | else | enum |

|  explicit | export | extern | false |

|  float | for | friend | goto |

|  if | inline | int | long |

|  mutable | namespace | new | noexcept |

|  nullptr | operator | private | protected |

|  public | register | reinterpret_cast | return |

|  short | signed | sizeof | static |

|  static_assert | static_cast | struct | switch |

|  template | this | thread_local | throw |

|  true | try | typedef | typeid |

|  typename | union | unsigned | using |

|  virtual | void | volatile | wchar_t |

|  while | and | and_eq | bitand |

|  bitor | compl | not | not_eq |

|  or | or_eq | xor | xor_eq |

#### Sources:

[https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf](https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf)

### C++ (C++17) (84 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  alignas | alignof | asm | auto |

|  bool | break | case | catch |

|  char | char16_t | char32_t | class |

|  const | constexpr | const_cast | continue |

|  decltype | default | delete | do |

|  double | dynamic_cast | else | enum |

|  explicit | export | extern | false |

|  float | for | friend | goto |

|  if | inline | int | long |

|  mutable | namespace | new | noexcept |

|  nullptr | operator | private | protected |

|  public | register | reinterpret_cast | return |

|  short | signed | sizeof | static |

|  static_assert | static_cast | struct | switch |

|  template | this | thread_local | throw |

|  true | try | typedef | typeid |

|  typename | union | unsigned | using |

|  virtual | void | volatile | wchar_t |

|  while | and | and_eq | bitand |

|  bitor | compl | not | not_eq |

|  or | or_eq | xor | xor_eq |

#### Sources:

[http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/n4659.pdf](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/n4659.pdf)

### C++ (C++20) (92 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  alignas | alignof | asm | auto |

|  bool | break | case | catch |

|  char | char8_t | char16_t | char32_t |

|  class | concept | const | consteval |

|  constexpr | constinit | const_cast | continue |

|  co_await | co_return | co_yield | decltype |

|  default | delete | do | double |

|  dynamic_cast | else | enum | explicit |

|  export | extern | false | float |

|  for | friend | goto | if |

|  inline | int | long | mutable |

|  namespace | new | noexcept | nullptr |

|  operator | private | protected | public |

|  register | reinterpret_cast | requires | return |

|  short | signed | sizeof | static |

|  static_assert | static_cast | struct | switch |

|  template | this | thread_local | throw |

|  true | try | typedef | typeid |

|  typename | union | unsigned | using |

|  virtual | void | volatile | wchar_t |

|  while | and | and_eq | bitand |

|  bitor | compl | not | not_eq |

|  or | or_eq | xor | xor_eq |

#### Sources:

[https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/n4849.pdf](https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2020/n4849.pdf)

### C++ (C++98) (74 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  asm | auto | bool | break |

|  case | catch | char | class |

|  const | const_cast | continue | default |

|  delete | do | double | dynamic_cast |

|  else | enum | explicit | export |

|  extern | false | float | for |

|  friend | goto | if | inline |

|  int | long | mutable | namespace |

|  new | operator | private | protected |

|  public | register | reinterpret_cast | return |

|  short | signed | sizeof | static |

|  static_cast | struct | switch | template |

|  this | throw | true | try |

|  typedef | typeid | typename | union |

|  unsigned | using | virtual | void |

|  volatile | wchar_t | while | and |

|  and_eq | bitand | bitor | compl |

|  not | not_eq | or | or_eq |

|  xor | xor_eq |

#### Sources:

[https://www.lirmm.fr/~ducour/Doc-objets/ISO+IEC+14882-1998.pdf](https://www.lirmm.fr/~ducour/Doc-objets/ISO+IEC+14882-1998.pdf)

### Dart (2.2) (33 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  assert | break | case | catch |

|  class | const | continue | default |

|  do | else | enum | extends |

|  false | final | finally | for |

|  if | in | is | new |

|  null | rethrow | return | super |

|  switch | this | throw | true |

|  try | var | void | while |

|  with |

#### Sources:

[https://dart.dev/guides/language/specifications/DartLangSpec-v2.2.pdf](https://dart.dev/guides/language/specifications/DartLangSpec-v2.2.pdf)

### Elixir (1.10) (15 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  true | false | nil | when |

|  and | or | not | in |

|  fn | do | end | catch |

|  rescue | after | else |

#### Sources:

[https://hexdocs.pm/elixir/syntax-reference.html#reserved-words](https://hexdocs.pm/elixir/syntax-reference.html#reserved-words)

### Erlang (23) (27 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  after | and | andalso | band |

|  begin | bnot | bor | bsl |

|  bsr | bxor | case | catch |

|  cond | div | end | fun |

|  if | let | not | of |

|  or | orelse | receive | rem |

|  try | when | xor |

#### Sources:

[http://erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/introduction.html#reserved-words](http://erlang.org/doc/reference_manual/introduction.html#reserved-words)

### Fortran (Fortran 2008) (103 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  abstract | allocatable | allocate | assign |

|  associate | asynchronous | backspace | bind |

|  block | block data | call | case |

|  class | close | codimension | common |

|  contains | contiguous | continue | critical |

|  cycle | data | deallocate | deferred |

|  dimension | do | do concurrent | elemental |

|  else | else if | elsewhere | end |

|  endfile | endif | entry | enum |

|  enumerator | equivalence | error stop | exit |

|  extends | external | final | flush |

|  forall | format | function | generic |

|  goto | if | implicit | import |

|  include | inquire | intent | interface |

|  intrinsic | lock | module | namelist |

|  non_overridable | nopass | nullify | only |

|  open | operator | optional | parameter |

|  pass | pause | pointer | print |

|  private | procedure | program | protected |

|  public | pure | read | recursive |

|  result | return | rewind | rewrite |

|  save | select | sequence | stop |

|  submodule | subroutine | sync all | sync images |

|  sync memory | target | then | unlock |

|  use | value | volatile | wait |

|  where | while | write |

#### Sources:

[http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/Keywords](http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/Keywords)

### Go (1.18) (25 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  break | case | chan | const |

|  continue | default | defer | else |

|  fallthrough | for | func | go |

|  goto | if | import | interface |

|  map | package | range | return |

|  select | struct | switch | type |

|  var |

#### Sources:

[https://golang.org/ref/spec#Keywords](https://golang.org/ref/spec#Keywords)

### Java (SE 11 LTS) (51 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  abstract | assert | boolean | break |

|  byte | case | catch | char |

|  class | const | continue | default |

|  do | double | else | enum |

|  extends | final | finally | float |

|  for | if | goto | implements |

|  import | instanceof | int | interface |

|  long | native | new | package |

|  private | protected | public | return |

|  short | static | strictfp | super |

|  switch | synchronized | this | throw |

|  throws | transient | try | void |

|  volatile | while | _ |

#### Sources:

[https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se11/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.9](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se11/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.9)

### Java (SE 17 LTS) (67 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  abstract | assert | boolean | break |

|  byte | case | catch | char |

|  class | const | continue | default |

|  do | double | else | enum |

|  extends | final | finally | float |

|  for | if | goto | implements |

|  import | instanceof | int | interface |

|  long | native | new | package |

|  private | protected | public | return |

|  short | static | strictfp | super |

|  switch | synchronized | this | throw |

|  throws | transient | try | void |

|  volatile | while | _ | exports |

|  module | non-sealed | open | opens |

|  permits | provides | record | requires |

|  sealed | to | transitive | uses |

|  var | with | yield |

#### Sources:

[https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se17/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.9](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se17/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.9)

### JavaScript (1st edition) (35 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  break | continue | delete | else |

|  for | function | if | in |

|  new | return | this | typeof |

|  var | void | while | with |

|  case | catch | class | const |

|  debugger | default | do | enum |

|  export | extends | finally | import |

|  super | switch | throw | try |

|  null | true | false |

#### Sources:

[https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_1st_edition_june_1997.pdf](https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_1st_edition_june_1997.pdf)

### JavaScript (2nd edition) (59 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  break | continue | delete | else |

|  for | function | if | in |

|  new | return | this | typeof |

|  var | void | while | with |

|  abstract | boolean | byte | case |

|  catch | char | class | const |

|  debugger | default | do | double |

|  enum | export | extends | final |

|  finally | float | goto | implements |

|  import | instanceof | int | interface |

|  long | native | package | private |

|  protected | public | short | static |

|  super | switch | synchronized | throw |

|  throws | transient | try | volatile |

|  null | true | false |

#### Sources:

[https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_2nd_edition_august_1998.pdf](https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_2nd_edition_august_1998.pdf)

### JavaScript (3rd edition) (59 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  break | case | catch | continue |

|  default | delete | do | else |

|  finally | for | function | if |

|  in | instanceof | new | return |

|  switch | this | throw | try |

|  typeof | var | void | while |

|  with | abstract | boolean | byte |

|  char | class | const | debugger |

|  double | enum | export | extends |

|  final | float | goto | implements |

|  import | int | interface | long |

|  native | package | private | protected |

|  public | short | static | super |

|  synchronized | throws | transient | volatile |

|  null | true | false |

#### Sources:

[https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_3rd_edition_december_1999.pdf](https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_3rd_edition_december_1999.pdf)

### JavaScript (5th edition) (45 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  break | case | catch | continue |

|  debugger | default | delete | do |

|  else | finally | for | function |

|  if | in | instanceof | new |

|  return | switch | this | throw |

|  try | typeof | var | void |

|  while | with | class | const |

|  enum | export | extends | import |

|  super | implements | interface | let |

|  package | private | protected | public |

|  static | yield | null | true |

|  false |

#### Sources:

[https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_5th_edition_december_2009.pdf](https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_5th_edition_december_2009.pdf)

### JavaScript (6th edition) (46 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  break | case | catch | class |

|  const | continue | debugger | default |

|  delete | do | else | export |

|  extends | finally | for | function |

|  if | import | in | instanceof |

|  new | return | super | switch |

|  this | throw | try | typeof |

|  var | void | while | with |

|  yield | let | static | enum |

|  await | implements | interface | package |

|  private | protected | public | null |

|  true | false |

#### Sources:

[https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_5th_edition_december_2009.pdf](https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-262_5th_edition_december_2009.pdf)

### Kotlin (1.4) (79 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  as | as? | break | class |

|  continue | do | else | false |

|  for | fun | if | in |

|  !in | interface | is | !is |

|  null | object | package | return |

|  super | this | throw | true |

|  try | typealias | typeof | val |

|  var | when | while | by |

|  catch | constructor | delegate | dynamic |

|  field | file | finally | get |

|  import | init | param | property |

|  receiver | set | setparam | where |

|  actual | abstract | annotation | companion |

|  const | crossinline | data | enum |

|  expect | external | final | infix |

|  inline | inner | internal | lateinit |

|  noinline | open | operator | out |

|  override | private | protected | public |

|  reified | sealed | suspend | tailrec |

|  vararg | field | it |

#### Sources:

[https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/keyword-reference.html](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/keyword-reference.html)

### Lua (5.3) (22 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  and | break | do | else |

|  elseif | end | false | for |

|  function | goto | if | in |

|  local | nil | not | or |

|  repeat | return | then | true |

|  until | while |

#### Sources:

[https://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html#3.1](https://www.lua.org/manual/5.3/manual.html#3.1)

### MATLAB (R2020a) (20 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  break | case | catch | classdef |

|  continue | else | elseif | end |

|  for | function | global | if |

|  otherwise | parfor | persistent | return |

|  spmd | switch | try | while |

#### Sources:

[https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/iskeyword.html](https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/iskeyword.html)

### Objective-C (2.0) (85 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  asm | auto | break | case |

|  char | const | continue | default |

|  do | double | else | enum |

|  extern | float | for | goto |

|  if | inline | int | long |

|  register | restrict | return | short |

|  signed | sizeof | static | struct |

|  switch | typedef | union | unsigned |

|  void | volatile | while | _Bool |

|  _Complex | __block | Imaginary | id |

|  Class | SEL | IMP | BOOL |

|  nil | Nil | YES | NO |

|  self | super | _cmd | __strong |

|  __weak | __autoreleasing | __unsafe_unretained | oneway |

|  In | out | inout | bycopy |

|  byref | @autoreleasepool | @interface | @implementation |

|  @protocol | @end | @private | @protected |

|  @public | @package | @try | @throw |

|  @catch() | @finally | @property | @synthesize |

|  @dynamic | @class | @selector() | @protocol() |

|  @required | @optional | @encode | @"string" |

|  @synchronized() |

#### Sources:

[https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-objective-c-20/9780321712110/](https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/learning-objective-c-20/9780321712110/)

### PHP (7.4) (69 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  __halt_compiler() | abstract | and | array() |

|  as | break | callable | case |

|  catch | class | clone | const |

|  continue | declare | default | die() |

|  do | echo | else | elseif |

|  empty() | enddeclare | endfor | endforeach |

|  endif | endswitch | endwhile | eval() |

|  exit() | extends | final | finally |

|  fn | for | foreach | function |

|  global | goto | if | implements |

|  include | include_once | instanceof | insteadof |

|  interface | isset() | list() | namespace |

|  new | or | print | private |

|  protected | public | require | require_once |

|  return | static | switch | throw |

|  trait | try | unset() | use |

|  var | while | xor | yield |

|  yield from |

#### Sources:

[http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.keywords.php](http://php.net/manual/en/reserved.keywords.php)

### Python 2 (2.7) (31 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  and | as | assert | break |

|  class | continue | def | del |

|  elif | else | except | exec |

|  finally | for | from | global |

|  if | import | in | is |

|  lambda | not | or | pass |

|  print | raise | return | try |

|  while | with | yield |

#### Sources:

[https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords](https://docs.python.org/2.7/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords)

### Python 3 (3.10) (38 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  False | None | True | and |

|  as | assert | async | await |

|  break | class | continue | def |

|  del | elif | else | except |

|  finally | for | from | global |

|  if | import | in | is |

|  lambda | nonlocal | not | or |

|  pass | raise | return | try |

|  while | with | yield | match |

|  case | _ |

#### Sources:

[https://docs.python.org/3.10/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords](https://docs.python.org/3.10/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords)

[https://docs.python.org/3.10/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords](https://docs.python.org/3.10/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords)

### R (4.0) (21 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  ... | ..1 | FALSE | Inf |

|  NA | NA_character_ | NA_complex_ | NA_integer_ |

|  NA_real_ | NaN | NULL | TRUE |

|  break | else | for | function |

|  if | in | next | repeat |

|  while |

#### Sources:

[https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-lang.html#Reserved-words](https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-lang.html#Reserved-words)

### Ruby (2.7) (41 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  _ENCODING_ | _LINE_ | _FILE_ | BEGIN |

|  END | alias | and | begin |

|  break | case | class | def |

|  defined? | do | else | elsif |

|  end | ensure | false | for |

|  if | in | module | next |

|  nil | not | or | redo |

|  rescue | retry | return | self |

|  super | then | true | undef |

|  unless | until | when | while |

|  yield |

#### Sources:

[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/2.7.0/keywords_rdoc.html](https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/2.7.0/keywords_rdoc.html)

### Rust (1.46) (53 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  as | break | const | continue |

|  crate | else | enum | extern |

|  false | fn | for | if |

|  impl | in | let | loop |

|  match | mod | move | mut |

|  pub | ref | return | self |

|  Self | static | struct | super |

|  trait | true | type | unsafe |

|  use | where | while | async |

|  await | dyn | abstract | become |

|  box | do | final | macro |

|  override | priv | typeof | unsized |

|  virtual | yield | try | union |

|  \'static |

#### Sources:

[https://doc.rust-lang.org/grammar.html#keywords](https://doc.rust-lang.org/grammar.html#keywords)

### Scala (2.13) (40 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  abstract | case | catch | class |

|  def | do | else | extends |

|  false | final | finally | for |

|  forSome | if | implicit | import |

|  lazy | macro | match | new |

|  null | object | override | package |

|  private | protected | return | sealed |

|  super | this | throw | trait |

|  try | true | type | val |

|  var | while | with | yield |

#### Sources:

[https://scala-lang.org/files/archive/spec/2.13/01-lexical-syntax.html](https://scala-lang.org/files/archive/spec/2.13/01-lexical-syntax.html)

### Swift (5.3) (97 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  associatedtype | class | deinit | enum |

|  extension | fileprivate | func | import |

|  init | inout | internal | let |

|  open | operator | private | protocol |

|  public | rethrows | static | struct |

|  subscript | typealias | var | break |

|  case | continue | default | defer |

|  do | else | fallthrough | for |

|  guard | if | in | repeat |

|  return | switch | where | while |

|  as | Any | catch | false |

|  is | nil | super | self |

|  Self | throw | throws | true |

|  try | _ | #available | #colorLiteral |

|  #column | #else | #elseif | #endif |

|  #error | #file | #filePath | #fileLiteral |

|  #function | #if | #imageLiteral | #line |

|  #selector | #sourceLocation | #warning | associativity |

|  convenience | dynamic | didSet | final |

|  get | infix | indirect | lazy |

|  left | mutating | none | nonmutating |

|  optional | override | postfix | precedence |

|  prefix | Protocol | required | right |

|  set | Type | unowned | weak |

|  willSet |

#### Sources:

[https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/LexicalStructure.html](https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/ReferenceManual/LexicalStructure.html)

### Visual Basic (2019) (217 keywords)

| | | | |

|---|---|---|---|

|  AddHandler | AddressOf | Alias | And |

|  AndAlso | As | Boolean | ByRef |

|  Byte | ByVal | Call | Case |

|  Catch | CBool | CByte | CChar |

|  CDate | CDbl | CDec | Char |

|  CInt | Class | CLng | CObj |

|  Const | Continue | CSByte | CShort |

|  CSng | CStr | CType | CUInt |

|  CULng | CUShort | Date | Decimal |

|  Declare | Default | Delegate | Dim |

|  DirectCast | Do | Double | Each |

|  Else | ElseIf | End | EndIf |

|  Enum | Erase | Error | Event |

|  Exit | False | Finally | For |

|  For Each | Friend | Function | Get |

|  GetType | GetXMLNamespace | Global | GoSub |

|  GoTo | Handles | If | If() |

|  Implements | Imports | In | Inherits |

|  Integer | Interface | Is | IsNot |

|  Let | Lib | Like | Long |

|  Loop | Me | Mod | Module |

|  MustInherit | MustOverride | MyBase | MyClass |

|  NameOf | Namespace | Narrowing | New |

|  Next | Not | Nothing | NotInheritable |

|  NotOverridable | Object | Of | On |

|  Operator | Option | Optional | Or |

|  OrElse | Out | Overloads | Overridable |

|  Overrides | ParamArray | Partial | Private |

|  Property | Protected | Public | RaiseEvent |

|  ReadOnly | ReDim | REM | RemoveHandler |

|  Resume | Return | SByte | Select |

|  Set | Shadows | Shared | Short |

|  Single | Static | Step | Stop |

|  String | Structure | Sub | SyncLock |

|  Then | Throw | To | True |

|  Try | TryCast | TypeOf | UInteger |

|  ULong | UShort | Using | Variant |

|  Wend | When | While | Widening |

|  With | WithEvents | WriteOnly | Xor |

|  #Const | #Else | #ElseIf | #End |

|  #If | = | & | &= |

|  * | *= | / | /= |

|  \ | \= | ^ | ^= |

|  + | += | - | -= |

|  >> | >>= | << | <<= |

|  Aggregate | Ansi | Assembly | Async |

|  Auto | Await | Binary | Compare |

|  Custom | Distinct | Equals | Explicit |

|  From | Group By | Group Join | Into |

|  IsFalse | IsTrue | Iterator | Join |

|  Key | Mid | Off | Order By |

|  Preserve | Skip | Skip While | Strict |

|  Take | Take While | Text | Unicode |

|  Until | Where | Yield | #ExternalSource |

|  #Region |

#### Sources:

[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/visual-basic/language-reference/keywords/](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/visual-basic/language-reference/keywords/)