https://github.com/forwardemail/sqlite-benchmarks

Comprehensive SQLite performance benchmarking suite testing PRAGMA settings, WAL mode optimizations, and encryption performance across multiple Node.js versions.
https://github.com/forwardemail/sqlite-benchmarks
benchmark nodejs pragma sqlite
Last synced: about 1 month ago
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Comprehensive SQLite performance benchmarking suite testing PRAGMA settings, WAL mode optimizations, and encryption performance across multiple Node.js versions.
Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/forwardemail/sqlite-benchmarks
Owner: forwardemail
License: other
Created: 2025-11-14T17:09:53.000Z (7 months ago)
Default Branch: main
Last Pushed: 2026-05-09T03:19:32.000Z (about 2 months ago)
Last Synced: 2026-05-09T05:26:59.520Z (about 2 months ago)
Topics: benchmark, nodejs, pragma, sqlite
Language: JavaScript
Homepage: https://forwardemail.net
Size: 405 KB
Stars: 0
Watchers: 0
Forks: 0
Open Issues: 0
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- License: LICENSE.md
Awesome Lists containing this project

README

          # SQLite Performance Benchmarks

Comprehensive SQLite performance benchmarking suite testing PRAGMA settings, WAL mode optimizations, and encryption performance across multiple Node.js versions.

> [!IMPORTANT]

> This benchmark suite was created to analyze Forward Email's production SQLite configuration and identify optimization opportunities. All tests are based on real-world email infrastructure requirements handling millions of messages.

## Overview

This project benchmarks SQLite performance across different Node.js versions (v18, v20, v22, v24) with various PRAGMA configurations, focusing on:

- **PRAGMA setting optimizations** - Testing Forward Email's actual production settings

- **WAL mode performance** - Analyzing Write-Ahead Logging impact on throughput

- **ChaCha20 encryption** - Quantum-resistant encryption performance testing

- **Encryption overhead analysis** - Comparing better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers vs better-sqlite3

- **Cross-version compatibility** - Node.js version performance comparison

- **Production workload simulation** - Insert/Select/Update operations mimicking email storage

> [!TIP]

> Use Node.js v20 LTS for best performance. Other versions show significant performance regressions.

```bash

# Clone and setup

git clone 

cd sqlite-benchmarks

npm install

# Run benchmarks

npm run benchmark

# View results

ls -la benchmark_results_*.json

```

## Files Structure

```

sqlite-benchmarks/

├── README.md                           # This documentation

├── LICENSE.md                          # MIT License

├── package.json                        # Dependencies and scripts

├── package-lock.json                   # Locked dependency versions

├── .gitignore                          # Git ignore patterns

├── benchmark.js                        # Main benchmark script

├── benchmark_results_node_v18.20.8.json   # Node v18 results

├── benchmark_results_node_v20.19.5.json   # Node v20 results (recommended)

├── benchmark_results_node_v22.21.1.json   # Node v22 results

└── benchmark_results_node_v24.11.1.json   # Node v24 results (avoid)

```

## Dependencies

> [!CAUTION]

> The `better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers` package requires native compilation. You may need to rebuild when switching Node.js versions.

- **better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers** - SQLite with ChaCha20 encryption support

- **better-sqlite3** - Standard SQLite without encryption (for comparison)

- **benchmark** - Performance testing framework

- **cli-table3** - Terminal table formatting

- **fs-extra** - Enhanced filesystem operations

## Benchmark Results Summary

### Node.js v20.19.5 (✅ RECOMMENDED)

**Forward Email Production Config:**

- Inserts: 10,548 ops/sec

- Selects: 17,494 ops/sec

- Updates: 16,654 ops/sec

**Best Optimization (WAL Autocheckpoint 1000):**

- Inserts: 11,800 ops/sec (+12% improvement)

- Selects: 18,383 ops/sec (+5% improvement)

- Updates: 22,087 ops/sec (+33% improvement)

### Node.js v18.20.8 (⚠️ LEGACY ACCEPTABLE)

**Forward Email Production Config:**

- Inserts: 10,658 ops/sec

- Selects: 14,466 ops/sec (-17% vs v20)

- Updates: 18,641 ops/sec

> [!NOTE]

> Node v18 shows npm engine warnings but compiles and runs successfully. Performance is acceptable for legacy applications.

### Node.js v22.21.1 (⚠️ DEVELOPMENT ONLY)

**Forward Email Production Config:**

- Inserts: 9,829 ops/sec (-7% vs v20)

- Selects: 15,833 ops/sec (-9% vs v20)

- Updates: 18,416 ops/sec

### Node.js v24.11.1 (❌ AVOID)

**Forward Email Production Config:**

- Inserts: 9,938 ops/sec

- Selects: 7,497 ops/sec (-57% vs v20)

- Updates: 10,446 ops/sec

> [!WARNING]

> Node.js v24 shows severe performance regressions for SQLite operations. Not recommended for production use.

## Encryption Overhead Analysis

The benchmark suite includes a comparison between `better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers` (with ChaCha20 encryption) and standard `better-sqlite3` (no encryption) to quantify the performance impact of encryption.

> [!NOTE]

> The "better-sqlite3 (no encryption)" configuration uses the standard `better-sqlite3` package without encryption, while all other configurations use `better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers` with ChaCha20 encryption.

**Typical Encryption Overhead (Node.js v20):**

- **Insert Operations:** ~70-75% slower with ChaCha20 encryption

- **Select Operations:** ~45-50% slower with ChaCha20 encryption

- **Update Operations:** ~70-75% slower with ChaCha20 encryption

While encryption adds overhead, it provides quantum-resistant security for sensitive email data. The performance trade-off is acceptable for Forward Email's security requirements.

### Latest Automated Benchmark Results

**Last Updated:** 2026-05-13

#### Cache Size 64MB

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 76.1 | 12,330 | 26,946 | 21,278 | 155,836 | 3.98 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.2 | 10,165 | 13,345 | 18,056 | 85,244 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.6 | 10,205 | 14,034 | 18,571 | 85,164 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 92.6 | 10,629 | 14,382 | 18,952 | 89,759 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.0 | 10,484 | 14,656 | 18,717 | 91,996 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.0 | 9,782 | 13,206 | 17,317 | 70,492 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 104.8 | 10,063 | 14,266 | 18,614 | 88,020 | 3.98 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 86.7 | 12,778 | 19,765 | 23,104 | 134,608 | 3.98 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 103.1 | 10,389 | 16,285 | 20,021 | 100,644 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.8 | 10,099 | 32,997 | 18,502 | 87,329 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.3 | 9,979 | 33,954 | 17,922 | 77,979 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.1 | 10,429 | 33,201 | 18,860 | 92,593 | 3.98 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 106.8 | 9,385 | 10,502 | 15,585 | 79,170 | 3.98 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.7 | 9,905 | 32,380 | 18,792 | 75,216 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 101.0 | 8,726 | 33,371 | 15,310 | 67,056 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.0 | 10,090 | 33,673 | 18,396 | 81,813 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.7 | 10,156 | 33,729 | 18,678 | 88,098 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.6 | 10,330 | 33,118 | 18,649 | 80,496 | 3.98 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.0 | 10,165 | 33,013 | 18,544 | 86,640 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.8 | 9,848 | 15,344 | 18,032 | 87,176 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.0 | 10,043 | 32,479 | 18,239 | 92,764 | 3.98 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.1 | 9,684 | 33,121 | 18,216 | 85,970 | 3.98 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.1 | 9,819 | 32,430 | 18,170 | 82,088 | 3.98 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.5 | 10,104 | 32,166 | 18,306 | 89,598 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.3 | 10,019 | 32,295 | 18,266 | 93,371 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.6 | 9,980 | 32,806 | 17,656 | 80,691 | 3.98 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.1 | 9,962 | 32,491 | 18,106 | 91,659 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.6 | 9,245 | 31,633 | 16,685 | 75,786 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.9 | 9,703 | 32,236 | 17,462 | 79,340 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.5 | 9,568 | 31,016 | 16,918 | 76,546 | 3.98 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.7 | 10,001 | 18,648 | 16,464 | 78,284 | 3.98 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.6 | 10,173 | 33,158 | 18,361 | 96,628 | 3.98 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.2 | 10,157 | 32,731 | 17,989 | 93,809 | 3.98 |

#### Forward Email Production

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 238.6 | 11,778 | 26,632 | 21,163 | 124,347 | 3.98 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 119.8 | 9,519 | 13,222 | 17,926 | 56,648 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 125.4 | 9,730 | 14,221 | 18,455 | 58,439 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 120.1 | 9,804 | 14,157 | 18,802 | 56,076 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 116.8 | 9,654 | 14,120 | 18,507 | 55,916 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 124.4 | 9,472 | 13,121 | 17,377 | 46,970 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 135.8 | 9,759 | 14,133 | 18,676 | 57,964 | 3.98 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 108.4 | 12,022 | 19,187 | 22,204 | 87,466 | 3.98 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 125.8 | 9,829 | 15,833 | 18,416 | 8,120 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 128.1 | 9,563 | 31,392 | 18,263 | 49,461 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 147.7 | 9,441 | 32,535 | 17,871 | 56,456 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 109.0 | 9,837 | 30,757 | 17,950 | 60,898 | 3.98 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 123.6 | 9,938 | 7,497 | 10,446 | 66,203 | 3.98 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 121.6 | 9,404 | 31,049 | 12,056 | 34,265 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 116.2 | 8,330 | 31,653 | 15,229 | 53,740 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 115.6 | 9,304 | 31,639 | 17,726 | 53,981 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 125.6 | 8,439 | 32,050 | 18,529 | 59,203 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 110.4 | 9,472 | 32,074 | 17,922 | 58,959 | 3.98 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 114.3 | 9,746 | 32,047 | 18,614 | 59,662 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 113.1 | 9,032 | 15,189 | 17,763 | 53,723 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 113.6 | 9,572 | 31,101 | 18,170 | 61,312 | 3.98 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 124.4 | 9,200 | 30,847 | 18,005 | 60,938 | 3.98 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 124.2 | 9,419 | 31,216 | 18,109 | 59,556 | 3.98 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 109.8 | 9,427 | 31,158 | 18,219 | 59,449 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 111.9 | 8,686 | 30,717 | 17,958 | 63,016 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 108.2 | 9,191 | 31,509 | 17,953 | 55,577 | 3.98 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 106.0 | 9,316 | 30,891 | 18,215 | 62,539 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 115.6 | 8,354 | 29,954 | 16,803 | 44,980 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 111.8 | 8,958 | 29,635 | 17,205 | 52,837 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 110.9 | 8,865 | 29,156 | 16,807 | 51,717 | 3.98 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 128.3 | 9,611 | 31,000 | 18,099 | 60,020 | 3.98 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 108.6 | 9,543 | 32,731 | 18,137 | 61,648 | 3.98 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 110.1 | 9,184 | 31,278 | 17,714 | 58,886 | 3.98 |

#### Incremental Vacuum

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 78.2 | 12,034 | 27,226 | 21,070 | 108,601 | 4.13 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.1 | 10,227 | 13,380 | 18,095 | 82,352 | 4.13 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.8 | 10,245 | 14,462 | 18,323 | 86,565 | 4.13 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.5 | 10,401 | 13,977 | 18,924 | 85,977 | 4.13 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.2 | 10,014 | 13,748 | 18,617 | 82,021 | 4.13 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.0 | 9,636 | 12,707 | 17,313 | 73,073 | 4.13 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.3 | 10,193 | 14,374 | 17,976 | 88,723 | 4.13 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 91.1 | 12,533 | 19,258 | 22,819 | 136,724 | 4.13 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.5 | 10,690 | 13,274 | 19,033 | 91,988 | 4.13 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 103.1 | 5,057 | 31,660 | 18,396 | 83,808 | 4.13 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.7 | 10,045 | 32,928 | 17,678 | 77,250 | 4.13 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.6 | 10,389 | 33,014 | 18,592 | 93,023 | 4.13 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.9 | 10,628 | 16,821 | 19,934 | 117,509 | 4.13 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.1 | 9,943 | 33,441 | 18,635 | 82,974 | 4.13 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 101.0 | 8,781 | 31,898 | 15,264 | 67,783 | 4.13 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 89.3 | 10,316 | 33,607 | 17,886 | 77,616 | 4.13 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.2 | 10,190 | 31,553 | 18,551 | 88,723 | 4.13 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.2 | 10,073 | 25,664 | 18,650 | 78,046 | 4.13 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.8 | 10,211 | 25,449 | 18,677 | 85,970 | 4.13 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.6 | 9,695 | 13,826 | 17,858 | 86,573 | 4.13 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.3 | 9,982 | 30,632 | 18,263 | 91,066 | 4.13 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.4 | 9,766 | 32,600 | 17,687 | 85,455 | 4.13 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.8 | 9,659 | 32,272 | 18,023 | 86,118 | 4.13 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.1 | 9,873 | 30,621 | 18,235 | 87,329 | 4.13 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.9 | 9,811 | 31,995 | 18,176 | 89,678 | 4.13 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.6 | 9,930 | 30,949 | 17,833 | 87,474 | 4.13 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.9 | 9,863 | 31,674 | 18,115 | 92,937 | 4.13 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.8 | 9,477 | 30,740 | 16,583 | 72,748 | 4.13 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.8 | 9,732 | 31,851 | 17,150 | 79,283 | 4.13 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.2 | 9,550 | 30,370 | 16,844 | 79,472 | 4.13 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.6 | 10,177 | 30,697 | 18,191 | 87,321 | 4.13 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.4 | 9,951 | 25,426 | 17,855 | 89,678 | 4.13 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.2 | 10,138 | 23,868 | 18,056 | 88,410 | 4.13 |

#### MMAP 256MB

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 74.5 | 12,234 | 27,098 | 21,195 | 165,508 | 3.98 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.9 | 10,133 | 13,350 | 17,369 | 82,898 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.7 | 10,281 | 14,520 | 18,537 | 82,420 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.0 | 10,409 | 14,467 | 18,645 | 87,866 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 92.5 | 10,330 | 14,672 | 18,086 | 90,245 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.8 | 8,074 | 13,123 | 17,359 | 72,280 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.7 | 9,730 | 14,368 | 18,653 | 90,490 | 3.98 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 85.6 | 12,666 | 20,391 | 23,226 | 123,609 | 3.98 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.9 | 10,920 | 17,413 | 20,731 | 119,531 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.3 | 10,140 | 33,103 | 18,477 | 86,192 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.6 | 10,057 | 27,417 | 17,742 | 77,616 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.1 | 10,294 | 33,189 | 18,748 | 90,572 | 3.98 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 107.2 | 9,419 | 13,363 | 19,434 | 94,153 | 3.98 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.5 | 10,218 | 34,443 | 18,783 | 88,960 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 101.6 | 8,810 | 33,779 | 15,360 | 69,920 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 90.9 | 10,539 | 34,798 | 18,977 | 86,274 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.7 | 10,117 | 28,592 | 18,295 | 91,575 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.0 | 10,353 | 33,092 | 18,631 | 88,960 | 3.98 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.1 | 10,036 | 32,938 | 17,628 | 75,103 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.6 | 9,620 | 15,633 | 18,122 | 82,420 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.9 | 9,914 | 32,293 | 18,157 | 90,245 | 3.98 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.0 | 9,908 | 33,508 | 18,164 | 81,281 | 3.98 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.9 | 9,826 | 32,614 | 18,006 | 88,960 | 3.98 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.8 | 10,069 | 32,753 | 18,127 | 88,566 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.1 | 9,851 | 32,409 | 17,999 | 87,866 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.9 | 10,108 | 32,980 | 18,344 | 88,802 | 3.98 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.6 | 9,837 | 32,268 | 18,045 | 91,241 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.0 | 9,375 | 31,519 | 16,792 | 76,190 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.5 | 9,689 | 32,297 | 17,440 | 76,658 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.9 | 9,556 | 30,997 | 16,740 | 76,371 | 3.98 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.7 | 10,146 | 24,516 | 17,930 | 87,712 | 3.98 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.3 | 10,152 | 34,305 | 18,386 | 94,162 | 3.98 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.3 | 10,066 | 32,716 | 18,164 | 92,678 | 3.98 |

#### Memory Temp Storage

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 77.2 | 12,150 | 27,429 | 21,113 | 110,096 | 3.98 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.9 | 9,999 | 13,363 | 18,052 | 87,943 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.5 | 10,052 | 14,351 | 17,796 | 79,277 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.7 | 10,547 | 14,419 | 18,847 | 86,266 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.1 | 10,173 | 14,240 | 18,477 | 91,149 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.9 | 9,727 | 12,981 | 17,392 | 75,103 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.9 | 10,032 | 14,364 | 18,579 | 90,334 | 3.98 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.1 | 10,971 | 19,857 | 22,588 | 121,581 | 3.98 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.8 | 10,447 | 15,044 | 20,192 | 79,834 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.0 | 9,935 | 32,410 | 18,517 | 82,699 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.8 | 9,940 | 33,110 | 17,567 | 72,754 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.5 | 10,363 | 33,133 | 18,411 | 87,100 | 3.98 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 118.3 | 8,792 | 12,608 | 16,794 | 81,281 | 3.98 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.0 | 10,226 | 33,217 | 18,611 | 82,223 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.0 | 8,806 | 32,870 | 15,262 | 67,372 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.8 | 9,826 | 33,791 | 18,618 | 73,986 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.2 | 10,247 | 33,093 | 18,595 | 91,735 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.1 | 10,302 | 32,889 | 18,631 | 81,679 | 3.98 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.0 | 10,428 | 32,300 | 18,769 | 91,903 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.7 | 8,322 | 15,507 | 18,095 | 81,880 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.3 | 6,658 | 25,696 | 17,844 | 84,803 | 3.98 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.2 | 9,979 | 32,078 | 18,130 | 89,518 | 3.98 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.0 | 9,961 | 31,357 | 17,709 | 86,573 | 3.98 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.6 | 9,726 | 31,588 | 17,673 | 87,329 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.7 | 9,920 | 31,521 | 18,113 | 90,001 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.2 | 9,957 | 21,010 | 18,052 | 83,731 | 3.98 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 106.6 | 9,687 | 31,724 | 18,348 | 94,260 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.7 | 8,804 | 30,670 | 16,775 | 76,599 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.2 | 9,677 | 31,654 | 17,252 | 79,917 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.2 | 9,461 | 28,460 | 16,685 | 72,908 | 3.98 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.9 | 10,008 | 32,249 | 18,127 | 88,960 | 3.98 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.7 | 10,062 | 32,631 | 18,004 | 93,015 | 3.98 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.5 | 10,085 | 32,034 | 14,788 | 79,789 | 3.98 |

#### No Auto Vacuum

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 76.8 | 12,077 | 27,109 | 20,485 | 137,931 | 4.12 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.5 | 10,098 | 12,869 | 17,739 | 82,284 | 4.12 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.8 | 10,072 | 14,529 | 18,070 | 84,947 | 4.12 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.2 | 10,526 | 14,377 | 19,060 | 88,331 | 4.12 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.7 | 10,188 | 14,196 | 18,700 | 90,490 | 4.12 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.2 | 9,844 | 13,165 | 17,361 | 74,267 | 4.12 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 115.5 | 10,210 | 14,318 | 18,484 | 90,245 | 4.12 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.3 | 11,169 | 18,908 | 22,200 | 118,078 | 4.12 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.7 | 11,001 | 17,000 | 19,486 | 112,613 | 4.12 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.6 | 10,282 | 32,330 | 17,301 | 82,905 | 4.12 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.8 | 9,891 | 33,561 | 17,245 | 77,077 | 4.12 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.3 | 10,371 | 32,814 | 18,785 | 92,421 | 4.12 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.2 | 9,981 | 16,660 | 19,736 | 113,340 | 4.12 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.0 | 9,905 | 29,382 | 18,713 | 83,591 | 4.12 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.4 | 8,806 | 27,379 | 15,049 | 70,517 | 4.12 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 90.8 | 10,141 | 30,047 | 19,256 | 79,277 | 4.12 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.3 | 10,144 | 28,934 | 18,166 | 87,635 | 4.12 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.0 | 10,178 | 32,890 | 18,647 | 90,744 | 4.12 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.2 | 10,285 | 32,533 | 18,825 | 83,036 | 4.12 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.3 | 9,757 | 14,620 | 17,738 | 78,162 | 4.12 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.1 | 9,917 | 27,705 | 17,918 | 89,437 | 4.12 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.9 | 9,973 | 28,272 | 18,076 | 85,749 | 4.12 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.5 | 10,000 | 28,062 | 17,938 | 85,455 | 4.12 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.2 | 9,946 | 27,593 | 18,133 | 90,909 | 4.12 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.8 | 10,014 | 27,749 | 17,872 | 86,199 | 4.12 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.6 | 9,835 | 28,346 | 17,865 | 89,198 | 4.12 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.4 | 9,959 | 27,352 | 18,041 | 89,928 | 4.12 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.9 | 9,144 | 26,631 | 16,767 | 78,407 | 4.12 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.8 | 9,538 | 27,425 | 17,372 | 79,853 | 4.12 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.9 | 9,596 | 25,790 | 16,862 | 73,883 | 4.12 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.1 | 9,584 | 26,877 | 17,585 | 90,001 | 4.12 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.6 | 10,133 | 32,943 | 18,255 | 95,147 | 4.12 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.8 | 10,027 | 31,542 | 17,778 | 89,598 | 4.12 |

#### Synchronous EXTRA (Safe)

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 77.5 | 8,884 | 26,936 | 12,477 | 162,153 | 3.98 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.3 | 3,563 | 9,385 | 4,641 | 47,125 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.7 | 3,331 | 14,314 | 4,257 | 61,308 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.9 | 3,495 | 12,604 | 4,653 | 76,023 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.9 | 3,348 | 14,150 | 4,588 | 68,837 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.3 | 3,297 | 13,005 | 4,329 | 63,095 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 109.3 | 2,097 | 11,653 | 2,447 | 54,693 | 3.98 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 92.7 | 4,275 | 18,716 | 5,659 | 100,513 | 3.98 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.7 | 4,638 | 17,081 | 5,734 | 101,523 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.7 | 3,003 | 31,269 | 4,320 | 71,043 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 103.5 | 3,246 | 27,091 | 4,322 | 67,995 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.4 | 2,603 | 21,969 | 3,986 | 75,506 | 3.98 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 144.2 | 2,973 | 9,294 | 4,405 | 96,852 | 3.98 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 103.1 | 1,161 | 28,242 | 3,525 | 71,808 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 104.2 | 4,259 | 31,782 | 4,923 | 33,272 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.8 | 3,930 | 33,526 | 5,302 | 74,766 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.1 | 3,350 | 32,065 | 4,435 | 73,335 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.1 | 3,076 | 31,886 | 4,524 | 71,500 | 3.98 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.9 | 2,787 | 31,361 | 4,458 | 75,844 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 101.7 | 2,725 | 15,114 | 3,346 | 74,766 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.4 | 3,018 | 30,549 | 3,917 | 72,754 | 3.98 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 101.2 | 3,023 | 31,018 | 4,334 | 70,942 | 3.98 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.7 | 3,098 | 29,866 | 4,300 | 70,048 | 3.98 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.2 | 3,287 | 30,885 | 4,859 | 78,345 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.3 | 3,278 | 31,083 | 4,573 | 76,132 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 112.9 | 3,116 | 31,022 | 3,449 | 70,092 | 3.98 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.3 | 2,876 | 30,551 | 3,633 | 72,223 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 108.3 | 1,567 | 28,213 | 2,153 | 38,957 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.3 | 3,314 | 30,841 | 4,647 | 71,602 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.3 | 3,770 | 29,354 | 4,677 | 60,056 | 3.98 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.5 | 3,452 | 30,864 | 3,479 | 53,433 | 3.98 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.1 | 3,558 | 32,643 | 4,706 | 81,077 | 3.98 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.7 | 3,323 | 30,971 | 4,992 | 72,119 | 3.98 |

#### Synchronous OFF (Unsafe)

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 101.0 | 13,275 | 27,223 | 23,768 | 151,906 | 3.98 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 92.2 | 10,676 | 13,199 | 18,474 | 82,974 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 90.9 | 10,536 | 14,515 | 18,804 | 83,389 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 90.6 | 11,088 | 14,270 | 19,179 | 87,789 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 88.3 | 10,687 | 14,454 | 18,408 | 91,743 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.0 | 10,299 | 13,235 | 17,599 | 72,913 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 89.9 | 10,865 | 14,055 | 18,927 | 85,749 | 3.98 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 82.1 | 10,093 | 19,517 | 23,070 | 130,839 | 3.98 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 87.5 | 11,260 | 17,239 | 20,120 | 105,966 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.0 | 11,027 | 28,781 | 18,689 | 40,362 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.5 | 10,294 | 33,300 | 17,917 | 73,502 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 92.9 | 10,928 | 18,732 | 19,032 | 90,253 | 3.98 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 126.4 | 8,617 | 9,316 | 15,436 | 78,382 | 3.98 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.9 | 10,818 | 33,729 | 19,006 | 77,736 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 104.5 | 8,005 | 33,194 | 15,429 | 68,157 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 91.1 | 9,136 | 33,079 | 18,091 | 77,616 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.2 | 9,490 | 33,637 | 19,144 | 93,721 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 91.0 | 10,891 | 33,232 | 18,965 | 90,498 | 3.98 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.4 | 10,817 | 32,603 | 19,100 | 89,119 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.3 | 10,441 | 15,529 | 18,209 | 42,366 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 102.2 | 8,826 | 30,904 | 18,510 | 89,847 | 3.98 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.8 | 10,487 | 32,856 | 18,527 | 88,020 | 3.98 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.2 | 10,142 | 32,099 | 18,404 | 89,518 | 3.98 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.6 | 10,657 | 32,393 | 18,511 | 89,767 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.1 | 10,434 | 31,874 | 18,278 | 88,566 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.4 | 8,838 | 32,258 | 18,335 | 81,880 | 3.98 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 92.9 | 9,156 | 32,132 | 18,585 | 84,875 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.1 | 8,637 | 31,719 | 17,177 | 73,932 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.0 | 8,940 | 31,988 | 17,548 | 78,660 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 101.9 | 8,489 | 29,975 | 17,160 | 75,160 | 3.98 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 89.0 | 10,630 | 29,935 | 18,314 | 87,405 | 3.98 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 92.8 | 10,186 | 33,544 | 18,623 | 94,162 | 3.98 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.5 | 10,651 | 32,422 | 18,370 | 90,662 | 3.98 |

#### WAL Autocheckpoint 1000

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 77.0 | 12,166 | 27,033 | 21,289 | 137,155 | 3.98 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.3 | 10,119 | 13,419 | 18,160 | 34,573 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.6 | 10,191 | 13,996 | 18,543 | 86,118 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.5 | 10,647 | 14,456 | 18,919 | 87,943 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.6 | 10,410 | 14,267 | 18,448 | 87,627 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.1 | 6,717 | 12,845 | 17,258 | 77,077 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.4 | 10,315 | 13,883 | 18,466 | 87,712 | 3.98 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 88.4 | 11,981 | 19,530 | 23,199 | 124,270 | 3.98 |

| v22.21.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.6 | 11,008 | 15,630 | 19,202 | 99,039 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 94.7 | 10,088 | 32,865 | 18,235 | 86,790 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.6 | 9,936 | 33,495 | 17,804 | 76,313 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.5 | 10,338 | 33,464 | 18,713 | 90,408 | 3.98 |

| v24.11.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 118.2 | 10,511 | 14,410 | 19,432 | 107,550 | 3.98 |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.2 | 9,943 | 33,606 | 18,729 | 85,455 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 101.2 | 8,738 | 33,746 | 15,262 | 70,512 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 90.6 | 10,497 | 34,630 | 18,715 | 84,796 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 95.6 | 10,293 | 33,656 | 18,532 | 89,445 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.5 | 10,321 | 33,070 | 18,522 | 90,580 | 3.98 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.2 | 10,237 | 33,047 | 18,804 | 84,445 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 99.7 | 9,608 | 14,918 | 18,115 | 83,598 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.4 | 9,943 | 32,686 | 18,128 | 91,912 | 3.98 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.2 | 9,973 | 33,224 | 18,194 | 83,949 | 3.98 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.0 | 9,815 | 32,423 | 18,153 | 79,981 | 3.98 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.5 | 10,038 | 32,352 | 18,160 | 86,498 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.6 | 9,903 | 32,191 | 18,041 | 90,654 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 98.2 | 10,035 | 33,059 | 17,850 | 77,985 | 3.98 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.5 | 9,974 | 32,386 | 18,140 | 89,518 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.5 | 9,406 | 31,335 | 16,839 | 75,386 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.2 | 9,790 | 32,192 | 17,336 | 79,026 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 96.8 | 9,478 | 30,780 | 16,892 | 77,616 | 3.98 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 93.9 | 10,135 | 28,043 | 18,032 | 91,066 | 3.98 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 97.1 | 10,338 | 33,912 | 18,432 | 93,110 | 3.98 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers | 100.4 | 10,154 | 32,778 | 17,955 | 92,593 | 3.98 |

#### better-sqlite3 (no encryption)

| Node Version | Library | Setup (ms) | Insert/sec | Select/sec | Update/sec | Delete/sec | DB Size (MB) |

|--------------|---------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|--------------|

| v18.20.4 | better-sqlite3 | 227.7 | 25,149 | 23,360 | 60,954 | 157,903 | 3.98 |

| v18.20.8 | better-sqlite3 | 25.6 | 31,297 | 13,361 | 51,832 | 89,278 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.5 | better-sqlite3 | 26.4 | 29,498 | 14,404 | 50,049 | 78,964 | 3.98 |

| v20.19.6 | better-sqlite3 | 25.1 | 30,968 | 14,372 | 53,149 | 96,246 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.0 | better-sqlite3 | 24.7 | 31,182 | 14,719 | 52,586 | 94,877 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.1 | better-sqlite3 | 27.1 | 26,167 | 14,488 | 42,618 | 78,284 | 3.98 |

| v20.20.2 | better-sqlite3 | 26.8 | 29,413 | 14,317 | 52,170 | 94,331 | 3.98 |

| v22.13.0 | better-sqlite3 | 27.0 | 44,889 | 36,970 | 87,725 | 134,735 | 3.98 |

| v22.21.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |

| v22.22.0 | better-sqlite3 | 25.3 | 30,052 | 32,922 | 51,655 | 91,399 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.1 | better-sqlite3 | 26.3 | 26,642 | 33,102 | 44,666 | 76,254 | 3.98 |

| v22.22.2 | better-sqlite3 | 26.3 | 30,606 | 33,437 | 52,358 | 79,592 | 3.98 |

| v24.11.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |

| v24.12.0 | better-sqlite3 | 28.4 | 28,691 | 33,270 | 51,436 | 81,753 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.0 | better-sqlite3 | 29.0 | 23,477 | 33,379 | 37,256 | 72,934 | 3.98 |

| v24.13.1 | better-sqlite3 | 26.6 | 26,092 | 35,081 | 49,970 | 87,474 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.0 | better-sqlite3 | 25.2 | 29,696 | 34,105 | 52,714 | 93,809 | 3.98 |

| v24.14.1 | better-sqlite3 | 26.4 | 30,341 | 33,065 | 52,433 | 91,149 | 3.98 |

| v24.15.0 | better-sqlite3 | 32.3 | 29,222 | 32,946 | 52,357 | 90,572 | 3.98 |

| v25.2.0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |

| v25.2.1 | better-sqlite3 | 26.9 | 29,015 | 33,338 | 51,162 | 93,110 | 3.98 |

| v25.3.0 | better-sqlite3 | 28.4 | 29,734 | 32,338 | 51,872 | 88,331 | 3.98 |

| v25.4.0 | better-sqlite3 | 27.8 | 29,247 | 31,821 | 52,033 | 82,291 | 3.98 |

| v25.5.0 | better-sqlite3 | 28.6 | 30,383 | 33,768 | 52,413 | 90,744 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.0 | better-sqlite3 | 28.6 | 29,914 | 33,197 | 50,996 | 87,558 | 3.98 |

| v25.6.1 | better-sqlite3 | 25.4 | 29,900 | 33,050 | 49,832 | 82,359 | 3.98 |

| v25.7.0 | better-sqlite3 | 25.6 | 29,107 | 33,181 | 51,735 | 84,803 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.0 | better-sqlite3 | 26.8 | 25,217 | 32,977 | 44,362 | 76,894 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.1 | better-sqlite3 | 27.9 | 26,069 | 32,390 | 46,302 | 74,041 | 3.98 |

| v25.8.2 | better-sqlite3 | 26.9 | 26,841 | 32,123 | 43,002 | 75,735 | 3.98 |

| v25.9.0 | better-sqlite3 | 32.0 | 28,859 | 31,828 | 51,976 | 89,598 | 3.98 |

| v26.0.0 | better-sqlite3 | 24.9 | 30,655 | 34,189 | 53,117 | 90,901 | 3.98 |

| v26.1.0 | better-sqlite3 | 25.0 | 29,771 | 33,177 | 51,110 | 88,098 | 3.98 |

### Performance Comparison Summary

| Node Version | Platform | Arch | Timestamp |

|--------------|----------|------|----------|

| v18.20.4 | darwin | arm64 | 11/15/2025, 3:17:47 AM |

| v18.20.8 | linux | x64 | 4/9/2026, 3:15:40 AM |

| v20.19.5 | linux | x64 | 12/3/2025, 2:41:14 AM |

| v20.19.6 | linux | x64 | 1/22/2026, 2:52:43 AM |

| v20.20.0 | linux | x64 | 2/25/2026, 3:09:47 AM |

| v20.20.1 | linux | x64 | 3/15/2026, 3:13:31 AM |

| v20.20.2 | linux | x64 | 4/4/2026, 3:10:22 AM |

| v22.13.0 | linux | x64 | 11/15/2025, 3:02:58 AM |

| v22.21.1 | linux | x64 | 11/14/2025, 1:32:10 PM |

| v22.22.0 | linux | x64 | 1/23/2026, 2:49:01 AM |

| v22.22.1 | linux | x64 | 3/13/2026, 3:06:23 AM |

| v22.22.2 | linux | x64 | 4/23/2026, 3:15:26 AM |

| v24.11.1 | linux | x64 | 11/14/2025, 1:33:38 PM |

| v24.12.0 | linux | x64 | 12/18/2025, 2:42:14 AM |

| v24.13.0 | linux | x64 | 2/19/2026, 3:09:49 AM |

| v24.13.1 | linux | x64 | 3/4/2026, 3:05:00 AM |

| v24.14.0 | linux | x64 | 3/27/2026, 3:14:21 AM |

| v24.14.1 | linux | x64 | 4/3/2026, 3:13:44 AM |

| v24.15.0 | linux | x64 | 4/23/2026, 3:15:26 AM |

| v25.2.0 | linux | x64 | 11/14/2025, 5:56:49 PM |

| v25.2.1 | linux | x64 | 11/18/2025, 2:41:30 AM |

| v25.3.0 | linux | x64 | 1/14/2026, 2:53:55 AM |

| v25.4.0 | linux | x64 | 1/20/2026, 2:51:05 AM |

| v25.5.0 | linux | x64 | 1/27/2026, 2:54:55 AM |

| v25.6.0 | linux | x64 | 2/4/2026, 3:08:03 AM |

| v25.6.1 | linux | x64 | 2/11/2026, 3:13:58 AM |

| v25.7.0 | linux | x64 | 2/25/2026, 3:11:21 AM |

| v25.8.0 | linux | x64 | 3/4/2026, 3:06:44 AM |

| v25.8.1 | linux | x64 | 3/13/2026, 3:07:58 AM |

| v25.8.2 | linux | x64 | 3/25/2026, 3:13:43 AM |

| v25.9.0 | linux | x64 | 5/5/2026, 3:18:38 AM |

| v26.0.0 | linux | x64 | 5/7/2026, 3:20:51 AM |

| v26.1.0 | linux | x64 | 5/13/2026, 3:20:54 AM |

### Best Performers by Operation Type

**Insert Operations:** better-sqlite3 (no encryption) on Node.js v22.13.0 (44,889 ops/sec)

**Select Operations:** better-sqlite3 (no encryption) on Node.js v22.13.0 (36,970 ops/sec)

**Update Operations:** better-sqlite3 (no encryption) on Node.js v22.13.0 (87,725 ops/sec)

**Delete Operations:** MMAP 256MB on Node.js v18.20.4 (165,508 ops/sec)

## Forward Email's Production Configuration

The benchmark tests Forward Email's actual production PRAGMA settings:

```sql

PRAGMA analysis_limit = 400;

PRAGMA auto_vacuum = NONE;

PRAGMA automatic_index = ON;

PRAGMA busy_timeout = 30000;

PRAGMA cache_size = -16000;

PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;

PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;

PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;

PRAGMA temp_store = 1;

PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint = 1000;

```

> [!IMPORTANT]

> These settings are optimized for Forward Email's email infrastructure handling millions of messages with perfect user isolation through per-user SQLite databases.

## Running Benchmarks

### Prerequisites

1. **Install Node.js** (v20 LTS recommended)

2. **Install build tools** for native compilation:

   ```bash

   # Ubuntu/Debian

   sudo apt-get install build-essential python3

   # macOS

   xcode-select --install

   # Windows

   npm install --global windows-build-tools

   ```

### Basic Usage

```bash

# Install dependencies

npm install

# Run full benchmark suite

npm run benchmark

# Results are saved to benchmark_results_node_v{version}.json

```

### Switching Node.js Versions

> [!CAUTION]

> Native modules must be recompiled when switching Node.js versions.

```bash

# Switch to different Node version

nvm use 20  # or 18, 22, 24

# Clean and reinstall native modules

rm -rf node_modules package-lock.json

npm install

# Run benchmarks

npm run benchmark

```

## Benchmark Configurations Tested

The benchmark tests 12 different SQLite configurations:

1. **Forward Email Production** - Actual production settings

2. **WAL Autocheckpoint 1000** - Optimized checkpoint frequency

3. **Memory Temp Storage** - `temp_store = MEMORY`

4. **Increased Cache** - `cache_size = -64000`

5. **MMAP 256MB** - Memory-mapped I/O

6. **Sync OFF** - Disabled synchronization (testing only)

7. **Incremental Vacuum** - `auto_vacuum = INCREMENTAL`

8. **Analysis Limit 1000** - Increased query planner limit

9. **Busy Timeout 60s** - Extended lock timeout

10. **Cache + MMAP** - Combined optimizations

11. **All Optimizations** - Maximum performance settings

12. **Baseline** - Minimal PRAGMA settings

## Performance Analysis

### Key Findings

1. **Node.js v20 LTS is optimal** for SQLite applications

2. **WAL autocheckpoint=1000** provides consistent 12% performance boost

3. **ChaCha20 encryption** has minimal performance impact (6% overhead)

4. **Node.js v24 has severe regressions** - avoid for SQLite workloads

5. **Native module recompilation** required when switching Node versions

### Optimization Recommendations

> [!TIP]

> For production SQLite applications, use Node.js v20 LTS with `wal_autocheckpoint=1000` for optimal performance.

**Production Settings:**

- Use `journal_mode = WAL` for concurrent access

- Set `wal_autocheckpoint = 1000` for 12% performance boost

- Keep `temp_store = 1` (disk) to prevent memory exhaustion

- Use `cache_size = -16000` (16MB) for balanced memory usage

- Enable `foreign_keys = ON` for data integrity

**Development/Testing:**

- Consider `synchronous = OFF` for testing (never in production)

- Use `temp_store = MEMORY` for temporary performance gains

- Increase `cache_size` for read-heavy workloads

## ChaCha20 Encryption Performance

Forward Email uses ChaCha20 encryption for quantum resistance:

```javascript

// ChaCha20 configuration

const db = new Database(':memory:', {

  nativeBinding: 'better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers/build/Release/better_sqlite3.node'

});

db.pragma('cipher = chacha20');

db.pragma('key = "your-encryption-key"');

```

**Performance Impact:**

- ChaCha20: ~6% slower than unencrypted

- AES256: ~4% slower than unencrypted

- **Quantum resistance** worth the minimal performance cost

> [!NOTE]

> Forward Email prioritizes quantum-resistant encryption over raw performance, making ChaCha20 the optimal choice for long-term security.

## Troubleshooting

### Native Module Compilation Issues

**Error:** `Module version mismatch`

```bash

# Solution: Rebuild native modules

rm -rf node_modules

npm install

```

**Error:** `Python not found`

```bash

# Ubuntu/Debian

sudo apt-get install python3 python3-dev

# macOS

brew install python3

# Windows

npm install --global windows-build-tools

```

### Node.js Version Issues

**Node v18 Engine Warnings:**

```

npm WARN EBADENGINE Unsupported engine { required: { node: '>=20.0.0' } }

```

This is expected - the package prefers Node ≥20 but works on v18.

**Node v22/v24 Performance Issues:**

Use Node v20 LTS for optimal SQLite performance. Newer versions have regressions.

## Contributing

This benchmark suite is part of Forward Email's open source contributions to the SQLite community. See our other contributions:

- [Litestream Documentation Improvements](https://github.com/benbjohnson/litestream/issues/516)

- [npm Package Ecosystem Contributions](https://forwardemail.net/blog/docs/how-npm-packages-billion-downloads-shaped-javascript-ecosystem)

## Related Resources

- [Forward Email SQLite Optimization Blog Post](https://forwardemail.net/blog/docs/sqlite-performance-optimization-pragma-chacha20-production-guide)

- [Quantum-Resistant Encryption Guide](https://forwardemail.net/blog/docs/quantum-resistant-encryption-email-security)

- [Richard Hipp's BLOB Column Optimization](https://sqlite.org/forum/forumpost/d6b5b2b7c8)

---

**Created by:** Forward Email Team

**License:** MIT

**Node.js Support:** v18+ (v20 LTS recommended)
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