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https://github.com/exg/rxvt-unicode

git mirror of rxvt-unicode cvs repository
https://github.com/exg/rxvt-unicode

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git mirror of rxvt-unicode cvs repository

Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/exg/rxvt-unicode
Owner: exg
License: gpl-3.0
Created: 2011-12-07T11:27:04.000Z (almost 13 years ago)
Default Branch: main
Last Pushed: 2024-05-01T19:03:51.000Z (5 months ago)
Last Synced: 2024-07-02T21:46:28.228Z (3 months ago)
Language: C
Homepage:
Size: 17.1 MB
Stars: 253
Watchers: 21
Forks: 65
Open Issues: 1
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.FAQ
- Changelog: Changes
- License: COPYING

Awesome Lists containing this project

awesome-linux-customization - **rxvt-unicode** - A customizable terminal emulator forked from `rxvt`. (Terminal)

README

RXVT-UNICODE/URXVT FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Meta, Features & Commandline Issues
My question isn't answered here, can I ask a human?
Before sending me mail, you could go to IRC: "irc.libera.chat", channel
"#rxvt-unicode" has some rxvt-unicode enthusiasts that might be
interested in learning about new and exciting problems (but not FAQs :).

I use Gentoo, and I have a problem...
There are two big problems with Gentoo Linux: first, most if not all
Gentoo systems are completely broken (missing or mismatched header
files, broken compiler etc. are just the tip of the iceberg); secondly,
it should be called Gentoo GNU/Linux.

For these reasons, it is impossible to support rxvt-unicode on Gentoo.
Problems appearing on Gentoo systems will usually simply be ignored
unless they can be reproduced on non-Gentoo systems.

Does it support tabs, can I have a tabbed rxvt-unicode?
Beginning with version 7.3, there is a perl extension that implements a
simple tabbed terminal. It is installed by default, so any of these
should give you tabs:

urxvt -pe tabbed

URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,tabbed

It will also work fine with tabbing functionality of many window
managers or similar tabbing programs, and its embedding-features allow
it to be embedded into other programs, as witnessed by doc/rxvt-tabbed
or the upcoming "Gtk2::URxvt" perl module, which features a tabbed urxvt
(murxvt) terminal as an example embedding application.

How do I know which rxvt-unicode version I'm using?
The version number is displayed with the usage (-h). Also the escape
sequence "ESC [ 8 n" sets the window title to the version number. When
using the urxvtc client, the version displayed is that of the daemon.

Rxvt-unicode uses gobs of memory, how can I reduce that?
Rxvt-unicode tries to obey the rule of not charging you for something
you don't use. One thing you should try is to configure out all settings
that you don't need, for example, Xft support is a resource hog by
design, when used. Compiling it out ensures that no Xft font will be
loaded accidentally when rxvt-unicode tries to find a font for your
characters.

Also, many people (me included) like large windows and even larger
scrollback buffers: Without "--enable-unicode3", rxvt-unicode will use 6
bytes per screen cell. For a 160x?? window this amounts to almost a
kilobyte per line. A scrollback buffer of 10000 lines will then (if
full) use 10 Megabytes of memory. With "--enable-unicode3" it gets
worse, as rxvt-unicode then uses 8 bytes per screen cell.

How can I start urxvtd in a race-free way?
Try "urxvtd -f -o", which tells urxvtd to open the display, create the
listening socket and then fork.

How can I start urxvtd automatically when I run urxvtc?
If you want to start urxvtd automatically whenever you run urxvtc and
the daemon isn't running yet, use this script:

#!/bin/sh
urxvtc "$@"
if [ $? -eq 2 ]; then
urxvtd -q -o -f
urxvtc "$@"
fi

This tries to create a new terminal, and if fails with exit status 2,
meaning it couldn't connect to the daemon, it will start the daemon and
re-run the command. Subsequent invocations of the script will re-use the
existing daemon.

Another option is to use systemd socket-based activation (see
systemd.socket(5)). Here is an example of a service unit file and of a
socket unit file for the default socket path:

urxvtd.service
[Unit]
Description=urxvt terminal daemon
Requires=urxvtd.socket

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/urxvtd -o

urxvtd.socket
[Unit]
Description=urxvt terminal daemon socket

[Socket]
ListenStream=%h/.urxvt/urxvtd-%H

[Install]
WantedBy=sockets.target

How do I distinguish whether I'm running rxvt-unicode or a regular
xterm? I need this to decide about setting colours etc.
The original rxvt and rxvt-unicode always export the variable
"COLORTERM", so you can check and see if that is set. Note that several
programs, JED, slrn, Midnight Commander automatically check this
variable to decide whether or not to use colour.

How do I set the correct, full IP address for the DISPLAY variable?
If you've compiled rxvt-unicode with DISPLAY_IS_IP and have enabled
insecure mode then it is possible to use the following shell script
snippets to correctly set the display. If your version of rxvt-unicode
wasn't also compiled with ESCZ_ANSWER (as assumed in these snippets)
then the COLORTERM variable can be used to distinguish rxvt-unicode from
a regular xterm.

Courtesy of Chuck Blake with the following shell script
snippets:

# Bourne/Korn/POSIX family of shells:
[ ${TERM:-foo} = foo ] && TERM=xterm # assume an xterm if we don't know
if [ ${TERM:-foo} = xterm ]; then
stty -icanon -echo min 0 time 15 # see if enhanced rxvt or not
printf "\eZ"
read term_id
stty icanon echo
if [ ""${term_id} = '^[[?1;2C' -a ${DISPLAY:-foo} = foo ]; then
printf '\e[7n' # query the rxvt we are in for the DISPLAY string
read DISPLAY # set it in our local shell
fi
fi

How do I compile the manual pages on my own?
You need to have a recent version of perl installed as /usr/bin/perl,
one that comes with pod2man, pod2text and pod2xhtml (from Pod::Xhtml).
Then go to the doc subdirectory and enter "make alldoc".

Isn't rxvt-unicode supposed to be small? Don't all those features bloat?
I often get asked about this, and I think, no, they didn't cause extra
bloat. If you compare a minimal rxvt and a minimal urxvt, you can see
that the urxvt binary is larger (due to some encoding tables always
being compiled in), but it actually uses less memory (RSS) after
startup. Even with "--disable-everything", this comparison is a bit
unfair, as many features unique to urxvt (locale, encoding conversion,
iso14755 etc.) are already in use in this mode.

text data bss drs rss filename
98398 1664 24 15695 1824 rxvt --disable-everything
188985 9048 66616 18222 1788 urxvt --disable-everything

When you "--enable-everything" (which *is* unfair, as this involves xft
and full locale/XIM support which are quite bloaty inside libX11 and my
libc), the two diverge, but not unreasonably so.

text data bss drs rss filename
163431 2152 24 20123 2060 rxvt --enable-everything
1035683 49680 66648 29096 3680 urxvt --enable-everything

The very large size of the text section is explained by the east-asian
encoding tables, which, if unused, take up disk space but nothing else
and can be compiled out unless you rely on X11 core fonts that use those
encodings. The BSS size comes from the 64k emergency buffer that my c++
compiler allocates (but of course doesn't use unless you are out of
memory). Also, using an xft font instead of a core font immediately adds
a few megabytes of RSS. Xft indeed is responsible for a lot of RSS even
when not used.

Of course, due to every character using two or four bytes instead of
one, a large scrollback buffer will ultimately make rxvt-unicode use
more memory.

Compared to e.g. Eterm (5112k), aterm (3132k) and xterm (4680k), this
still fares rather well. And compared to some monsters like
gnome-terminal (21152k + extra 4204k in separate processes) or konsole
(22200k + extra 43180k in daemons that stay around after exit, plus half
a minute of startup time, including the hundreds of warnings it spits
out), it fares extremely well *g*.

Why C++, isn't that unportable/bloated/uncool?
Is this a question? :) It comes up very often. The simple answer is: I
had to write it, and C++ allowed me to write and maintain it in a
fraction of the time and effort (which is a scarce resource for me). Put
even shorter: It simply wouldn't exist without C++.

My personal stance on this is that C++ is less portable than C, but in
the case of rxvt-unicode this hardly matters, as its portability limits
are defined by things like X11, pseudo terminals, locale support and
unix domain sockets, which are all less portable than C++ itself.

Regarding the bloat, see the above question: It's easy to write programs
in C that use gobs of memory, and certainly possible to write programs
in C++ that don't. C++ also often comes with large libraries, but this
is not necessarily the case with GCC. Here is what rxvt links against on
my system with a minimal config:

libX11.so.6 => /usr/X11R6/lib/libX11.so.6 (0x00002aaaaabc3000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x00002aaaaadde000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x00002aaaab01d000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00002aaaaaaab000)

And here is rxvt-unicode:

libX11.so.6 => /usr/X11R6/lib/libX11.so.6 (0x00002aaaaabc3000)
libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x00002aaaaada2000)
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x00002aaaaaeb0000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x00002aaaab0ee000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00002aaaaaaab000)

No large bloated libraries (of course, none were linked in statically),
except maybe libX11 :)

Rendering, Font & Look and Feel Issues
I can't get transparency working, what am I doing wrong?
First of all, transparency isn't officially supported in rxvt-unicode,
so you are mostly on your own. Do not bug the author about it (but you
may bug everybody else). Also, if you can't get it working consider it a
rite of passage: ... and you failed.

Here are four ways to get transparency. Do read the manpage and option
descriptions for the programs mentioned and rxvt-unicode. Really, do it!

1. Use pseudo-transparency:

Esetroot wallpaper.jpg
urxvt -tr -tint red -sh 40

That works. If you think it doesn't, you lack transparency and tinting
support, or you are unable to read. This method requires that the
background-setting program sets the _XROOTPMAP_ID or ESETROOT_PMAP_ID
property. Compatible programs are Esetroot, hsetroot and feh.

2. Use a simple pixmap and emulate pseudo-transparency. This enables you
to use effects other than tinting and shading: Just shade/tint/whatever
your picture with gimp or any other tool:

convert wallpaper.jpg -blur 20x20 -modulate 30 background.jpg
urxvt -pixmap "background.jpg;:root"

That works. If you think it doesn't, you lack GDK-PixBuf support, or you
are unable to read.

3. Use an ARGB visual:

urxvt -depth 32 -fg grey90 -bg rgba:0000/0000/4444/cccc

This requires XFT support, and the support of your X-server. If that
doesn't work for you, find a working composite manager or window
manager, both are required to support ARGB visuals for client windows.

4. Use xcompmgr and let it do the job:

xprop -frame -f _NET_WM_WINDOW_OPACITY 32c \
-set _NET_WM_WINDOW_OPACITY 0xc0000000

Then click on a window you want to make transparent. Replace 0xc0000000
by other values to change the degree of opacity. If it doesn't work and
your server crashes, you got to keep the pieces.

Why does rxvt-unicode sometimes leave pixel droppings?
Most fonts were not designed for terminal use, which means that
character size varies a lot. A font that is otherwise fine for terminal
use might contain some characters that are simply too wide. Rxvt-unicode
will avoid these characters. For characters that are just "a bit" too
wide a special "careful" rendering mode is used that redraws adjacent
characters.

All of this requires that fonts do not lie about character sizes,
however: Xft fonts often draw glyphs larger than their acclaimed
bounding box, and rxvt-unicode has no way of detecting this (the correct
way is to ask for the character bounding box, which unfortunately is
wrong in these cases).

It's not clear (to me at least), whether this is a bug in Xft, freetype,
or the respective font. If you encounter this problem you might try
using the "-lsp" option to give the font more height. If that doesn't
work, you might be forced to use a different font.

All of this is not a problem when using X11 core fonts, as their
bounding box data is correct.

How can I keep rxvt-unicode from using reverse video so much?
First of all, make sure you are running with the right terminal settings
("TERM=rxvt-unicode"), which will get rid of most of these effects. Then
make sure you have specified colours for italic and bold, as otherwise
rxvt-unicode might use reverse video to simulate the effect:

URxvt.colorBD: white
URxvt.colorIT: green

Some programs assume totally weird colours (red instead of blue), how can I fix that?
For some unexplainable reason, some rare programs assume a very weird
colour palette when confronted with a terminal with more than the
standard 8 colours (rxvt-unicode supports 88). The right fix is, of
course, to fix these programs not to assume non-ISO colours without very
good reasons.

In the meantime, you can either edit your "rxvt-unicode" terminfo
definition to only claim 8 colour support or use "TERM=rxvt", which will
fix colours but keep you from using other rxvt-unicode features.

Can I switch the fonts at runtime?
Yes, using an escape sequence. Try something like this, which has the
same effect as using the "-fn" switch, and takes effect immediately:

printf '\33]50;%s\007' "9x15bold,xft:Kochi Gothic"

This is useful if you e.g. work primarily with japanese (and prefer a
japanese font), but you have to switch to chinese temporarily, where
japanese fonts would only be in your way.

You can think of this as a kind of manual ISO-2022 switching.

Why do italic characters look as if clipped?
Many fonts have difficulties with italic characters and hinting. For
example, the otherwise very nicely hinted font "xft:Bitstream Vera Sans
Mono" completely fails in its italic face. A workaround might be to
enable freetype autohinting, i.e. like this:

URxvt.italicFont: xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:italic:autohint=true
URxvt.boldItalicFont: xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:bold:italic:autohint=true

Can I speed up Xft rendering somehow?
Yes, the most obvious way to speed it up is to avoid Xft entirely, as it
is simply slow. If you still want Xft fonts you might try to disable
antialiasing (by appending ":antialias=false"), which saves lots of
memory and also speeds up rendering considerably.

Rxvt-unicode doesn't seem to anti-alias its fonts, what is wrong?
Rxvt-unicode will use whatever you specify as a font. If it needs to
fall back to its default font search list it will prefer X11 core fonts,
because they are small and fast, and then use Xft fonts. It has
antialiasing disabled for most of them, because the author thinks they
look best that way.

If you want antialiasing, you have to specify the fonts manually.

What's with this bold/blink stuff?
If no bold colour is set via "colorBD:", bold will invert text using the
standard foreground colour.

For the standard background colour, blinking will actually make the text
blink when compiled with "--enable-text-blink". Without
"--enable-text-blink", the blink attribute will be ignored.

On ANSI colours, bold/blink attributes are used to set high-intensity
foreground/background colours.

color0-7 are the low-intensity colours.

color8-15 are the corresponding high-intensity colours.

I don't like the screen colours. How do I change them?
You can change the screen colours at run-time using ~/.Xdefaults
resources (or as long-options).

Here are values that are supposed to resemble a VGA screen, including
the murky brown that passes for low-intensity yellow:

URxvt.color0: #000000
URxvt.color1: #A80000
URxvt.color2: #00A800
URxvt.color3: #A8A800
URxvt.color4: #0000A8
URxvt.color5: #A800A8
URxvt.color6: #00A8A8
URxvt.color7: #A8A8A8

URxvt.color8: #000054
URxvt.color9: #FF0054
URxvt.color10: #00FF54
URxvt.color11: #FFFF54
URxvt.color12: #0000FF
URxvt.color13: #FF00FF
URxvt.color14: #00FFFF
URxvt.color15: #FFFFFF

And here is a more complete set of non-standard colours.

URxvt.cursorColor: #dc74d1
URxvt.pointerColor: #dc74d1
URxvt.background: #0e0e0e
URxvt.foreground: #4ad5e1
URxvt.color0: #000000
URxvt.color8: #8b8f93
URxvt.color1: #dc74d1
URxvt.color9: #dc74d1
URxvt.color2: #0eb8c7
URxvt.color10: #0eb8c7
URxvt.color3: #dfe37e
URxvt.color11: #dfe37e
URxvt.color5: #9e88f0
URxvt.color13: #9e88f0
URxvt.color6: #73f7ff
URxvt.color14: #73f7ff
URxvt.color7: #e1dddd
URxvt.color15: #e1dddd

They have been described (not by me) as "pretty girly".

Why do some characters look so much different than others?
See next entry.

How does rxvt-unicode choose fonts?
Most fonts do not contain the full range of Unicode, which is fine.
Chances are that the font you (or the admin/package maintainer of your
system/os) have specified does not cover all the characters you want to
display.

rxvt-unicode makes a best-effort try at finding a replacement font.
Often the result is fine, but sometimes the chosen font looks
bad/ugly/wrong. Some fonts have totally strange characters that don't
resemble the correct glyph at all, and rxvt-unicode lacks the artificial
intelligence to detect that a specific glyph is wrong: it has to believe
the font that the characters it claims to contain indeed look correct.

In that case, select a font of your taste and add it to the font list,
e.g.:

urxvt -fn basefont,font2,font3...

When rxvt-unicode sees a character, it will first look at the base font.
If the base font does not contain the character, it will go to the next
font, and so on. Specifying your own fonts will also speed up this
search and use less resources within rxvt-unicode and the X-server.

The only limitation is that none of the fonts may be larger than the
base font, as the base font defines the terminal character cell size,
which must be the same due to the way terminals work.

Why do some chinese characters look so different than others?
This is because there is a difference between script and language --
rxvt-unicode does not know which language the text that is output is, as
it only knows the unicode character codes. If rxvt-unicode first sees a
japanese/chinese character, it might choose a japanese font for display.
Subsequent japanese characters will use that font. Now, many chinese
characters aren't represented in japanese fonts, so when the first
non-japanese character comes up, rxvt-unicode will look for a chinese
font -- unfortunately at this point, it will still use the japanese font
for chinese characters that are also in the japanese font.

The workaround is easy: just tag a chinese font at the end of your font
list (see the previous question). The key is to view the font list as a
preference list: If you expect more japanese, list a japanese font
first. If you expect more chinese, put a chinese font first.

In the future it might be possible to switch language preferences at
runtime (the internal data structure has no problem with using different
fonts for the same character at the same time, but no interface for this
has been designed yet).

Until then, you might get away with switching fonts at runtime (see "Can
I switch the fonts at runtime?" later in this document).

How can I make mplayer display video correctly?
We are working on it, in the meantime, as a workaround, use something
like:

urxvt -b 600 -geometry 20x1 -e sh -c 'mplayer -wid $WINDOWID file...'

Why is the cursor now blinking in emacs/vi/...?
This is likely caused by your editor/program's use of the "cvvis"
terminfo capability. Emacs uses it by default, as well as some versions
of vi and possibly other programs.

In emacs, you can switch that off by adding this to your ".emacs" file:

(setq visible-cursor nil)

For other programs, if they do not have an option, your have to remove
the "cvvis" capability from the terminfo description.

When urxvt first added the blinking cursor option, it didn't add a
"cvvis" capability, which served no purpose before. Version 9.21
introduced "cvvis" (and the ability to control blinking independent of
cursor shape) for compatibility with other terminals, which
traditionally use a blinking cursor for "cvvis". This also reflects the
intent of programs such as emacs, who expect "cvvis" to enable a
blinking cursor.

Keyboard, Mouse & User Interaction
The new selection selects pieces that are too big, how can I select single words?
If you want to select e.g. alphanumeric words, you can use the following
setting:

URxvt.selection.pattern-0: ([[:word:]]+)

If you click more than twice, the selection will be extended more and
more.

To get a selection that is very similar to the old code, try this
pattern:

URxvt.selection.pattern-0: ([^"&'()*,;<=>?@[\\\\]^`{|})]+)

Please also note that the *LeftClick Shift-LeftClick* combination also
selects words like the old code.

I don't like the new selection/popups/hotkeys/perl, how do I change/disable it?
You can disable the perl extension completely by setting the
perl-ext-common resource to the empty string, which also keeps
rxvt-unicode from initialising perl, saving memory.

If you only want to disable specific features, you first have to
identify which perl extension is responsible. For this, read the section
PREPACKAGED EXTENSIONS in the urxvtperl(3) manpage. For example, to
disable the selection-popup and option-popup, specify this
perl-ext-common resource:

URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,-selection-popup,-option-popup

This will keep the default extensions, but disable the two popup
extensions. Some extensions can also be configured, for example,
scrollback search mode is triggered by M-s. You can move it to any other
combination by adding a keysym resource that binds the desired
combination to the "start" action of "searchable-scrollback" and another
one that binds M-s to the "builtin:" action:

URxvt.keysym.CM-s: searchable-scrollback:start
URxvt.keysym.M-s: builtin:

The cursor moves when selecting text in the current input line, how do I switch this off?
See next entry.

During rlogin/ssh/telnet/etc. sessions, clicking near the cursor outputs strange escape sequences, how do I fix this?
These are caused by the "readline" perl extension. Under normal
circumstances, it will move your cursor around when you click into the
line that contains it. It tries hard not to do this at the wrong moment,
but when running a program that doesn't parse cursor movements or in
some cases during rlogin sessions, it fails to detect this properly.

You can permanently switch this feature off by disabling the "readline"
extension:

URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,-readline

My numeric keypad acts weird and generates differing output?
Some Debian GNU/Linux users seem to have this problem, although no
specific details were reported so far. It is possible that this is
caused by the wrong "TERM" setting, although the details of whether and
how this can happen are unknown, as "TERM=rxvt" should offer a
compatible keymap. See the answer to the previous question, and please
report if that helped.

My Compose (Multi_key) key is no longer working.
The most common causes for this are that either your locale is not set
correctly, or you specified a preeditType that is not supported by your
input method. For example, if you specified OverTheSpot and your input
method (e.g. the default input method handling Compose keys) does not
support this (for instance because it is not visual), then rxvt-unicode
will continue without an input method.

In this case either do not specify a preeditType or specify more than
one pre-edit style, such as OverTheSpot,Root,None.

If it still doesn't work, then maybe your input method doesn't support
compose sequences - to fall back to the built-in one, make sure you
don't specify an input method via "-im" or "XMODIFIERS".

I cannot type "Ctrl-Shift-2" to get an ASCII NUL character due to ISO 14755
Either try "Ctrl-2" alone (it often is mapped to ASCII NUL even on
international keyboards) or simply use ISO 14755 support to your
advantage, typing to get a ASCII NUL. This works for
other codes, too, such as "Ctrl-Shift-1-d" to type the default telnet
escape character and so on.

Mouse cut/paste suddenly no longer works.
Make sure that mouse reporting is actually turned off since killing some
editors prematurely may leave it active. I've heard that tcsh may use
mouse reporting unless it is otherwise specified. A quick check is to
see if cut/paste works when the Alt or Shift keys are pressed.

What's with the strange Backspace/Delete key behaviour?
Assuming that the physical Backspace key corresponds to the Backspace
keysym (not likely for Linux ... see the following question) there are
two standard values that can be used for Backspace: "^H" and "^?".

Historically, either value is correct, but rxvt-unicode adopts the
debian policy of using "^?" when unsure, because it's the one and only
correct choice :).

It is possible to toggle between "^H" and "^?" with the DECBKM private
mode:

# use Backspace = ^H
$ stty erase ^H
$ printf "\e[?67h"

# use Backspace = ^?
$ stty erase ^?
$ printf "\e[?67l"

This helps satisfy some of the Backspace discrepancies that occur, but
if you use Backspace = "^H", make sure that the termcap/terminfo value
properly reflects that.

The Delete key is a another casualty of the ill-defined Backspace
problem. To avoid confusion between the Backspace and Delete keys, the
Delete key has been assigned an escape sequence to match the vt100 for
Execute ("ESC [ 3 ~") and is in the supplied termcap/terminfo.

Some other Backspace problems:

some editors use termcap/terminfo, some editors (vim I'm told) expect
Backspace = ^H, GNU Emacs (and Emacs-like editors) use ^H for help.

Perhaps someday this will all be resolved in a consistent manner.

I don't like the key-bindings. How do I change them?
There are some compile-time selections available via configure. Unless
you have run "configure" with the "--disable-resources" option you can
use the `keysym' resource to alter the keystrings associated with
keysyms.

Here's an example for a URxvt session started using "urxvt -name URxvt"

URxvt.keysym.Prior: \033[5~
URxvt.keysym.Next: \033[6~
URxvt.keysym.Home: \033[7~
URxvt.keysym.End: \033[8~
URxvt.keysym.Up: \033[A
URxvt.keysym.Down: \033[B
URxvt.keysym.Right: \033[C
URxvt.keysym.Left: \033[D

See some more examples in the documentation for the keysym resource.

I'm using keyboard model XXX that has extra Prior/Next/Insert keys. How do I make use of them? For example, the Sun Keyboard type 4 has the following map
KP_Insert == Insert
F22 == Print
F27 == Home
F29 == Prior
F33 == End
F35 == Next

Rather than have rxvt-unicode try to accommodate all the various
possible keyboard mappings, it is better to use `xmodmap' to remap the
keys as required for your particular machine.

Terminal Configuration
Can I see a typical configuration?
The default configuration tries to be xterm-like, which I don't like
that much, but it's least surprise to regular users.

As a rxvt or rxvt-unicode user, you are practically supposed to invest
time into customising your terminal. To get you started, here is the
author's .Xdefaults entries, with comments on what they do. It's
certainly not *typical*, but what's typical...

URxvt.cutchars: "()*,<>[]{}|'
URxvt.print-pipe: cat >/some/path

These are just for testing stuff.

URxvt.imLocale: ja_JP.UTF-8
URxvt.preeditType: OnTheSpot,None

This tells rxvt-unicode to use a special locale when communicating with
the X Input Method, and also tells it to only use the OnTheSpot pre-edit
type, which requires the "xim-onthespot" perl extension but rewards me
with correct-looking fonts.

URxvt.perl-lib: /root/lib/urxvt
URxvt.perl-ext-common: default,selection-autotransform,selection-pastebin,xim-onthespot,remote-clipboard
URxvt.selection.pattern-0: ( at .*? line \\d+)
URxvt.selection.pattern-1: ^(/[^:]+):\
URxvt.selection-autotransform.0: s/^([^:[:space:]]+):(\\d+):?$/:e \\Q$1\\E\\x0d:$2\\x0d/
URxvt.selection-autotransform.1: s/^ at (.*?) line (\\d+)$/:e \\Q$1\\E\\x0d:$2\\x0d/

This is my perl configuration. The first two set the perl library
directory and also tells urxvt to use a large number of extensions. I
develop for myself mostly, so I actually use most of the extensions I
write.

The selection stuff mainly makes the selection perl-error-message aware
and tells it to convert perl error messages into vi-commands to load the
relevant file and go to the error line number.

URxvt.scrollstyle: plain
URxvt.secondaryScroll: true

As the documentation says: plain is the preferred scrollbar for the
author. The "secondaryScroll" configures urxvt to scroll in full-screen
apps, like screen, so lines scrolled out of screen end up in urxvt's
scrollback buffer.

URxvt.background: #000000
URxvt.foreground: gray90
URxvt.color7: gray90
URxvt.colorBD: #ffffff
URxvt.cursorColor: #e0e080
URxvt.throughColor: #8080f0
URxvt.highlightColor: #f0f0f0

Some colours. Not sure which ones are being used or even non-defaults,
but these are in my .Xdefaults. Most notably, they set
foreground/background to light gray/black, and also make sure that the
colour 7 matches the default foreground colour.

URxvt.underlineColor: yellow

Another colour, makes underline lines look different. Sometimes hurts,
but is mostly a nice effect.

URxvt.geometry: 154x36
URxvt.loginShell: false
URxvt.meta: ignore
URxvt.utmpInhibit: true

Uh, well, should be mostly self-explanatory. By specifying some defaults
manually, I can quickly switch them for testing.

URxvt.saveLines: 8192

A large scrollback buffer is essential. Really.

URxvt.mapAlert: true

The only case I use it is for my IRC window, which I like to keep
iconified till people msg me (which beeps).

URxvt.visualBell: true

The audible bell is often annoying, especially when in a crowd.

URxvt.insecure: true

Please don't hack my mutt! Ooops...

URxvt.pastableTabs: false

I once thought this is a great idea.

urxvt.font: 9x15bold,\
-misc-fixed-bold-r-normal--15-140-75-75-c-90-iso10646-1,\
-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--15-140-75-75-c-90-iso10646-1, \
[codeset=JISX0208]xft:Kochi Gothic, \
xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:autohint=true, \
xft:Code2000:antialias=false
urxvt.boldFont: -xos4-terminus-bold-r-normal--14-140-72-72-c-80-iso8859-15
urxvt.italicFont: xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:italic:autohint=true
urxvt.boldItalicFont: xft:Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:bold:italic:autohint=true

I wrote rxvt-unicode to be able to specify fonts exactly. So don't be
overwhelmed. A special note: the "9x15bold" mentioned above is actually
the version from XFree-3.3, as XFree-4 replaced it by a totally
different font (different glyphs for ";" and many other harmless
characters), while the second font is actually the "9x15bold" from
XFree4/XOrg. The bold version has less chars than the medium version, so
I use it for rare characters, too. When editing sources with vim, I use
italic for comments and other stuff, which looks quite good with
Bitstream Vera anti-aliased.

Terminus is a quite bad font (many very wrong glyphs), but for most of
my purposes, it works, and gives a different look, as my normal
(Non-bold) font is already bold, and I want to see a difference between
bold and normal fonts.

Please note that I used the "urxvt" instance name and not the "URxvt"
class name. That is because I use different configs for different
purposes, for example, my IRC window is started with "-name IRC", and
uses these defaults:

IRC*title: IRC
IRC*geometry: 87x12+535+542
IRC*saveLines: 0
IRC*mapAlert: true
IRC*font: suxuseuro
IRC*boldFont: suxuseuro
IRC*colorBD: white
IRC*keysym.M-C-1: command:\033]710;suxuseuro\007\033]711;suxuseuro\007
IRC*keysym.M-C-2: command:\033]710;9x15bold\007\033]711;9x15bold\007

"Alt-Ctrl-1" and "Alt-Ctrl-2" switch between two different font sizes.
"suxuseuro" allows me to keep an eye (and actually read) stuff while
keeping a very small window. If somebody pastes something complicated
(e.g. japanese), I temporarily switch to a larger font.

The above is all in my ".Xdefaults" (I don't use ".Xresources" nor
"xrdb"). I also have some resources in a separate ".Xdefaults-hostname"
file for different hosts, for example, on my main desktop, I use:

URxvt.keysym.C-M-q: command:\033[3;5;5t
URxvt.keysym.C-M-y: command:\033[3;5;606t
URxvt.keysym.C-M-e: command:\033[3;1605;5t
URxvt.keysym.C-M-c: command:\033[3;1605;606t
URxvt.keysym.C-M-p: perl:test

The first for keysym definitions allow me to quickly bring some windows
in the layout I like most. Ion users might start laughing but will stop
immediately when I tell them that I use my own Fvwm2 module for much the
same effect as Ion provides, and I only very rarely use the above key
combinations :->

Why doesn't rxvt-unicode read my resources?
Well, why, indeed? It does, in a way very similar to other X
applications. Most importantly, this means that if you or your OS loads
resources into the X display (the right way to do it), rxvt-unicode will
ignore any resource files in your home directory. It will only read
$HOME/.Xdefaults when no resources are attached to the display.

If you have or use an $HOME/.Xresources file, chances are that resources
are loaded into your X-server. In this case, you have to re-login after
every change (or run xrdb -merge $HOME/.Xresources).

Also consider the form resources have to use:

URxvt.resource: value

If you want to use another form (there are lots of different ways of
specifying resources), make sure you understand whether and why it
works. If unsure, use the form above.

When I log-in to another system it tells me about missing terminfo data?
The terminal description used by rxvt-unicode is not as widely available
as that for xterm, or even rxvt (for which the same problem often
arises).

The correct solution for this problem is to install the terminfo, this
can be done by simply installing rxvt-unicode on the remote system as
well (in case you have a nice package manager ready), or you can install
the terminfo database manually like this (with ncurses infocmp. works as
user and root):

REMOTE=remotesystem.domain
infocmp rxvt-unicode | ssh $REMOTE "mkdir -p .terminfo && cat >/tmp/ti && tic /tmp/ti"

One some systems you might need to set $TERMINFO to the full path of
$HOME/.terminfo for this to work.

If you cannot or do not want to do this, then you can simply set
"TERM=rxvt" or even "TERM=xterm", and live with the small number of
problems arising, which includes wrong keymapping, less and different
colours and some refresh errors in fullscreen applications. It's a nice
quick-and-dirty workaround for rare cases, though.

If you always want to do this (and are fine with the consequences) you
can either recompile rxvt-unicode with the desired TERM value or use a
resource to set it:

URxvt.termName: rxvt

If you don't plan to use rxvt (quite common...) you could also replace
the rxvt terminfo file with the rxvt-unicode one and use "TERM=rxvt".

nano fails with "Error opening terminal: rxvt-unicode"
This exceptionally confusing and useless error message is printed by
nano when it can't find the terminfo database. Nothing is wrong with
your terminal, read the previous answer for a solution.

"tic" outputs some error when compiling the terminfo entry.
Most likely it's the empty definition for "enacs=". Just replace it by
"enacs=\E[0@" and try again.

"bash"'s readline does not work correctly under urxvt.
See next entry.

I need a termcap file entry.
One reason you might want this is that some distributions or operating
systems still compile some programs using the long-obsoleted termcap
library (Fedora's bash is one example) and rely on a termcap entry for
"rxvt-unicode".

You could use rxvt's termcap entry with reasonable results in many
cases. You can also create a termcap entry by using terminfo's infocmp
program like this:

infocmp -C rxvt-unicode

Or you could use the termcap entry in doc/etc/rxvt-unicode.termcap,
generated by the command above.

Why does "ls" no longer have coloured output?
The "ls" in the GNU coreutils unfortunately doesn't use terminfo to
decide whether a terminal has colour, but uses its own configuration
file. Needless to say, "rxvt-unicode" is not in its default file (among
with most other terminals supporting colour). Either add:

TERM rxvt-unicode

to "/etc/DIR_COLORS" or simply add:

alias ls='ls --color=auto'

to your ".profile" or ".bashrc".

Why doesn't vim/emacs etc. use the 88 colour mode?
See next entry.

Why doesn't vim/emacs etc. make use of italic?
See next entry.

Why are the secondary screen-related options not working properly?
Make sure you are using "TERM=rxvt-unicode". Some pre-packaged
distributions break rxvt-unicode by setting "TERM" to "rxvt", which
doesn't have these extra features. Unfortunately, some of these
furthermore fail to even install the "rxvt-unicode" terminfo file, so
you will need to install it on your own (See the question When I log-in
to another system it tells me about missing terminfo data? on how to do
this).

Encoding / Locale / Input Method Issues
Rxvt-unicode does not seem to understand the selected encoding?
See next entry.

Unicode does not seem to work?
If you encounter strange problems like typing an accented character but
getting two unrelated other characters or similar, or if program output
is subtly garbled, then you should check your locale settings.

Rxvt-unicode must be started with the same "LC_CTYPE" setting as the
programs running in it. Often rxvt-unicode is started in the "C" locale,
while the login script running within the rxvt-unicode window changes
the locale to something else, e.g. "en_GB.UTF-8". Needless to say, this
is not going to work, and is the most common cause for problems.

The best thing is to fix your startup environment, as you will likely
run into other problems. If nothing works you can try this in your
.profile.

printf '\33]701;%s\007' "$LC_CTYPE" # $LANG or $LC_ALL are worth a try, too

If this doesn't work, then maybe you use a "LC_CTYPE" specification not
supported on your systems. Some systems have a "locale" command which
displays this (also, "perl -e0" can be used to check locale settings, as
it will complain loudly if it cannot set the locale). If it displays
something like:

locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: ...

Then the locale you specified is not supported on your system.

If nothing works and you are sure that everything is set correctly then
you will need to remember a little known fact: Some programs just don't
support locales :(

How does rxvt-unicode determine the encoding to use?
See next entry.

Is there an option to switch encodings?
Unlike some other terminals, rxvt-unicode has no encoding switch, and no
specific "utf-8" mode, such as xterm. In fact, it doesn't even know
about UTF-8 or any other encodings with respect to terminal I/O.

The reasons is that there exists a perfectly fine mechanism for
selecting the encoding, doing I/O and (most important) communicating
this to all applications so everybody agrees on character properties
such as width and code number. This mechanism is the *locale*.
Applications not using that info will have problems (for example,
"xterm" gets the width of characters wrong as it uses its own,
locale-independent table under all locales).

Rxvt-unicode uses the "LC_CTYPE" locale category to select encoding. All
programs doing the same (that is, most) will automatically agree in the
interpretation of characters.

Unfortunately, there is no system-independent way to select locales, nor
is there a standard on how locale specifiers will look like.

On most systems, the content of the "LC_CTYPE" environment variable
contains an arbitrary string which corresponds to an already-installed
locale. Common names for locales are "en_US.UTF-8", "de_DE.ISO-8859-15",
"ja_JP.EUC-JP", i.e. "language_country.encoding", but other forms (i.e.
"de" or "german") are also common.

Rxvt-unicode ignores all other locale categories, and except for the
encoding, ignores country or language-specific settings, i.e.
"de_DE.UTF-8" and "ja_JP.UTF-8" are the normally same to rxvt-unicode.

If you want to use a specific encoding you have to make sure you start
rxvt-unicode with the correct "LC_CTYPE" category.

Can I switch locales at runtime?
Yes, using an escape sequence. Try something like this, which sets
rxvt-unicode's idea of "LC_CTYPE".

printf '\33]701;%s\007' ja_JP.SJIS