https://github.com/eoinkelly/ember-runloop-handbook

A deep dive into the Ember JS runloop.
https://github.com/eoinkelly/ember-runloop-handbook

ember ember-application ember-framework ember-runloop emberjs javascript runloop

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A deep dive into the Ember JS runloop.

• Host: GitHub
• URL: https://github.com/eoinkelly/ember-runloop-handbook
• Owner: eoinkelly
• Created: 2014-08-23T21:22:21.000Z (about 10 years ago)
• Default Branch: master
• Last Pushed: 2019-05-20T23:50:47.000Z (over 5 years ago)
• Last Synced: 2024-10-31T01:02:24.515Z (20 days ago)
• Topics: ember, ember-application, ember-framework, ember-runloop, emberjs, javascript, runloop
• Language: JavaScript
• Size: 833 KB
• Stars: 369
• Watchers: 11
• Forks: 33
• Open Issues: 0
• Metadata Files:
  • Readme: README.md

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README

        
# Ember runloop handbook

by [Eoin Kelly](https://twitter.com/eoinkelly)

![Creative Commons License](https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png)

# Table of contents

- [Contributing](#contributing)

- [Introduction](#introduction)

    - [Naming is hard](#naming-is-hard)

- [Why do we have a runloop?](#why-do-we-have-a-runloop)

- [Enter the Ember!](#enter-the-ember)

    - [Things we already know](#things-we-already-know)

    - [Where does the framework end and my app begin](#where-does-the-framework-end-and-my-app-begin)

    - [What events does Ember listen to?](#what-events-does-ember-listen-to)

    - [How ember listens for events](#how-ember-listens-for-events)

    - [Example: A simplistic approach](#example-a-simplistic-approach)

    - [Enter the runloop](#enter-the-runloop)

    - [How it works](#how-it-works)

    - [How often do runloops happen?](#how-often-do-runloops-happen)

    - [Visualising the runloop for yourself](#visualising-the-runloop-for-yourself)

    - [Enough with the mousemove already!](#enough-with-the-mousemove-already)

    - [What are _autoruns_?](#what-are-autoruns)

    - [How is runloop behaviour different when testing?](#how-is-runloop-behaviour-different-when-testing)

- [How do I use the runloop?](#how-do-i-use-the-runloop)

    - [A note about future work](#a-note-about-future-work)

    - [A note about rate control](#a-note-about-rate-control)

- [Summary](#summary)

- [Appendices](#appendices)

    - [Sources](#sources)

    - [Other resources on the Runloop](#other-resources-on-the-runloop)

# Contributing

If you spot any of the (sadly inevitable) errors you would be doing me a great

favour by opening an issue :-).

# Introduction

You can get started with Ember application development without understanding the

runloop. However at some point you will want to dig in and understand it

properly so you can use it skillfully. It is my sincere hope that this handbook

can be your guide.

We are about to take a deep dive into the Ember.js runloop. Together we will

answer these questions:

1. Why does Ember have this runloop thing?

2. What is the runloop?

3. How can we use it skillfully?

This is not reference documentation - the [Ember API

docs](http://emberjs.com/api/) have that nicely covered. This isn't even the

_"I'm an experienced dev, just give me the concepts in a succinct way"_

documentation - the [Official Ember Run-loop

guide](https://guides.emberjs.com/v2.11.0/applications/run-loop) has that

covered. This is a longer, more detailed look at the runloop.

## Naming is hard

As you learn more about the Ember runloop you will come to understand that,

well, it just isn't very _loopish_. The name is a bit unfortunate as it

implies that there is a single instance of the runloop sitting somewhere in

memory looping endlessly _running things_. As we will see soon this is not

true.

In alternate universes the _runloop_ might have been named:

* _Ember Work Queues_

* _Ember Coordinated Work Algorithm_

* _Ember Job Scheduler_

* _Runelope (a large friendly creature that lives in your Javascript VM and

  manages the work Ember does in response to events)_

OK some of those names are really terrible (except _Runelope_ of course, that

one is pure gold and should be immediately pushed to Ember master). Naming is a

hard problem and hindsight is 20/20. The _runloop_ is what we have so that is

what we will call it but try not to infer too much about its action from its

name.

# Why do we have a runloop?

On our journey to understand the runloop we must first understand the

environment it lives in and the problems it is trying to solve.  Lets set the

scene by refreshing a few fundamentals about how Javascript runs. (If you are an

experienced Javascript developer you may want to just skip this part)

Our story begins with when the browser sends a request to the server and the

server sends HTML back as a response.

The browser then parses this HTML response. Every time it finds a script it executes it

immediately(*) Lets call this the _setup phase_.  This _setup phase_ happens

well before the user sees any content or gets a chance to interact with the DOM.

Once a script is finished executing the browser never runs it again.

(*) Things like `defer` tweak this somewhat but this is a useful simplification.

The browser does most of its communication with Javascript by sending "events".

Usually these are created in response to some action from one of:

1. The user e.g. moves their mouse (`mousemove`)

2. The network e.g. an asset has been loaded on the page (`load`)

3. Internal timers e.g. a particular timer has completed

However there are a few events that the browser generates itself to tell

Javascript about some important event in the lifecycle of the page. The most

widely used of these is `DOMContentLoaded` which tells Javascript that the HTML

has been fully parsed and the DOM (the memory structure the browser builds by

parsing the HTML) is complete. This is significant for Javascript because it

does most of its setup work in response to this event.

Javascript is lazy but well prepared!  During the _setup phase_, Javascript prepared its work

space (or _mise en place_ if you prefer) - it created the objects it would now need

 to respond to orders (events) from the browser and also told the browser

in detail what events it cares about e.g.

> Hey browser, wake me up and run this function I'm giving you whenever the user

> clicks on an element with an id attribute of `do-stuff`.

The description above makes it look like the browser is the one giving all the

orders but the browser is a team player and has a few things it can do to help

Javascript get the job done:

1. Timers. Javascript can use the browser like an alarm clock:

    > Javascript: Hey browser, wake me up and run this function I'm giving you in 5 seconds please.

2. Talking to other systems. If Javascript needs to send or receive data to other

computers it asks the browser to do it:

    > Javascript: Hey browser, I want to get whatever data is at

    > `http://foo.com/things.json` please.

    > Browser: Sure thing but it might take a while. What do you want me to do

    > when it comes back?

    > Javascript: I have two functions ready to go (one for a successful data fetch and

    > one for a failure) so just wake me up and run the appropriate one when you

    > finish.

    > Browser: cool.

We usually refer to this _talking to other systems_ stuff as Web APIs e.g.

* XHR (AJAX) requests

* Web workers

* etc.

Javascript can use these services of the browser both during the setup phase

and afterwards. For example part of the Javascript response to a "click" event on a

certain element might be to retrieve some data from the network and also

schedule a timer to do some future work.

We now know enough to see the pattern of how javascript and the browser

interact and to understand the two phases:

1. In the short _setup phase_ the browser runs each script it finds on the page

from start to finish. Javascript uses this as time to do some preparation for next phase.

2. Javascript spends most of its life _responding to events_. Many events

come from the user but Javascript can also schedule events for itself by using

the many services (web APIs) that the browser provides.

A solid understanding of this stuff is required to understand the runloop so if

you are unclear about any of this and want to dig a little deeper I recommend a

[wonderful video by Philip Roberts at JSConf EU](https://youtu.be/8aGhZQkoFbQ)

that goes into the Javascript event loop in more detail. It is a short watch and includes

a few "aha!"-inducing diagrams.

# Enter the Ember!

## Things we already know

Since Ember is Javascript we already know quite a bit about how Ember works:

* Apart from when the code is first found, all Ember framework and application

  code is run in response to "events" from the browser.

* The `DOMContentLoaded` event is significant in the life of an Ember app. It tells

  Ember that it now has a full DOM to play with. Ember will do most of its "setup work"

  (registering for event listeners etc.) in response to this event.

* Your Ember app can schedule its own events by asking the browser to do some work

  on its behalf (e.g. AJAX requests) or simply by asking the browser to be its

  alarm clock (e.g. `setTimeout`)

## Where does the framework end and my app begin

How does your Ember _application_ relate to the Ember _framework_? The machinery

for responding to events is part of Ember _framework_ itself but it does not

have a meaningful response without your _application_ code.

For example if the user is on `/#/blog/posts` and clicks a link to go to

`/#/authors/shelly` the Ember _framework_ will receive the click event but it

won't be able to do anything meaningful with it without:

1. A Router map to tell it how to understand the URL

2. The Route objects themselves e.g. `BlogRoute`, `PostsRoute`, `AuthorsRoute`

3. The models, controllers, views that all play a part in putting new data on the screen

## What events does Ember listen to?

The Ember docs have a list of [events Ember listens for by

default](http://emberjs.com/api/classes/Ember.View.html#toc_event-names) which I have repeated here:

1. touchStart

2. touchMove

3. touchEnd

4. touchCancel

5. keyDown

6. keyUp

7. keyPress

8. mouseDown

9. mouseUp

10. contextMenu

11. click

12. doubleClick

13. mouseMove

14. mouseEnter

15. mouseLeave

16. submit

17. change

18. focusIn

19. focusOut

20. input

21. dragStart

22. drag

23. dragEnter

24. dragLeave

25. dragOver

26. dragEnd

27. drop

These are the entry points into our code. Whenever Ember code runs after the

setup phase, it is in response to an event from this list.

## How ember listens for events

[This](http://www.quirksmode.org/js/events_order.html) is a good resource for

refreshing your understanding of how DOM events work. To get the most of the

following discussion you should be familiar with how the browser propagates

events and what the phrases "capturing phase" and "bubbling phase" mean.

Ember registers listeners for these events similarly to how we might do it

ourselves with jQuery i.e.

* Ember attaches *all* its listeners to a single element in the DOM.

* This element is usually ``. If you specify a `rootElement` then that will be used instead.

* Ember attaches its listeners to the "bubbling" phase.

## Example: A simplistic approach

The pattern of how Javascript (Ember) works is periods of intense activity in

response to some event followed by idleness until the next event happens. Lets

dig a little deeper into these periods of intense activity.

We already know that the first code to get run in response to an event is the

listener function that Ember registered with the browser. What happens after

that?

Lets consider some code from an imaginary simple Javascript app:

[http://jsbin.com/diyuj/5/edit?html,js,console,output](http://jsbin.com/diyuj/5/edit?html,js,console,output)

This code manages the "Mark all completed" button in the UI.

Click the button a few times and notice the console output. Notice that there

are some patterns to the tasks performed:

1. Updating the model

2. Updating the DOM (rendering)

and that the _do work as you find it_ approach that this app takes causes these

different types of work to be interleaved.

The code in this app is obviously very incomplete and I'm sure you can see many

ways it could be improved. However there are some problems that might not be

obvious at first, problems that you will only start to notice when the app

grows in complexity. To understand these lets look at what it is _not_ doing:

1. It is _not coordinating its access of the DOM_. Every time the app updates

   the DOM the browser does a layout and paint. These are very expensive

   operations especially on mobile devices.

2. It has _no way of telling us when DOM updating is finished_. We can certainly

   hook into the click handler for the "Mark all completed" button but what if

   had started some asynchronous work like updating the server? If this app was

   more realistic it would be very difficult to know where we should add code

   that would be run when all DOM updates had finished.

3. It is not controlling _when_ objects get deleted. Currently our app is so

   trivial that this is not a problem but imagine if we had hundreds of todo

   items and complex processing of each one i.e. processing each todo item

   created a lot of temporary objects in memory. After a while the browser

   will decide that enough is enough and that it needs to "clean up" these

   objects and make their memory available again i.e. it will run garbage

   collection. Since our app cannot run while GC is happening the user may

   notice a pause.

Together these problems mean our simplistic Todo app will have serious scaling problems.

## Enter the runloop

We have identified some problems caused by an uncoordinated approach to doing

work. How does Ember solve them?

Instead of doing work as it finds it, Ember schedules the work on an internal

set of queues. By default Ember has six queues:

```js

console.log(Ember.run.queues);

// ["sync", "actions", "routerTransitions", "render", "afterRender", "destroy"]

```

Each queue corresponds to a "phase of work" identified by the Ember core team.

This set of queues and the code that manages them **is** the Ember runloop.

You can see a summary of the purpose of each queue in the [Runloop

Guide](https://guides.emberjs.com/v2.11.0/applications/run-loop/#toc_an-example-of-the-internals)

but here we are going to focus on the queues themselves.

## How it works

First lets get some terminology sorted:

* A _job_ on a queue is just a plain ol' Javascript callback function.

* _Running a job_ is simply executing that function.

How Ember handles events:

1. A browser event happens and Ember's registered listener for that event is triggered.

2. Early on in its response to the event, Ember opens a set of queues and starts

   accepting jobs.

3. As Ember works its way through your application code, it continues to

schedule jobs on the queues.

4. Near the end of its response to the event Ember closes the queue-set and starts

running jobs on the queues. Scheduled jobs can themselves still add jobs to the queues even

   though we have closed them to other code.

5. The [Runloop Guide](https://guides.emberjs.com/v2.11.0/applications/run-loop/#toc_an-example-of-the-internals)

   has an excellent visualisation of how jobs are run but in brief:

    1. Scan the queues array, starting at the first until you find a job. Finish if all queues are empty.

    2. Run the job (aka execute the callback function)

    3. Go to step 1

Lets consider some subtle consequences of this simple algorithm:

* Ember does a full queue scan after each *job* - it does not attempt to finish

  a full queue before checking for earlier work.

* Ember will only get to jobs on a queue if all the previous queues are empty.

* Ember cannot *guarantee* that, for example, *all* `sync` queue tasks will be

  complete before any `actions` tasks are attempted because jobs on any queue

  after `sync` might add jobs to the `sync` queue. Ember will however do its

  best to do work in the desired order. It is not practical for your app to

  schedule *all* work before any is performed so this flexibility is necessary.

* At first glance it may seem that the runloop has two distinct phases

    1. Schedule work

    2. Perform the work

    but this is subtly incorrect. Functions that have been scheduled on a runloop queue

    can themselves schedule functions on **any** queue in the same runloop. It is

    true that once the runloop starts executing the queues that code **outside** the

    queues cannot schedule new jobs. In a sense the initial set of jobs that are

    scheduled are a "starter set" of work and Ember commits to doing it and also

    doing any jobs that result from those jobs - Ember is a pretty great

    employee to have working for you!

Something that is not obvious from that description is that there is no

"singleton" runloop. This is confusing because documentation (including this

guide) uses the phrase "the runloop" to refer to the whole system but it is

important to note that there is not a single instance of the runloop in memory

(unlike the [Ember container](https://guides.emberjs.com/v2.11.0/applications/dependency-injection/)

which is a singleton). There is no "the" runloop, instead there can be multiple

instances of "a" runloop. It is true that Ember will usually only create one

runloop per DOM event but this is not always the case. For example:

* When you use `Ember.run` (see below) you will be creating your own

  runloop that may go through its full lifecycle while the runloop that Ember

  uses is still accepting jobs.

* Usually an Ember application will boot within a single runloop but if you

  enable the [Ember Inspector](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ember-inspector/bmdblncegkenkacieihfhpjfppoconhi?hl=en) then many more runloops happen at boot time.

Another consequence of the runloop not being a singleton is that it does not

function as a "global gateway" to DOM access for the Ember app. It is not

correct to say that the runloop is the "gatekeeper" to all DOM access in Ember,

rather that "coordinated DOM access" is a pleasant (and deliberate!) side-effect

of organising all the work done in response to an event.. As mentioned above,

multiple runloops can exist simultaneously so there is no guarantee that *all*

DOM access will happen at one time.

## How often do runloops happen?

From what I have observed, Ember typically runs one runloop in response to each

DOM event that it handles.

## Visualising the runloop for yourself

This repo also contains the [noisy runloop kit](https://github.com/eoinkelly/ember-runloop-handbook/tree/master/noisy-runloop-kit) which is trivial demo app and

a copy of Ember that I have patched to be very noisy about what its runloop

does. You can add features to the demo app and see how the actions the runloop takes in

response in the console. You can also use the included version of Ember in your own

project to visualise what is happening there. Obviously you should only include

this in development because it will slow the runloop down a lot.

## Enough with the mousemove already!

When you start getting the runloop to log its work you will quickly get

overwhelmed by its running in response to mouse events that happen very

frequently on desktop browsers e.g. `mousemove`. Below is an initializer for

Ember that will stop it listening to certain events. You probably want to add

this to whatever Ember app you are trying to visualise the runloop for unless

you are actually _using_ `mousemove`, `mouseenter`, `mouseleave` in your app.

```js

/**

 * Tell Ember to stop listening for certain events. These events are very

 * frequent so they make it harder to visualise what the runloop is doing. Feel

 * free to adjust this list by adding/removing events. The full list of events

 * that Ember listens for by default is at

 * http://emberjs.com/api/classes/Ember.View.html#toc_event-names

 *

 */

Ember.Application.initializer({

  name: 'Stop listening for overly noisy mouse events',

  initialize: function(container, application) {

    var events = container.lookup('event_dispatcher:main').events;

    delete events.mousemove;

    delete events.mouseenter;

    delete events.mouseleave;

  }

});

```

## What are _autoruns_?

Calls to any of

* `run.schedule`

* `run.scheduleOnce`

* `run.once`

have the property that they will approximate a runloop for you if one does not

already exist. These automatically (implicitly) created runloops are called

_autoruns_.

Lets consider an example of a click handler:

```js

$('a').click(function(){

  console.log('Doing things...');

  Ember.run.schedule('actions', this, function() {

    // Do more things

  });

  Ember.run.scheduleOnce('afterRender', this, function() {

    // Yet more things

  });

});

```

When you call `schedule` Ember notices that there is not a currently open

runloop so it opens one and schedules it to close on the next turn of the JS

event loop.

Here is some pseudocode to describe what happens:

```js

$('a').click(function(){

  // 1. autoruns do not change the execution of arbitrary code in a callback.

  //    This code is still run when this callback is executed and will not be

  //    scheduled on an autorun.

  console.log('Doing things...');

  Ember.run.schedule('actions', this, function() {

    // 2. schedule notices that there is no currently available runloop so it

    //    creates one. It schedules it to close and flush queues on the next

    //    turn of the JS event loop.

    if (! Ember.run.hasOpenRunloop()) {

      Ember.run.start();

      nextTick(function() {

          Ember.run.end()

      }, 0);

    }

    // 3. There is now a runloop available so schedule adds its item to the

    //    given queue

    Ember.run.schedule('actions', this, function() {

      // Do more things

    });

  });

  // 4. scheduleOnce sees the autorun created by schedule above as an available

  //    runloop and adds its item to the given queue.

  Ember.run.scheduleOnce('afterRender', this, function() {

    // Yet more things

  });

});

```

Although autoruns are convenient you should not rely on them because:

1. The current JS frame is allowed to end before the run loop is flushed, which

sometimes means the browser will take the opportunity to do other things, like

garbage collection.

2. Only calls to `run.schedule`, `run.scheduleOnce` and `run.once` are wrapped

in autoruns.  All other code in your callback will happen outside Ember. This

can lead to unexpected and confusing behavior.

## How is runloop behaviour different when testing?

We know that

* `run.schedule`

* `run.scheduleOnce`

* `run.once`

create a new runloop if one does not exist and that these automatically

(implicitly) created runloops are called _autoruns_.

If `Ember.testing` is set then this _"automatic runloop approximation creation"_

behaviour is disabled. In fact when `Ember.testing` is set these three functions

will throw an error if you run them at a time when there is not an existing

runloop available.

The reasons for this are:

1. Autoruns are Embers way of not punishing you in production if you forget to

open a runloop before you schedule callbacks on it. While this is useful in

production, these are still issues you should fix and are revealed as such in

testing mode to help you find and fix them.

2. Some of Ember's test helpers are promises that wait for the run loop to empty

before resolving. If your application has code that runs _outside_ a runloop,

these will resolve too early and gives erroneous test failures which can be

**very** difficult to find. Disabling autoruns help you identify these scenarios

and helps both your testing and your application!

# How do I use the runloop?

The [Ember runloop API docs](http://emberjs.com/api/classes/Ember.run.html) are

the canonical resource on what each function does. This section will provide a

high-level overview of how the API works to make it easier to categorise it in

your head and put it to use.

In the API we have:

* 1 way of running a given callback in a new runloop

    * `Ember.run`

* 1 way of adding a callback to the currently open runloop

    * `Ember.run.schedule`

* 2 ways to add a callback to the current runloop and ensure that it is only added once.

    * `Ember.run.scheduleOnce`

    * `Ember.run.once`

* 2 ways to add a callback to some future runloop

    * `Ember.run.later`

    * `Ember.run.next`

* 2 ways of doing rate control on a callback. These control how often a callback is called (it will get its own runloop each time)

    * `Ember.run.debounce`

    * `Ember.run.throttle`

* 1 way of cancelling work scheduled for a future runloop or rate control

    * `Ember.run.cancel`

* 2 functions provide a low-level alternative to `Ember.run`

    * `Ember.run.begin`

    * `Ember.run.end`

* 1 convenience function for forcing bindings to settle

    * `Ember.run.sync`

| Function | Which runloop? | Which queue? | Creates new runloop? | Notices `Ember.testing`? | Runs callback in current JS event loop turn?

| ----------------------------- | -------------------------- | -------- | ----------- | ----------- |----------- |

| `Ember.run`		            | always-new | `actions` | Always | No | Yes |

| `Ember.run.debounce`		    | always-new | `actions` | Always | No | No |

| `Ember.run.throttle`		    | always-new | `actions` | Always | No | No |

| `Ember.run.join`		        | current | `actions` | If required | No | Yes |

| `Ember.run.bind`		        | current | `actions` | If required | No | No |

| `Ember.run.schedule`		    | current | chosen by param | If required | Yes | Yes |

| `Ember.run.scheduleOnce`		| current | chosen by param| If required | Yes | Yes |

| `Ember.run.once`		        | current | `actions` | If required | Yes | No |

| `Ember.run.later`		        | future | `actions` | If required | Yes | No |

| `Ember.run.next`		        | future | `actions` | If required | Yes | No |

| `Ember.run.begin`		        | NA | NA | Never | No | NA |

| `Ember.run.end`		        | NA | NA | Never | No | NA |

| `Ember.run.cancel`		    | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |

| `Ember.run.sync`		        | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |

Legend:

* future = some runloop in the future

* The default queue in Ember is `actions`

* NA = not applicable

## A note about future work

There are two functions in the runloop API that let us schedule "future work":

1. `Ember.run.later`

1. `Ember.run.next`

Each of these API functions is a way of expressing _when_ you would like work

(a callback function) to happen. The guarantee provided by the runloop is that

it will also manage the other work that results from running that function. It

does not guarantee anything else!

The key points:

* Ember keeps an internal queue of "future work" in the form of an array of

  timestamp and function pairs e.g. `[(timestamp, fn), (timestamp, fn) ... ]`

* It uses this queue to manage _work you have asked it to do on some runloop that is not the current one_.

* Each of the API functions above is a different way of adding a `(timestamp,

  callback)` pair to this array.

* Ember does not know exactly when it will get a chance to execute this future

  work (Javascript might be busy doing something else).

* Each time it checks the timers queue it executes all the functions whose timestamps

  are in the past so the future work API functions are creative in their

  creation of timestamps to achieve what they want.

* When Ember does find some pairs on the _future work queue_ that should be

  executed it creates a new runloop (using `Ember.run`) and schedules each

  function onto the `actions` queue.

Consequences:

* When you give a function to one of the future work API functions you cannot

  know which runloop it will run in!

    * It may share a runloop with other future work functions.

    * It will only share with other functions from the future work queue

      - it will not share a runloop with other Ember code or anything you

      explicitly pass to `Ember.run` yourself.

* You can only directly schedule future work onto the `actions` queue. If you need to run

  something on a different queue of that future runloop you will need to

  schedule it _from_ that `actions` queue callback.

* Future work APIs let you specify _some_ future runloop but not exactly which

  one.

## A note about rate control

Ember provides two flavors of rate control.

* `Ember.run.debounce`

    * Ignore a callback if the previous call to it was within a given time period

* `Ember.run.throttle`

    * Used to guarantee a minimum time between calls to a particular callback

These functions are useful because they allow us to control when the given

callback is _not_ run. When it is actually run, these functions use `Ember.run`

so these functions can be thought of  as "`Ember.run` with some extra controls

about when the function should be run"

# Summary

It can take a while to get our heads around the subtleties of the runloop. In

exchange we get the performance and scaling benefits that the runloop provides.

I hope that you now feel more equipped to use the runloop skillfully.

Happy hacking.

# Appendices

## Sources

The primary documentation for the Ember runloop is [Official Ember Run-loop

guide](http://emberjs.com/guides/understanding-ember/run-loop/) and the [Ember

API docs](http://emberjs.com/api/)

These are other sources I studied in compiling this guide:

* [Ember source code](https://github.com/emberjs/ember.js)

* Books

    * [Developing an Ember Edge](http://bleedingedgepress.com/our-books/developing-an-ember-edge/)

    * [Ember.js in Action](http://www.manning.com/skeie/)

## Other resources on the Runloop

* [The Ember Run Loop by Jason Madsen at Salt Lake City Ember Meetup](https://youtu.be/G4DdNMLubgQ)