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SaltStack Cheat Sheet
https://github.com/eon01/saltstackcheatsheet

devops salt salt-master salt-minion salt-states saltstack

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SaltStack Cheat Sheet

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README 

        
# SaltStack Cheat Sheet



This cheat sheet was first published in "[SaltStack For DevOps](http://saltstackfordevops.com)" course.



![](images/sfd.png)



## Installing SaltStack - Ubuntu 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20



Update your key base and source lists from [this page](https://repo.saltstack.com/#ubuntu) according to your distribution.



Example: Ubuntu 18 - Python3



```

wget -O - https://repo.saltstack.com/py3/ubuntu/18.04/amd64/latest/SALTSTACK-GPG-KEY.pub | sudo apt-key add -



echo 'http://repo.saltstack.com/py3/ubuntu/18.04/amd64/latest bionic main' | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list



sudo apt-get update



# Master installation

apt-get install salt-master



# Minion installation

apt-get install salt-minion



# Salt ssh installation

apt-get install salt-ssh



# Salt syndic installation

apt-get install salt-syndic



# Salt API installation

apt-get install salt-api

```



## Multi-Platform Installation



Salt Master:



```

curl -L https://bootstrap.saltstack.com -o install_salt.sh

sudo sh install_salt.sh -P -M

```



Salt Minion:



```

curl -L https://bootstrap.saltstack.com -o install_salt.sh

sudo sh install_salt.sh -P

```



## Salt Key Management



```

# Listing Salt requests

salt-key -L



# Accepting all requests

salt-key -A



# Accepting a single request (from myNode)

salt-key -a myNode



# Removing the key of a Salt 'myNode' Minion

salt-key -d minion_id



# Delete salt key and register it

salt-key -d 'minion' && yes | salt-key -a 'minion'

```



## Debugging



```

# Debugging the master

salt-master -l debug



# Debugging the minion

salt-minion -l debug



# Restarting the minion without cache

stop master/minion

rm -rf /var/cache/salt

start master/minion

```



## Clearing Cache



```

# Clearing cache on the minion by removing the cache directory

salt '*' cmd.run 'rm -rf /var/cache/salt/minion/files/base/*'



# Clearing cache the Salt way (using saltutil module)

salt '*' saltutil.clear_cache



# Synchronizes custom modules, states, beacons, grains, returners, output modules, renderers, and utils.

salt '*' saltutil.sync_all

```



## SaltStack Documentation



```

# Viewing all the documentation

salt '*' sys.doc



# Viewing a module documentation

salt '*' sys.doc module_name



#Examples:

salt '*' sys.doc status

salt '*' sys.doc pkg     

salt '*' sys.doc network

salt '*' sys.doc system

salt '*' sys.doc cloud



# Viewing a function documentation

salt '*' sys.doc module_name function_name



# Examples:

salt '*' sys.doc  auth django

salt '*' sys.doc sdb sqlite3

```



## SaltStack Versions



```

# Salt components report

salt --versions-report

salt --versions



# Master version

salt-master --version



# Minion version

salt-minion --version

```



## SaltStack Modules And Functions



```

# list modules

salt '*' sys.list_modules



# list functions

salt '*' sys.list_functions



# synchronising modules on the minion

salt-call saltutil.sync_modules

```



## Compound Matchers



| Letter | Match Type        | Example                                                    | Alt Delimiter?] |

| ------ | ----------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- |

| G      | Grains glob       | G@os:Ubuntu                                                | Yes             |

| E      | PCRE Minion ID    | E@web\d+\.(dev\|qa\|prod)\.loc                             | No              |

| P      | Grains PCRE       | P@os:(RedHat\|Fedora\|CentOS)                              | Yes             |

| L      | List of minions   | [email protected],minion3.domain.com or bl*.domain.com | No              |

| I      | Pillar glob       | I@pdata:foobar                                             | Yes             |

| J      | Pillar PCRE       | J@pdata:^(foo\|bar)$                                       | Yes             |

| S      | Subnet/IP address | [email protected]/24 or [email protected]                        | No              |

| R      | Range cluster     | R@%foo.bar                                                 | No              |



Other examples:



```

# Examples are taken from https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/targeting/compound.html



# Joining

salt -C 'webserv* and G@os:Debian or E@web-dc1-srv.*' test.ping

salt -C '( ms-1 or G@id:ms-3 ) and G@id:ms-3' test.ping



# Excluding

salt -C 'not web-dc1-srv' test.ping

```



## Upgrades & Versions of System Packages



```

# Listing upgrades

salt '*' pkg.list_upgrades



# Upgrading

salt '*' pkg.upgrade



# List the packages currently installed as a dict

salt '*' pkg.list_pkgs versions_as_list=True



# Refresh the pkgutil repo database

salt '*' pkgutil.refresh_db



# Check the version of a package

salt '*' pkgutil.version mongodb

```



## Packages 



```

# Installation

salt '*' pkg.install apache2



# Latest version installation

salt '*' pkgutil.latest_version mysql-common



# Removing package(s)

salt '*' pkg.remove vim



# Purging package(s)

salt '*' pkg.purge apache2 mysql-server



```



## Reboot & Uptime



```

# Reboot

salt '*' system.reboot



#Uptime

salt '*' status.uptime

```



## Using Grains



```

# Syncing grains

salt '*' saltutil.sync_grains



# Available grains can be listed by using the ‘grains.ls’ module:

salt '*' grains.ls



# Grains data can be listed by using the ‘grains.items’ module:

salt '*' grains.items



# Grains have values that could be called via ‘grains.get ’ (path is the name of a grain)

salt '*' grains.get path

```



## Syncing Data



```

# Syncing grains

salt '*' saltutil.sync_grains



# Syncing everything from grains to modules, outputters, renderers, returners, states, and utils.

salt '*' saltutil.sync_all

```



## Running System Commands



```

salt "*" cmd.run "ls -lrth /data"

salt "*" cmd.run "df -kh /data"

salt "*" cmd.run "du -sh /data"

```



## Working With Services



```

# Apache example



# Checking if service is available

salt '*' service.available apache2



# Manipulating Apache2 service

salt '*' service.status apache2

salt '*' service.start apache2

salt '*' service.restart apache2

salt '*' service.stop apache2

```



## Network Management



```

# Get IP of your minion

salt '*' network.ip_addrs          



# Ping a host from your minion

salt '*' network.ping localhost   



# Traceroute a host from your minion

salt '*' network.traceroute localhost   



# Get hostname

salt '*' network.get_hostname      



# Modify hostname to 'myNode'

salt '*' network.mod_hostname myNode



# Information on all of the running TCP connections

salt '*' network.active_tcp



# Return the arp table from the minion

salt '*' network.arp



# Test connectivity

salt '*' network.connect google-public-dns-a.google.com port=53 proto=udp timeout=3



# Get default route

salt '*' network.default_route



# Execute dig

salt '*' network.dig eon01.com



# Get the MAC address of eth0 interface

salt '*' network.hw_addr eth0



# Get the inet address of eth1 interface

salt '*' network.interface eth1



# Get the IP address of tun interface

salt '*' network.interface_ip tun

```



## Working With HTTP Requests



```

# Get the HTML source code of a page

salt-run http.query https://faun.dev text=true



# Get the header of a page

salt-run http.query https://faun.dev headers=true



# Get the response code from a web server

salt-run http.query https://faun.dev status=true



# Sending a post request

salt '*' http.query http://domain.com/ method=POST params='key1=val1&key2=val2'



```



## Job Management



```

# List active jobs

salt-run jobs.active



# List all jobs with the id and other information

salt-run jobs.list_jobs



# List multiple information about the job with the id:20151101225221651308 like the resulting output

salt-run jobs.lookup_jid 20151101225221651308



# Kill the job with the id:20151101225221651308

salt 'server' saltutil.kill_job 20151101225221651308

```



## Scheduling Features



```

# Schedule a job called "scheduled_job"

salt '*' schedule.add scheduled_job function='cmd.run' job_args="['']" seconds=10



# Enable the job

salt '*' schedule.enable_job scheduled_job



# Disable the job

salt '*' schedule.disable_job scheduled_job



# List schedules

salt '*' schedule.list

```



## Working With SLS



```

# Show SLS

salt '*' state.show_sls



# listing states modules on the minion

salt-call sys.list_state_modules

```



## Testing States



```

# Test a highstate using the highstate module

salt '*' state.highstate test=True



# Test a highstate using the SLS module

salt '*' state.sls test=True



# Test a single state

salt '*' state.single test=True

```



## Asynchronous execution



```

# Run the command in the async mode

salt '*' test.version --async



# List recent jobs

salt-run jobs.list_jobs

# or

salt-run jobs.active



# Get the returned result:

salt-run jobs.lookup_jid 

```



## Load testing



```

# Starting 20 minions

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/saltstack/salt/develop/tests/minionswarm.py; python minionswarm.py -m 20 --master salt-master;

```



## State Declaration Structure



```

# Source: https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/states/highstate.html#state-declaration



# Standard declaration

:

  :

    - 

    - 

    - 

    - 

    - : 

    - :

      - 

      - 



# Inline function and names

:

  .:

    - 

    - 

    - 

    - :

      - 

      - 

      - 

    - :

      - 

      - 



# Multiple states for single id

:

  :

    - 

    - 

    - : 

    - :

      - 

  :

    - 

    - 

    - :

      - 

      - 

    - :

      - 

```



## Events



```bash

# Listening to Salt events on the master

salt-run state.event pretty=True



# Sending events from the minion

salt-call event.send 'my/custom/tag' '{success: True, message: "It works!"'



# run an event locally on the minion

salt-call event.fire '{"data": "my message"}' 'my/custom/tag'



```



```bash

# Instruct minions to sends events to the master when a state completes its execution.

cat << EOF >> /etc/salt/master

state_events: True

EOF



# Firing an event after state execution

cat << EOF > /srv/salt/webserver/init.sls

apache2:

  pkg.installed:

    - fire_event: apache2/installed

EOF

```



## Reactor



```bash

# map a event tag to a reactor

cat << EOF > /etc/salt/master.d/reactor.conf

reactor:

  - 'salt/minion/minion01/start':

    - /srv/reactor/start.sls

EOF



# execute a state as a reaction to an event tag

cat << EOF > /srv/reactor/start.sls

:

  local.state.single:

    - tgt: 

    - tgt_type: 

    - args:

      - fun: 

      - name: <>

EOF



# targeting the minion which sent the event

cat << EOF > /srv/reactor/start.sls

:

  local.state.single:

    - tgt: {{ data['id'] }} 

    - args:

      - fun: 

      - name: <>

EOF

```



## Salt beacons



```bash

# watching files using beacons

cat << EOF > /srv/pillar/beacons/init.sls

beacons:

  inotify:

    - files:

        :

          mask:

            - modify

EOF



# using load.averages

cat << EOF > /srv/pillar/beacons/init.sls

beacons:

  load:

    - averages:

        1m:

          - 0.0

          - 2.0

        5m:

          - 0.0

          - 1.0

        15m:

          - 0.0

          - 1.0

EOF



# Using memusage

cat << EOF > /srv/pillar/beacons/init.sls  

beacons:        

  memusage:

    - percent: 50%        

EOF

```



## Salt mine



```yaml

# Using mine functions

cat << EOF >> /srv/pillar/miner.sls

mine_functions:

  network.get_hostname: []

EOF



cat << EOF >> /srv/pillar/miner.sls

mine_functions:

  network.ip_addrs: [eth1]

EOF



# refresh pillars if you configure mine as a pillar

salt '*' saltutil.refresh_pillar



# updating mine

salt '*' mine.update

# get mine data

salt '*' mine.get '*' network.get_hostname



# Using alias

cat << EOF > /srv/pillar/mine.sls

mine_functions:

  get_hostname:

    mine_function: network.get_hostname

  get_eth1:

    mine_function: network.ip_addrs

    interface: eth1

EOF

```  



## Orchestration



```bash

salt-run state.orchestrate orch.

salt-run state.orchestrate orch. test=

salt-run state.orchestrate orch. saltenv=

```



```yaml

# Orchestration without highstate:

:

  salt.state:

    - tgt: 

    - sls: 



# Orchestration with highstate:

:

  salt.state:

    - tgt: 

    - sls: 

    - highstate: True



# Orchestration with highstate and SLS requirements:

:

  salt.state:

    - tgt: 

    - sls: 

    - highstate: True

    - require:

      - salt: <>    

```



## Salted Github Repositories



- [Django with SaltStack](https://github.com/wunki/django-salted)

- [Salt GUI pad](https://github.com/tinyclues/saltpad)

- [Openstack automation with SaltStack](https://github.com/CSSCorp/openstack-automation)

- [A curated collection of working salt *states* and configurations for use in your SaltStack setup.]( https://github.com/saltops/saltmine)

- [These are all of the configuration files needed to built a Wordpress development environment with Vagrant, Virtual Box and SaltStack](https://github.com/paulehr/saltstack-wordpress)

- [Java bindings for the SaltStack API]( https://github.com/SUSE/saltstack-netapi-client-java)

- [Vim snippets for SaltStack *states* files]( https://github.com/StephenPCG/vim-snippets-salt)

- [Metrics for SaltStack](https://github.com/pengyao/salt-metrics)

- [Salt GUI](https://github.com/saltstack/halite)

- [cmdb saltstack](https://github.com/voilet/cmdb)

- [GUI For SaltStack](https://github.com/yueyongyue/saltshaker)

- [A collaborative curated list of awesome SaltStack resources, tutorials and other salted stuff.](https://github.com/hbokh/awesome-saltstack)

- [SaltStack provisioner for test-kitchen](https://github.com/saltstack/kitchen-salt)

- [Dashboard for saltstack](https://github.com/halfss/salt-dashboard)

- [Recipe to deploy production Kubernetes cluster](https://github.com/valentin2105/Kubernetes-Saltstack)

- [A gui and cli to manage saltstack deployments](https://github.com/Lothiraldan/saltpad)

- [Docker Compose setup to spin up a salt master and minions for easy testing, learning, and prototyping](https://github.com/cyface/docker-saltstack)  

- [Testinfra test your infrastructures](https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-testinfra)

- [Jenkins Salt API Plugin](https://plugins.jenkins.io/saltstack/)

- [ISalt - IPython-based command shell for interactive Salt programming.](https://github.com/mirceaulinic/isalt)

- [Alcali - A web based tool for monitoring and administrating Saltstack Salt.](https://alcali.dev/)

- [salt-lint - Checks Salt state files (SLS) for practices and behavior that could potentially be improved.](https://github.com/warpnet/salt-lint/)

- [salt-sproxy - Salt plugin to automate the management and configuration of devices and applications, without running (Proxy) Minions.](https://github.com/mirceaulinic/salt-sproxy)

- [salt-pepper - A CLI Frontend to the salt-api systems.](https://pypi.org/project/salt-pepper/)

- [Molten - Molten is a WebUI for the REST API exposed by Saltstack.](https://github.com/martinhoefling/molten)

- [Silica - A Flask-based lightweight Salt web console.](https://gitlab.com/perfecto25/silica)



## Interesting Reads



- [SaltStack for Flexible and Scalable Configuration Management](https://www.infoq.com/articles/saltstack-configuration-management/)

- [Lyft Replaces Puppet with SaltStack](https://www.infoq.com/news/2014/08/lyft-moves-to-saltstack/)

- [SaltStack’s “Big” Role in Google Kubernetes and Why Immutable Infrastructure Makes The Cloud a Giant Computer](https://thenewstack.io/saltstacks-big-role-in-google-kubernetes-and-why-immutable-infrastructure-makes-the-cloud-a-giant-computer/)

- [Every Day Is Monday In Operations](https://engineering.linkedin.com/blog/2016/11/every-day-is-monday-in-operations)

- [SaltStack as an Alternative to Terraform for AWS Orchestration](https://eng.lyft.com/saltstack-as-an-alternative-to-terraform-for-aws-orchestration-cd2ceb06bf8c)

- [One week of Salt: frustrations and reflections](https://stevebennett.me/2014/02/17/one-week-of-salt-frustrations-and-reflections/)

- [Overcoming AWS Complexity with SaltStack patterns](https://eng.lyft.com/overcoming-aws-complexity-with-saltstack-patterns-1472981f43c6)

- [How To Use Salt Cloud Map Files to Deploy App Servers and an Nginx Reverse Proxy](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-salt-cloud-map-files-to-deploy-app-servers-and-an-nginx-reverse-proxy)

- [SaltStack Infrastructure: Creating Salt States for HAProxy Load Balancers](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/saltstack-infrastructure-creating-salt-states-for-haproxy-load-balancers)

- [Salt-API, A Crash Course](https://thereluctanttecchie.blogspot.com/2014/01/salt-api-crash-course.html)