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https://github.com/f0nzie/volve-reservoir-model-evolution

Volve dataset. Reservoir model. Analyze steps and field cumulatives from Eclipse PRT file
https://github.com/f0nzie/volve-reservoir-model-evolution

data-science petroleum-engineering reservoir-modeling reservoir-simulation rstats

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Volve dataset. Reservoir model. Analyze steps and field cumulatives from Eclipse PRT file

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README 

          
---

output: github_document

---



```{r setup, include = FALSE, error=TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}

knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, 

                      comment = "#>",

                      collapse = TRUE,

                      error = TRUE,

                      warning = FALSE,

                      message = FALSE,

                      fig.align = 'center',

                      autodep=FALSE

                      )

```



```{r, echo=FALSE}

proj_root <- rprojroot::find_rstudio_root_file()

```



```{r, out.width = "900px", fig.cap="Step at 1 day", echo=FALSE}

# knitr::include_graphics(file.path(proj_root, "img/volve_north_view_start_end.png"))

knitr::include_graphics("./img/volve_north_view_start_end.png")

```



# A reproducible comparison of the Volve reservoir model



# Introduction 

Continuing with the previous article [The fabrication of an artificial intelligence agent for reservoir history matching from the Volve dataset](http://blog.oilgainsanalytics.com/publications/the-fabrication-of-an-artificial-intelligence-agent-for-reservoir-history-matching-from-the-volve-dataset/), and the generation of a master dataset for an AI agent to perform history matching of reservoir models, we will extract additional data from the output of the Volve reservoir model, the `PRT` text file. This is the output "as-is", as we found it. No additional simulation runs have been performed over this model.



In addition to the PRT file there are binary files that Eclipse generates as part of the output. We still don't have a reader for those files but we are close to take a look at some code written in Python by a Reservoir Engineer who I have been in touch for the past few days. Working with binary files should be your more preferred option than dealing with the painful extraction of variables using regular expressions (regex). At any rate, we could take these last two posts as an exercise of applying regex to text files when we don't have access to the binary files format.



## Data blocks in the simulator output

In the previous article, we extracted the __field totals__, or cumulatives, from the text blocks with the keyword __BALANCE AT__ in the `PRT` file; produced volumes of oil, gas and water as well as the COIP, or currently oil in place. There is another block of interest in the text file, that we could call the __STEP__ block. This block contains instantaneous production variables such as GOR, watercut, WGR and the average bottomhole pressure (PAV). WHat we are looking here is to improve the current dataset from containing cumulative volumes to include these new production variables. In other other words, we want a more comprehensive dataset that we could use as part of a machine learning algorithm later.



## Challenges ahead

There are some challenges though while doing this:



* The number of observations (rows) of the variables extracted from the __STEP__ block is greater than the observations of the field totals dataset.



* Since the data originated from the __STEP__ block is more granular than that of the __BALANCE-AT__ block, we will face the challenge of mismatched dates between both. So, a more complete dataset of production variables comes with its costs. Merging two dataframes will have to be carefully performed.



* Additionally, we may not getting all the variables from the __PRT__ text file as from the binary files generated by Eclipse. As one of the reservoir engineers, who read the previous article, noticed there is an inconsistency in the __produced water__ between the PRT file values I got and the binary files he was able to read. This is one of the drawbacks of reading the __PRT__ text file and mining for data; it is difficult to find all the output variables from the simulation, and some of them -if not properly identified- could be misleading.



* While the extraction of data from a text file serves a purpose, when a reader of binary files from the simulation is not available, we should exercise caution with those extracted from a text file. 



* It is nice to get a good match of volumes between simulation and the real world. But we also have to be prepared for the bad news: when one of the reservoir fluids is far, far away from the match.



# Read the simulation output data



## Read the PRT text file

As we did in the previous step, we start by reading the reservoir simulation output file: the text file __VOLVE_2016.PRT`__. It is a relatively big file: 228 megabytes. I have zipped it in order to save some disk space and prevent Github from complaining about the size of the file. Maximum size of a file in Github is 100 megabytes.



This data operation was shown in the previous article with the only difference that I used Google drive instead. In a second case, I used Zenodo, a service that allows sharing datasets up to 50 gigabytes per dataset. I am providing the links to the datasets living in Zenodo at the end of this article.



```{r read-prt-file}

library(dplyr)

library(ggplot2)



# read the Eclipse PRT output report



# had to zip the PRT file because it's 225 MB and too big for Github

volve_2016_zip <- file.path(proj_root, "inst/rawdata", "VOLVE_2016.zip")

temp <- tempdir()



volve_2016_txt <- readLines(unzip(volve_2016_zip, exdir = temp))

```



Once with the contents of `VOLVE_2016.PRT` loaded in the object __volve_2016_txt__, we proceed to perform the extraction.



We start by extracting few rows after the __STEP__ keyword.



```{r}

# get a list of rows from " STEP" 



# find the rows where we find the word " STEP"

step_rows <- grep("^ STEP", volve_2016_txt)



# add rows ahead to where the keyword was found

step_info_range <- lapply(seq_along(step_rows), function(x) 

    c(step_rows[x], step_rows[x]+1:2))               # add two extra row indices



step_info_range[[1]]   # sample for report page 1 only

```



These extra row indices are lines of text where the report keeps more information of the evolution of the simulation. Here is a couple of screenhots.



Step at day __1__:



```{r, out.width = "600px", fig.cap="Step at 1 day", echo=FALSE}

# knitr::include_graphics(file.path(proj_root, "img/step_0001.png"))

knitr::include_graphics("./img/step_0001.png")

```



Step at day __3,197__:



```{r, out.width = "600px", fig.cap="Step at 3197 days", , echo=FALSE}

knitr::include_graphics("./img/step_3197.png")

```



Now, knowing the row indices for the text we need to extract from the `PRT` file, we can proceed to extracting those lines of text and putting them in a list, one page or one step, per list element. We do this to later iterate through all the steps and extract the data we want. The object `steps_info_txt_pages` is a list containing the row indices that are of our interest.



```{r}

# get the text from all pages and put them in a list

steps_info_txt_pages <- lapply(seq_along(step_info_range), function(x) 

    volve_2016_txt[step_info_range[[x]]])

```



For example, this is an example of the first page for step #1.

```{r}

steps_info_txt_pages[1]

```



## Extracting step data from the text file

 

### Extract the days from the STEP block

Although we could extract all the data we require from the text file in one go, it is better to see one or two examples of seeing __regular expressions__ or __regex__ at work. Regular expressions are practically available to all programming languages: C++, Java, JavaScript, Python, Perl, R, etc.



In this first example, we will extract the number of days at the current simulation step. If this is the first step page:



```

 STEP    1 TIME=      1.00  DAYS (    +1.0  DAYS INIT  5 ITS) (1-JAN-2008)       

  PAV=   329.6  BARSA  WCT= 0.00 GOR= 0.00000   SM3/SM3 WGR= 0.00000   SM3/SM3

```



to extract the days we have to provide a regex pattern that detects a real number like `1.00`, which is `".*?(\\d+.\\d.)+.*"`.



__Explanation__



* `.*?` will match any characters. lazy matching.

* `(\\d+.\\d.)` capturing group. 

* `\\d+` matches any number of digits

* `\\d.` matches a digit and then any character

    



Here we iterate through the list _steps_info_txt_pages_, extract the step-page, extract the number of days from the text. After that, we convert the vector to a dataframe.



```{r rows.print=20}

# iterate through the list of STEP pages

days_dfs <- lapply(seq_along(steps_info_txt_pages), function(x) {

    page <- steps_info_txt_pages[[x]]   # put all pages text in a list

    days_row_txt <- page[1]                                # get 1st row of page

    days_value <- sub(".*?(\\d+.\\d.)+.*", "\\1", days_row_txt,

                      perl = TRUE) # extract the days

    

    # dataframe; days as double; no factors.

    data.frame(days = as.double(days_value), stringsAsFactors = FALSE) 

})



days_df <- do.call("rbind", days_dfs)

```



### Extract the days

Let's see a sample of the first ten and last ten rows for the dataframe _days_df_ just extracted:



```{r}

rbind(head(days_df, 10), tail(days_df, 10))   # show the first 10 and last 10 rows

```



This is just 20 rows of data. The dataframe _days_df_ has `r nrow(days_df)` observations or rows.



### Extract the simulator running date 

This is the second example of data extraction using _regex_.



The following regular expresion pattern extracts the date from the current text line.



__Explanation__  



* `.*?(\\d{1,2}-[A-Z]{3}-\\d{4}).` entire regex pattern   

* `(\\d{1,2}-[A-Z]{3}-\\d{4})` parenthesis indicate a group to extract the date   

* `.*?` match any character   

*  `\\d{1,2}` match one or two digits (day)   

* `-[A-Z]{3}` match a dash followed by three letters (month)   

* `-\\d{4}` match four digits (year)   



Again, we iterate through the list _steps_info_txt_pages_, select a step-page, and then extract the date. Notice the difference between the previous _regex_ and this one for capturing the date.



```{r rows.print=20}

# iterate through the list of pages: dates

date_dfs <- lapply(seq_along(steps_info_txt_pages), function(x) {

    page <- steps_info_txt_pages[[x]]  # put all pages text in a list

    date_row_txt <- grep(" STEP", page)  # get row index at word STEP

    date_value <- sub(".*?(\\d{1,2}-[A-Z]{3}-\\d{4}).", "\\1", page[date_row_txt])

    

    # dataframe; no factors

    data.frame(date = date_value, stringsAsFactors = FALSE) 

})



date_df <- do.call("rbind", date_dfs)



# size of the dataframe: rows by columns

dim(date_df)



rbind(head(date_df, 10), tail(date_df, 10))   # show the first 10 and last 10 rows

``` 



This second dataframe _date_df_ also has `r nrow(date_df)` rows. You see a kind of a pattern here, right? We are extracting columns with the same number of observations (rows).



### Extract all the values from the __STEP__ block

After showing this pair of examples, we continue with the extraction of the rest of the values. If you take a look at the PRT file you will recognize these as the variables to be extracted:



* `STEP`  simulation step number

* `TIME`  number of days elapsed at the simulation step

* `date`  current date at the simulation run

* `PAV`   average pressure

* `WCT`   watercut

* `GOR`   gas oil ratio

* `WGR`   water gas ratio



The mission here is to extract all the variables that are made available by the simulator in the __STEP__ block. As shown above, they are seven variables. The two previous examples were showing the work for two of these variables.



The following is an __R__ script that extracts all the variables from all the occurrences of the __STEP__ block in the __PRT__ file. 



Something that we need to know: the steps are not entirely sequential. They may skip a day, or more, or could have been generated after "few hours" in the simulation, and they do not necessarily match the date in the _field totals_ dataframe. This is something to consider. Both dataframes will have different number of rows.



What is new here is that I am extracting several values from the text in one shot: __step__ (group 1), __days__ (group 2), and __date__ (group 4). Then assign them to their respective memory objects. A second thing that we do here -and very common in text files-, is the correction of the short name of the month. I am not sure what the reservoir guys were thinking about, but they decided to baptize the month of __July__ as __JLY__, when the standard practice is to short-name it __JUL__. Anyway, the side effect of this is that at the moment of converting character to date formats, the date using __JLY__ will be translated as _NULL_, since the date converter doesn't know anything about a month short-called __JLY__. I didn't know this in advance, but examining the output I found some gaps in the output that didn't show up in the raw data. So, be mindful of these events.



```{r rows.print=50}

# script that extracts production variables from the simulator output

library(lubridate)



# get the row indices where we find the keyword " STEP"

step_rows <- grep("^ STEP", volve_2016_txt)



# get rows ahead range. by block of text or per page

# in the case of the STEP block we are only interested in the next two rows

step_info_range <- lapply(seq_along(step_rows), function(x) 

    c(step_rows[x], step_rows[x]+1:2))



# get the text from all STEP pages and store each in a list element

steps_info_txt_pages <- lapply(seq_along(step_info_range), function(x) 

    volve_2016_txt[step_info_range[[x]]])



# iterate through the list of pages for the STEP blocks in the report

step_info_dfs <- lapply(seq_along(steps_info_txt_pages), function(x) {

    page <- steps_info_txt_pages[[x]]             # load a STEP block/page

    

    # this is line 1

    row_txt <- grep(" STEP", page)  # line 1 starts with STEP

    # pattern extraction for 1st line of text: STEP, TIME, date

    line_1_pattern <- ".*?(\\d+)+.*?(\\d+.\\d+)+.*?(\\d+)+.*?(\\d{1,2}-[A-Z]{3}-\\d{4})+.*"

    step_value <- sub(line_1_pattern, "\\1", page[row_txt], perl = TRUE) # extract step

    days_value <- sub(line_1_pattern, "\\2", page[row_txt], perl = TRUE) # extract days

    date_value <- sub(line_1_pattern, "\\4", page[row_txt], perl = TRUE) # extract date

    date_value <- sub("JLY", "JUL", date_value)              # change JLY by JUL

    

    

    # this is line 2

    row_txt <- grep(" PAV", page) # line 2 starts with PAV=

    # pattern extraction for 2nd line of text: PAV, WCT, GOR, WGR

    line_2_pattern <- ".*?(\\d+.\\d+)+.*?(\\d+.\\d+)+.*?(\\d+.\\d+)+.*?(\\d+.\\d+).*"

    pav_value <- sub(line_2_pattern, "\\1", page[row_txt], perl = TRUE) # Get avg pres

    wct_value <- sub(line_2_pattern, "\\2", page[row_txt], perl = TRUE) # get WCT

    gor_value <- sub(line_2_pattern, "\\3", page[row_txt], perl = TRUE) # get GOR

    wgr_value <- sub(line_2_pattern, "\\4", page[row_txt], perl = TRUE) # get WGR

    

    # dataframe; 

    data.frame(step = as.integer(step_value), 

               date = dmy(date_value),

               time_days = as.double(days_value), 

               pav_bar   = as.double(pav_value),

               wct_pct   = as.double(wct_value),

               gor_m3m3  = as.double(gor_value), 

               wgr_m3m3  = as.double(wgr_value),

               stringsAsFactors = FALSE) 

})



step_info <- do.call("rbind", step_info_dfs) # put together all dataframes in list



# show a summary of the dataframe

glimpse(step_info)

``` 



Finally, we get all the vectors for __step__ number, __date__, __date__, average __pressure__, __watercut__, __GOR__ and __WGR__ in a dataframe.



Then, we show the dataframe as a _tibble_, which is an elegant way of presenting long dataframes. This dataframe _step_info_, in particular, has `r nrow(step_info)` rows and `r ncol(step_info)` columns.



```{r}

# show as a tibble

(step_info <- as_tibble(step_info))

```



These are the names of the variables in the dataframe:



```{r}

names(step_info)

```



You can see that the __STEP__ block does not carry any data regarding cumulative production.



### A Sample of the _step_info_ dataframe

Let's test the first day and last day of the simulation:



```{r}

tail(step_info$date,1) - head(step_info$date,1)

```



The simulation runs for `r tail(step_info$date,1) - head(step_info$date,1)` days of the reservoir life.



### Save to data files

Now, let's save the data as a _.Rdata_ file (readable from R) and as as _CSV_ file (capable of being imported practically by any software).



```{r}

# data from STEP block.

data_folder <- file.path(proj_root, "data")   # project folder

# full filename, including path

save(step_info, file = file.path(data_folder, "data_from_step.Rdata"))

write.csv(step_info, file = file.path(data_folder, 

                                         "data_from_step.CSV"), 

          row.names = FALSE)

```



### Plots from the step block

Next, we proceed to show some of the data as visualization output. Here we will use the R package __ggplot2__. This is a flexible and sophisticated visualization tool using the Grammar of Graphics. These will be very simple plots of the variables we just extracted.



#### Plot pressure vs time

Let's take a look at the pressure over the life of the field, from the simulator perspective.



```{r}

ggplot(step_info, aes(x =date, y = pav_bar)) +

    geom_line(color = "red") +

    labs(title = "Pressure over time", subtitle = "Simulator output",

         y = "Average Pressure (PAV), bar")

```



#### Plot watercut vs time



```{r}

# plot from PRT simulator output (STEP block)

ggplot(step_info, aes(x =date, y = wct_pct)) +

    geom_line(color = "blue") +

    labs(title = "Field watercut over time", subtitle = "Simulator output",

         y = "Watercut, percent")

```



### Plot all variables from `STEP` block

To prevent cluttering our report from lots of plots, we will show all plots in one figure using __facets__. In order to achieve this, we will have to transform our data in __tidy format__.



```{r}

library(tidyr)



# convert to tidy format

step_info_gather <- 

step_info %>% 

  select(-c(step, time_days)) %>% 

  gather(key = var, value, pav_bar:wgr_m3m3) %>% 

  print()

  

# plot production variables from the STEP block in the PRT file



# change the name of the facet labels

facet_labels <- c(`gor_m3m3` = "GOR, m3/m3", `pav_bar` = "Avg.Pres, bar",

                  `wct_pct` = "Watercut, %", `wgr_m3m3` = "Water Gas Ratio, m3/m3")



# plot the facets with free y-axis.

ggplot(step_info_gather, aes(x = date, y = value)) +

  geom_line() +

  facet_wrap(.~var, scales = "free_y", labeller = as_labeller(facet_labels)) +

  labs(title = "Production variables from STEP block", 

       subtitle = "Simulator output", y = "", x = "")

```



## Merge cumulative oil with simulator steps

Next step is combining the data from the _steps_ dataframe with the _balance-at_ production cumulatives. This is not an straight operation since both dataframes have different date references.



1. First, we will extract the production cumulatives (field totals) from the PRT file. This is something we already did in the previous article. We will load that script.



2. Save the production cumulatives dataframe as a CSV file.



3. Join the field_totals and step_info dataframe by a common variable.



4. Plot variables



5. Calculate cumulatives



6. Fix the dates in the merge dataframe so they are continuous from 2018 till October 2016.



7. Calculate cumulatives and volumes by month



## Extract Field cumulatives from the `BALANCE-AT` block



```{r rows.print=25}

# load a script with functions

r_folder <- file.path(proj_root, "R")

r_script <- file.path(r_folder, "extract_data_from_prt.R")

source(r_script)



# run function to extract field totals or cumulative production

field_totals <- extract_field_totals(prt_file_content = volve_2016_txt)

field_totals

```



#### Save field totals to data files



```{r}

# save the field totals from BALANCE block.

data_folder <- file.path(proj_root, "data")

save(field_totals, file = file.path(data_folder, "field_totals_balance.Rdata"))

write.csv(field_totals, file = file.path(data_folder, 

                                         "field_totals_balance.CSV"), 

          row.names = FALSE)

```



We quickly plot the water outflow over the years.



> Note. This data might not correct. The PRT file does not explicitely assign a variable for the water outflow. Besides, this volume comes with a negative sign, which indicates injection rather than water production.



```{r}

# plot from PRT simulator output (BALANCE AT block)

ggplot(field_totals, aes(x =date, y = wat_otw)) +

    geom_line(color = "blue") +

    labs(title = "Field Water Outflow Through Wells", 

         subtitle = "Simulator output, BALANCE block",

         y = "Water volume, sm3")

```



Now, we know that the STEP dataframe has more rows than the BALANCE-AT dataframe. What we want is to correlate the step with the oil cumulatives.



These are the rows in the _step_info_ dataframe:

```{r}

dim(step_info)

```

These are the number of rows and colums of the _field_totals_ dataframe.

```{r}

dim(field_totals)

```



## Join field totals and step dataframes

We merge both tables, steps and field cumulatives. The resultant dataframe we call it _step_totals_.



```{r rows.print=50}

# join both tables by the common variable "date"

step_totals <- 

left_join(step_info, field_totals, by = "date") %>% 

    na.omit() %>% 

    select(date, time_days, days, everything()) %>% 

    as_tibble() %>% 

    print

```



The dataframe step_totals has `r nrow(step_totals)` rows or observations and `r ncol(step_totals)` columns or variables.



Looking at this dataframe closer we observe that the date intervals is not uniform; it is not weekle, bi-weekly or monthly because it is a merged dataframe. What we will do next is transforming this dataframe to a monthly summary or where the date intervals is a month separation.



### Plot outflow through wells from simulator

Without additional data transformations we plot the cumulatives of the merged dataset.



```{r}

ggplot(step_totals, aes(x = date, y = oil_otw)) +

    geom_line(color = "dark green", size = 1.1) +

    ggtitle("Cumulative Oil, sm3", subtitle = "Simulator")

```



This ggplot for the cumulative gas.



```{r}

ggplot(step_totals, aes(x = date, y = gas_otw)) +

    geom_line(color = "orange", size = 1.1) +

    labs(title = "Cumulative Gas", subtitle = "Simulator",

         y = "Cumulative Gas, sm3")

```



And this another one for cumulative water.



Let's just keep in mind that this curve may not be right because we are extracting from an incorrect labeled column (water outflow from wells).



```{r}

ggplot(step_totals, aes(x = date, y = wat_otw)) +

    geom_line(color = "blue", size = 1.1) +

    labs(title = "Cumulative Water", subtitle = "Simulator",

         y = "Cumulative Water, sm3")

```



### Calculate cumulatives for oil, gas and water for monthly period

This is where we transform the dataframe from an heterogeneous date steps to monthly periods. We use the _group_by_ function operating on the year and the month. This operation, in the end, brings us to a more organized table with a periodic variation. The extra work is recalculating the volumes and cumulatives on the new monthly basis. All these series of transformations are very common when you merge dataframes with different number of rows. What is happening here is:



* calculating the volume at the current period, which is the difference between the current row and the previous one. Wee do that with the _lag_ function.

* decomposing the date in year and month

* grouping by year and month

* summarize the data calculating the volumes per month

* convert the (year, month) to (year, month, day) date format



```{r rows.print=50}

# step field totals

sim_cumulatives <- 

step_totals %>% 

    select(date, oil_otw, gas_otw, wat_otw) %>% 

    mutate(oil_this_period = oil_otw - lag(oil_otw, default = 0)) %>%

    mutate(gas_this_period = gas_otw - lag(gas_otw, default = 0)) %>%

    mutate(wat_this_period = wat_otw - lag(wat_otw, default = 0)) %>% 

    mutate(year = year(date), month = month(date)) %>%

    group_by(year, month) %>%

    summarize(vol_oil = sum(oil_this_period), 

              vol_gas = sum(gas_this_period), 

              vol_wat = sum(wat_this_period)) %>%

    ungroup() %>%

    mutate(date = ymd(paste(year, month, "01", sep = "-"))) %>%

    # mutate(source = "simulator") %>%

    mutate(cum_oil = cumsum(vol_oil), 

           cum_gas = cumsum(vol_gas), 

           cum_wat = cumsum(vol_wat)) %>%

    select(date, year, month, everything()) %>%

    print()

```



### Filling the date gaps with periodic dates

In this case, at first sight, it seems that we got periodic dates for the production of the field. But what if we are missing a month or two? One way to ensure we have all months accounted for is building a known sequence of dates from _2016-01-01_ until _2008-10-01_. That is what we do with the function `seq.Date()`:



`seq.Date(as.Date("2008-01-01"), as.Date("2016-10-01"), by = "month")`



```{r}

# create a dataframe with complete dates from 2008 until Oct-2016

# this will fill any holes in the dates of any of the two dataframes

dates_complete <- as_tibble(data.frame(date= seq.Date(as.Date("2008-01-01"), 

                                          as.Date("2016-10-01"), by = "month"),

                 cum_oil = 0, cum_gas = 0, cum_wat = 0))

dates_complete

```



So, there are `r nrow(dates_complete)` months from start to end of production.



Next, we proceed to merge the dataframe of known dates (above) with the dataframe _sim_cumulatives_ that we obtained above. Finally, we calculate the volumes and cumulatives.



```{r}

# simulator production

# merge incomplete dataframe and fill with complete dates

# there will be blank rows or NAs where previously was not data

sim_cumulatives_dt <-

left_join(dates_complete, sim_cumulatives, by = "date") %>% 

    # remove NAs from the cumulatives .y

    tidyr::replace_na(list(cum_oil.y = 0, vol_oil = 0,

                           cum_gas.y = 0, vol_gas = 0,

                           cum_wat.y = 0, vol_wat = 0)) %>%        # replace NAs with zeros

    # add up cumulatives .x and .y

    mutate(cum_oil = cum_oil.x + cum_oil.y, 

           cum_gas = cum_gas.x + cum_gas.y,

           cum_wat = cum_wat.x + cum_wat.y) %>%       # sum cumulatives

    select(date, cum_oil, cum_gas, cum_wat, vol_oil, vol_gas, vol_wat) %>%

    # replace 0s with previous cumulative. these were rows that didn't exist

    mutate(cum_oil = ifelse(cum_oil == 0, lag(cum_oil, default = 0), cum_oil)) %>%

    mutate(cum_gas = ifelse(cum_gas == 0, lag(cum_gas, default = 0), cum_gas)) %>%

    mutate(cum_wat = ifelse(cum_wat == 0, lag(cum_wat, default = 0), cum_wat)) %>%

    mutate(vol_oil = ifelse(vol_oil == 0, lag(vol_oil, default = 0), vol_oil)) %>%

    mutate(vol_gas = ifelse(vol_gas == 0, lag(vol_gas, default = 0), vol_gas)) %>%

    mutate(vol_oil = ifelse(vol_wat == 0, lag(vol_wat, default = 0), vol_wat)) %>%

    as_tibble() %>% 

    print

```



The negative volume of water and oil are possibly volume corrections by the operator.



```{r}

# show observations with negative volumes

sim_cumulatives_dt %>% 

  filter(vol_oil <0 | vol_wat < 0 | vol_gas < 0)

```



## Comparative of simulator vs historical production

The last step is reading the historical production and compare them against the numbers from the simulation. We start by reading the historical production.



### Reading the historical production

Like we did in the previous article, we read the production history from an Excel file. But this time we will be reading all the variables in the dataset.



```{r}

# load historical production from Excel file

library(xlsx)   # library to read Excel files in R



# read the Excel file

proj_root <- rprojroot::find_rstudio_root_file()   # get the project root folder

xl_file <- file.path(proj_root, "inst/rawdata", "Volve production data.xlsx")

# read only the monthly production

prod_hist <- as_tibble(read.xlsx(xl_file, sheetName = "Monthly Production Data"))

prod_hist

```



### Save raw production history to data files 

Once we read the data from Excel we save it as a more standard format: _CSV_. But this saved data will be very raw because we haven't performed any operation yet. That's why we named it _production_history_raw.CSV_.



```{r}

# save historical data as raw

data_folder <- file.path(proj_root, "data")

save(prod_hist, file = file.path(data_folder, "production_history_raw.Rdata"))

write.csv(prod_hist, file = file.path(data_folder, 

                                         "production_history_raw.CSV"), 

          row.names = FALSE)

```



### Cumulatives from production history

These are the data transformations we will perform over the raw production data.



* convert from character to double, integer

* replace the NAs with zeros

* discard two columns with no meaningful data

* rename the variables to all lowercase (easier to remember)

* remove rows that have NAs

* group by year and month

* summarize by volumes

* convert date from character to date format

* sort the data by date

* keep the variables we require

* calculate the cumulatives from volumes



```{r}

hist_cumulatives <- 

prod_hist %>% 

    mutate(Oil = as.double(as.character(Oil))) %>%

    mutate(Gas = as.double(as.character(Gas))) %>%

    mutate(Water = as.double(as.character(Water))) %>% 

    mutate(Year = as.integer(as.character(Year))) %>%

    mutate(Month = as.integer(as.character(Month))) %>%

    mutate(GI = as.double(as.character(GI))) %>%

    mutate(WI = as.double(as.character(WI))) %>%

    tidyr::replace_na(list(GI = 0, WI = 0)) %>%

    select(-c(NPDCode, On.Stream)) %>% 

    rename(year = Year, month = Month, oil = Oil, gas = Gas, wat = Water) %>% 

    na.omit() %>%                 # remove all rows that have at least one NA

    group_by(year, month) %>%

    summarise(vol_oil = sum(oil), vol_gas = sum(gas), vol_wat = sum(wat),

              vol_gi = sum(GI), vol_wi = sum(WI)) %>%

    mutate(date = ymd(paste(year, month, "01", sep = "-"))) %>%

    arrange(date) %>%

    ungroup() %>%

    select(date, vol_oil, vol_gas, vol_wat, vol_gi, vol_wi) %>%

    mutate(cum_oil = cumsum(vol_oil), cum_gas = cumsum(vol_gas),

           cum_wat = cumsum(vol_wat), 

           cum_gi = cumsum(vol_gi), cum_wi = cumsum(vol_wi)) %>%

    print()

```



Observe that we've got `r nrow(hist_cumulatives) ` rows, which wouldn't match the rows from the simulation data. We have to fix that. The problem is primarily dates.



### Save historical cumulatives as-is

This saves the production history dataframe after the data transformations.



```{r}

# save historical data after data transformations. 104 rows.

data_folder <- file.path(proj_root, "data")

save(hist_cumulatives, file = file.path(data_folder, "hist_cumulatives_104.Rdata"))

write.csv(hist_cumulatives, file = file.path(data_folder, 

                                         "hist_cumulatives_104.CSV"), 

          row.names = FALSE)

```



```{r}

# create a dataframe with complete dates from 2008 until Oct-2016

df <- as_tibble(data.frame(date= seq.Date(as.Date("2008-01-01"), 

                                          as.Date("2016-10-01"), by = "month"),

                 cum_oil = 0, cum_gas = 0, cum_wat = 0))

df

```



Remember that we created this date sequence above. This sequence had `r nrow(dates_complete)` rows.



```{r}

dates_complete

```



### Fill the dates gap in the production history dataframe

We do almost the same data transformations as before:



* replace NAs in the variables with zeros

* sum up the additional cumulative variables generated during the merge

* replace a cumulative of zero by the previous cumulative (carry over). There cannot be cumulatives of zeros in between. That anomaly is caused by the absence of rows.

* clean up the variables for gas injection (GI) and water injection (WI) volumes

* calculate the cumulatives for gas injection and water injection



```{r}

# historical production

# merge incomplete dataframe and complete with dates

hist_cumulatives_dt <- 

left_join(dates_complete, hist_cumulatives, by = "date") %>% 

    # replace NAs with zeros

    tidyr::replace_na(list(cum_oil.y = 0, cum_gas.y = 0, cum_wat.y = 0)) %>%

    tidyr::replace_na(list(vol_oil = 0, vol_gas = 0, vol_wat = 0)) %>%

    tidyr::replace_na(list(vol_gi = 0, vol_wi = 0, cum_gi = 0, cum_wi = 0)) %>%

    # add up the extra column .y

    mutate(cum_oil = cum_oil.x + cum_oil.y) %>%

    mutate(cum_gas = cum_gas.x + cum_gas.y) %>%

    mutate(cum_wat = cum_wat.x + cum_wat.y) %>%

    # filter(date != as.Date("2016-10-01")) %>% 

    # this fixes the zeros generated by adding complete dates

    mutate(cum_oil = ifelse(cum_oil == 0, lag(cum_oil, default=0), cum_oil)) %>%

    mutate(cum_gas = ifelse(cum_gas == 0, lag(cum_gas, default=0), cum_gas)) %>%

    mutate(cum_wat = ifelse(cum_wat == 0, lag(cum_wat, default=0), cum_wat)) %>%

    mutate(cum_gi = ifelse(cum_gi == 0, lag(cum_gi, default=0), cum_gi)) %>% 

    mutate(cum_wi = ifelse(cum_wi == 0, lag(cum_wi, default=0), cum_wi)) %>% 

    select(date, cum_oil, cum_gas, cum_wat, vol_oil, vol_gas, vol_wat, 

           vol_gi, vol_wi, cum_gi, cum_wi) %>%

    as_tibble() %>% 

    print

```



Great! We got the dataframe _hist_cumulatives_dt_, with `r nrow(hist_cumulatives_dt)` rows and `r ncol(hist_cumulatives_dt)` columns.



### Plot production rates

If we want to plot several variables in one figure we have to convert the dataframe into tidy data format, and then use facets.



```{r}

hist_cumulatives_dt_gather <- 

hist_cumulatives_dt %>% 

  select(date, vol_oil, vol_gas, vol_wat) %>% 

  gather(key = var, value, vol_oil:vol_wat) %>% 

  

  print()

```



And this is the plot of the cumulative variables from the production history.



```{r fig.height=8, fig.width=6}

# plot production variables from the STEP block in the PRT file



# order of the plots

hist_cumulatives_dt_gather$var_f <- 

  factor(hist_cumulatives_dt_gather$var, 

         levels = c("vol_oil", "vol_gas", "vol_wat"))



# change the name of the facet labels

facet_labels <- c(`vol_oil` = "Oil", `vol_gas` = "Gas", `vol_wat` = "Water")



ggplot(hist_cumulatives_dt_gather, aes(x = date, y = value, color = var)) +

  geom_line(size = 1) +

  facet_grid(var_f ~., scales = "free_y",

             labeller = as_labeller(facet_labels)) +

  labs(title = "Monthly fluid Volumes, m3", 

       subtitle = "Historical Production", y = "", x = "")

```



### Save historical cumulatives with fixed dates

We save the date fixed production history in CSV format file.

```{r}

# save historical data with complete dates. 106 rows

data_folder <- file.path(proj_root, "data")

save(hist_cumulatives_dt, file = file.path(data_folder, "hist_cumulatives_dt.Rdata"))

write.csv(hist_cumulatives_dt, file = file.path(data_folder, "hist_cumulatives_dt.CSV"), 

          row.names = FALSE)

```



### Plot historical cumulatives of oil, gas and water



```{r fig.height=8, fig.width=5}

library(gridExtra)



# cumulative oil from historical production

p1 <- ggplot(hist_cumulatives_dt, aes(x = date, y = cum_oil)) +

    geom_line() +

    geom_col(color = "dark green", fill = "dark green", alpha = 0.35) +

    ggtitle("Cumulative Oil, sm3", subtitle = "Historical Production")



# cumulative gas from historical production

p2 <- ggplot(hist_cumulatives_dt, aes(x = date, y = cum_gas)) +

    geom_line() +

    geom_col(color = "orange", fill = "orange", alpha = 0.35) +

    ggtitle("Cumulative Gas, sm3", subtitle = "Historical Production")



# cumulative water from historical production

p3 <- ggplot(hist_cumulatives_dt, aes(x = date, y = cum_wat)) +

    geom_line() +

    geom_col(color = "blue", fill = "blue", alpha = 0.35) +

    ggtitle("Cumulative Water, sm3", subtitle = "Historical Production")



grid.arrange(p1, p2, p3, ncol =1)

```



### Rename the variables according to source

Finally, because we want to combine the simulation results with the measured production for each fluid, on the same plot, we will rename the variables to something is directly recognizable as the source: simulator or historical.



These are the data transformations:



* rename the variables in the _sim_cumulatives_dt_ dataframe

* rename the variables in the _hist_cumulatives_dt_ dataframe

* join the resulting dataframe by the common variable _date_



```{r}

# rename the simulation cumulatives

sim_cumulatives_src <- 

sim_cumulatives_dt %>% 

    select(date, cum_oil, cum_gas, cum_wat) %>% 

    rename(cum_oil_sim = cum_oil, cum_gas_sim = cum_gas, cum_wat_sim = cum_wat)

    



# rename historical cumulatives according to source

hist_cumulatives_src <- 

hist_cumulatives_dt %>% 

    select(date, cum_oil, cum_gas, cum_wat) %>% 

    rename(cum_oil_hist = cum_oil, cum_gas_hist = cum_gas, cum_wat_hist = cum_wat) 



# combine simulator and historical dataframes. common variable is "date"

cumulatives_all <- full_join(hist_cumulatives_src, sim_cumulatives_src, by = "date")

cumulatives_all

```



That's it. Our final comparison dataframe with `r nrow(cumulatives_all)` rows and `r ncol(cumulatives_all)` columns.



## Observations

In order to observe how close was the history matching, we plot the cumulative production from the simulator versus that of the historical production. Additionally, we want to shade the are between the two curves to show the difference.



## How close cumulative productions are



### Cumulative oil. Historical vs simulator



```{r}

# Volve reservoir model dataset

# plot historical vs simulator cum_oil



# manual assignment of colors in the legend

cols <- c("simulator"="red", "historical"="blue") # legend: colors and names

ggplot(cumulatives_all) +

    # shade the area between the curves

    geom_ribbon(aes(x = date, ymin= cum_oil_sim, ymax= cum_oil_hist), 

                fill = "dark green", alpha = 0.35) + 

    geom_line(aes(x = date, y = cum_oil_sim, color = "simulator")) +

    geom_line(aes(x = date, y = cum_oil_hist, color = "historical")) +

    labs(title = "Volve reservoir model. Comparison Cumulative Oil", 

         subtitle = "Historical vs Simulator", 

         y = "cumulative oil, sm3") +

    scale_color_manual(name = "Curve", values = cols)  # manual legend

```



### Cumulative gas. Historical vs simulator



```{r}

# Volve reservoir model dataset

# plot historical vs simulator cum_gas

cols <- c("simulator"="red", "historical"="blue") # legend: colors and names

ggplot(cumulatives_all) +

    # shade the area between the curves

    geom_ribbon(aes(x = date, ymin= cum_gas_sim, ymax= cum_gas_hist), 

                fill = "orange", alpha = 0.35) + 

    geom_line(aes(x = date, y = cum_gas_sim, color = "simulator"), size = 1) +

    geom_line(aes(x = date, y = cum_gas_hist, color = "historical"), size = 1) +

    labs(title = "Volve reservoir model. Comparison Cumulative Gas", 

         subtitle = "Historical vs Simulator", 

         y = "cumulative gas, sm3") +

    scale_color_manual(name = "Curve", values = cols)  # manual legend

```



### Cumulative water. Historical vs simulator



```{r}

# Volve reservoir model dataset

# plot historical vs simulator cumulative water variable

cols <- c("simulator"="red", "historical"="blue") # legend: colors and names

ggplot(cumulatives_all) +

    # shade the area between the curves

    geom_ribbon(aes(x = date, ymin= cum_wat_sim, ymax= cum_wat_hist),

                fill = "cyan", alpha = 0.35) +

    geom_line(aes(x = date, y = cum_wat_sim, color = "simulator"), size = 1) +

    geom_line(aes(x = date, y = cum_wat_hist, color = "historical"), size = 1) +

    labs(title = "Volve reservoir model. Comparison Cumulative Water", 

         subtitle = "Historical vs Simulator", 

         y = "cumulative water, sm3") +

    scale_color_manual(name = "Curve", values = cols)  # manual legend

```



__Note.__ This last plot for the cumulative water has been observed different when another reservoir engineer [Konstantin Sermyagin](https://www.linkedin.com/in/konstantin-sermyagin/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Ad_flagship3_messaging%3BMkGp%2FisTS7ehrKLYwnd%2Frw%3D%3D&licu=urn%3Ali%3Acontrol%3Ad_flagship3_messaging-view_profile) was able to read directly from the Eclipse __binary__ files. I have checked the cumulative water from the simulator and it has been properly extracted and transformed. Still, I have some doubts about the extraction of the cumulative water because the outflow doesn't seem to originate from connate water but from injection water as well. If you download the Eclipse __PRT__ file, please, take a look at the __BALANCE AT__ blocks. Try to identify the variable corresponding to connate water only. I am not sure why Eclipse does not make a distinction between the two sources of water.



## Datasets



* [Volve 2016 dataset for reservoir simulation model. Compressed PRT output as zip file](https://zenodo.org/record/2586212). Zenodo



* [Volve 2016 reservoir simulation PRT output file](https://zenodo.org/record/2586209). Zenodo.



* [data_from_step.CSV](https://github.com/f0nzie/volve-reservoir-model-evolution/raw/master/data/data_from_step.CSV): data from STEP block.



* [field_totals_balance.CSV](https://github.com/f0nzie/volve-reservoir-model-evolution/raw/master/data/field_totals_balance.CSV): save the field totals from BALANCE block.



* [hist_cumulatives_104.CSV](https://github.com/f0nzie/volve-reservoir-model-evolution/raw/master/data/hist_cumulatives_104.CSV): historical data after data transformations. 104 rows.



* [hist_cumulatives_dt.CSV](https://github.com/f0nzie/volve-reservoir-model-evolution/raw/master/data/hist_cumulatives_dt.CSV): historical data with complete dates. 106 rows.



* [production_history.CSV](https://github.com/f0nzie/volve-reservoir-model-evolution/raw/master/data/production_history_raw.CSV): Production history read from Excel file. Raw.