https://github.com/friendly/heplots
Visualizing Hypothesis Tests in Multivariate Linear Models, http://friendly.github.io/heplots/
https://github.com/friendly/heplots
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Visualizing Hypothesis Tests in Multivariate Linear Models, http://friendly.github.io/heplots/
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/friendly/heplots
- Owner: friendly
- Created: 2013-10-27T19:10:06.000Z (over 12 years ago)
- Default Branch: master
- Last Pushed: 2025-03-23T19:18:19.000Z (about 1 year ago)
- Last Synced: 2025-04-01T21:55:52.856Z (about 1 year ago)
- Topics: linear-hypotheses, matrices, multivariate-linear-models, plot, repeated-measure-designs, visualizing-hypothesis-tests
- Language: R
- Homepage:
- Size: 107 MB
- Stars: 9
- Watchers: 4
- Forks: 5
- Open Issues: 3
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.Rmd
- Changelog: NEWS.md
- Citation: CITATION.cff
Awesome Lists containing this project
README
---
output: github_document
editor_options:
markdown:
wrap: 72
---
```{r, echo = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
warning = FALSE, # avoid warnings and messages in the output
message = FALSE,
collapse = TRUE,
fig.width = 4,
fig.height = 4,
dpi = 96,
comment = "#>",
fig.path = "man/figures/README-"
)
par(mar=c(3,3,1,1)+.1)
```
```{r, echo=FALSE}
library(heplots)
```
[](https://lifecycle.r-lib.org/articles/stages.html#stable)
[](http://cran.r-project.org/package=heplots)
[](https://friendly.r-universe.dev)
[](https://github.com/friendly/heplots/)
[](https://cran.r-project.org/package=heplots)
[](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/13908453)
[](https://friendly.github.io/heplots/)
# heplots 
## **Visualizing Hypothesis Tests in Multivariate Linear Models**
Version `r getNamespaceVersion("heplots")`; documentation built for `pkgdown` `r Sys.Date()`
## Description
The `heplots` package provides functions for visualizing hypothesis
tests in multivariate linear models ("MLM" = {MANOVA, multivariate multiple
regression, MANCOVA, and repeated measures designs}). It also provides other tools for
analysis and graphical display of MLMs.
HE plots represent sums-of-squares-and-products matrices for linear
hypotheses (**H**) and for error (**E**) using ellipses (in two
dimensions), ellipsoids (in three dimensions), or by line segments in
one dimension. For the theory and applications, see:
- [Friendly (2007)](http://datavis.ca/papers/jcgs-heplots.pdf) for the basic theory on which this is based.
- [Fox, Friendly and Monette (2009)](https://datavis.ca/papers/FoxFriendlyMonette-2009.pdf) for a brief introduction,
- [Friendly (2010)](http://www.jstatsoft.org/v37/i04/paper) for the application of these ideas to repeated
measure designs,
- [Friendly, Monette and Fox (2013)](http://datavis.ca/papers/ellipses-STS402.pdf) for a general discussion of the role of elliptical geometry in statistical understanding,
- [Friendly & Sigal (2017)](https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.13.1.p020) for an applied R tutorial,
- [Friendly & Sigal (2018)](https://www.datavis.ca/papers/EqCov-TAS.pdf) for theory and examples of visualizing equality of covariance matrices.
If you use this work in teaching or research, please cite it as given by `citation("heplots")` or see [Citation](authors.html#citation).
Other topics now addressed here include:
- robust MLMs, using iteratively re-weighted least squared to
down-weight observations with large multivariate residuals,
`robmlm()`.
- `Mahalanobis()` calculates classical and _robust_ Mahalanobis squared
distances using MCD and MVE estimators of center and covariance.
- visualizing tests for equality of covariance matrices in MLMs (Box's
M test), `boxM()` and `plot.boxM()`. Also: `bartlettTests()` and `LeveneTests()`
for homogeneity of variance for each response in a MLM.
- $\chi^2$ Q-Q plots for MLMs (`cqplot()`) to detect outliers and
assess multivariate normality of residuals.
- bivariate coefficient plots showing elliptical confidence regions
(`coefplot()`).
In this respect, the `heplots` package now aims to provide a wide range
of tools for analyzing and visualizing multivariate response linear
models, together with other packages:
- The related [`candisc`](https://friendly.github.io/candisc/) package
provides HE plots in **canonical discriminant** space, the space of
linear combinations of the responses that show the maximum possible
effects and for canonical correlation in multivariate regression
designs. See the [package documentation](https://friendly.github.io/candisc/)
for details.
- Another package,
[`mvinfluence`](https://friendly.github.io/mvinfluence/), provides
diagnostic measures and plots for **influential observations** in MLM
designs. See the [package documentation](https://friendly.github.io/mvinfluence/)
for details.
Several tutorial vignettes are also included. See
`vignette(package="heplots")`.
## Installation
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CRAN version | `install.packages("heplots")` |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| R-universe | `install.packages("heplots", repos = c('https://friendly.r-universe.dev')` |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Development | `remotes::install_github("friendly/heplots")` |
| version | |
+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## HE plot functions
The graphical functions contained here all display multivariate model
effects in variable (**data**) space, for one or more response variables
(or contrasts among response variables in repeated measures designs).
- `heplot()` constructs two-dimensional HE plots for model terms and
linear hypotheses for pairs of response variables in multivariate
linear models.
- `heplot3d()` constructs analogous 3D plots for triples of response
variables.
- The `pairs` method, `pairs.mlm()` constructs a scatterplot matrix of
pairwise HE plots.
- `heplot1d()` constructs 1-dimensional analogs of HE plots for model
terms and linear hypotheses for single response variables.
## Other functions
- `glance.mlm()` extends `broom::glance.lm()` to multivariate response
models, giving a one-line statistical summary for each response
variable. `uniStats()` does something similar, but formatted more like a ANOVA table.
- `boxM()` Calculates Box's *M* test for homogeneity of covariance
matrices in a MANOVA design. A `plot` method displays a visual
representation of the components of the test. Associated with this,
`bartletTests()` and `levineTests()` give the univariate tests of
homogeneity of variance for each response measure in a MLM.
- `covEllipses()` draw covariance (data) ellipses for one or more
group, optionally including the ellipse for the pooled within-group
covariance.
- `coefplot()` for an MLM object draws bivariate confidence ellipses.
### Repeated measure designs
For repeated measure designs, between-subject effects and within-subject
effects must be plotted separately, because the error terms (**E**
matrices) differ. For terms involving within-subject effects, these
functions carry out a linear transformation of the matrix **Y** of
responses to a matrix **Y M**, where **M** is the model matrix for a
term in the intra-subject design and produce plots of the **H** and **E**
matrices in this transformed space. The vignette `"repeated"` describes
these graphical methods for repeated measures designs. (This
paper [HE plots for repeated measures
designs](http://www.jstatsoft.org/v37/i04/paper) is now provided as a PDF vignette.)
## Datasets
The package also provides a large collection of data sets illustrating a
variety of multivariate linear models of the types listed above,
together with graphical displays. The table below classifies these with
method tags. Their names are linked to their documentation with graphical output on the
`pkgdown` website, [].
```{r datasets, echo=FALSE}
library(here)
library(dplyr)
library(tinytable)
#dsets <- read.csv(here::here("extra", "datasets.csv"))
dsets <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/friendly/heplots/master/extra/datasets.csv")
dsets <- dsets |> dplyr::select(-X) |> arrange(tolower(dataset))
# link dataset to pkgdown doc
refurl <- "http://friendly.github.io/heplots/reference/"
dsets <- dsets |>
mutate(dataset = glue::glue("[{dataset}]({refurl}{dataset}.html)"))
tinytable::tt(dsets)
#knitr::kable(dsets)
```
## Examples
This example illustrates HE plots using the classic `iris` data set. How
do the means of the flower variables differ by `Species`? This dataset
was the impetus for R. A. Fisher (1936) to propose a method of
discriminant analysis using data collected by Edgar Anderson (1928).
Though some may rightly deprecate Fisher for being a supporter of
eugenics, Anderson's `iris` dataset should not be blamed.
A basic HE plot shows the **H** and **E** ellipses for the first two
response variables (here: `Sepal.Length` and `Sepal.Width`). The
multivariate test is significant (by Roy's test) *iff* the **H** ellipse
projects *anywhere* outside the **E** ellipse.
The positions of the group means show how they differ on the two
response variables shown, and provide an interpretation of the
orientation of the **H** ellipse: it is long in the directions of
differences among the means.
```{r iris1}
#| echo=-1,
#| out.width="70%",
#| fig.cap = "HE plot of sepal length and Sepal width for the iris data"
par(mar=c(4,4,1,1)+.1)
iris.mod <- lm(cbind(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, Petal.Length, Petal.Width) ~
Species, data=iris)
heplot(iris.mod)
```
### Contrasts
Contrasts or other linear hypotheses can be shown as well, and the
ellipses look better if they are filled. We create contrasts to test the
differences between `versacolor` and `virginca` and also between
`setosa` and the average of the other two. Each 1 df contrast plots as
degenerate 1D ellipse-- a line.
Because these contrasts are orthogonal, they add to the total 2 df
effect of `Species`. Note how the first contrast, labeled `V:V`,
distinguishes the means of *versicolor* from *virginica*; the second
contrast, `S:VV` distinguishes `setosa` from the other two.
```{r iris2, out.width="70%"}
#| fig.cap = "HE plot of sepal length and Sepal width for the iris data, showing lines reflecting two contrasts among iris species."
par(mar=c(4,4,1,1)+.1)
contrasts(iris$Species)<-matrix(c(0, -1, 1,
2, -1, -1), nrow=3, ncol=2)
contrasts(iris$Species)
iris.mod <- lm(cbind(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, Petal.Length, Petal.Width) ~
Species, data=iris)
hyp <- list("V:V"="Species1","S:VV"="Species2")
heplot(iris.mod, hypotheses=hyp,
fill=TRUE, fill.alpha=0.1)
```
### All pairwise HE plots
All pairwise HE plots are produced using the `pairs()` method for MLM
objects.In the plot, note how the means of most pairs of variables are very
highly correlated, in the order Setosa < Versicolor < Virginica, but this
pattern doesn't hold for relations with `Sepal.Width`.
```{r, iris3}
#| out.width="100%",
#| fig.height = 6,
#| fig.width = 6,
#| fig.cap = "Scatterplot matrix of pairwise HE plots for the iris data."
pairs(iris.mod, hypotheses=hyp, hyp.labels=FALSE,
fill=TRUE, fill.alpha=0.1)
```
### Canonical discriminant view
For more than two response variables, a multivariate effect can be viewed more simply by projecting
the data into canonical space --- the linear combinations of the responses which show the greatest
differences among the group means relative to within-group scatter. The computations are performed
with the [`candisc`](https://github.com/friendly/candisc/) package, which has an `heplot.candisc()`
method.
```{r iris-can0}
library(candisc)
iris.can <- candisc(iris.mod) |> print()
```
The HE plot in canonical space shows that the differences among species are nearly
entirely one-dimensional. The weights for the variables on the first dimension
show how `Sepal.Width` differs from the other size variables.
```{r iris-can}
#| out.width = "60%",
#| echo = -1,
#| fig.cap = "Canonical HE plot for the iris data"
par(mar=c(4,4,1,1)+.1)
# HE plot in canonical space
heplot(iris.can, var.pos = 1, scale = 40)
```
### Covariance ellipses
MANOVA relies on the assumption that within-group covariance matrices are all equal.
It is useful to visualize these in the space of some of the predictors.
`covEllipses()` provides this both for classical and robust (`method="mve"`) estimates.
The figure below shows these for the three Iris species and the
pooled covariance matrix, which is the same as the **E** matrix used
in MANOVA tests.
```{r iris4, out.width="80%"}
#| echo = -1,
#| fig.cap = "Covariance ellipses for the iris data, showing the classical and robust estimates."
par(mar=c(4,4,1,1)+.1)
covEllipses(iris[,1:4], iris$Species)
covEllipses(iris[,1:4], iris$Species,
fill=TRUE, method="mve", add=TRUE, labels="")
```
## References
Anderson, E. (1928). The Problem of Species in the Northern Blue Flags,
Iris versicolor L. and Iris virginica L. *Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden*, **13**, 241--313.
Fisher, R. A. (1936). The Use of Multiple Measurements in Taxonomic
Problems. *Annals of Eugenics*, **8**, 379--388.
Friendly, M. (2006).
[Data Ellipses, HE Plots and Reduced-Rank Displays for Multivariate Linear Models:
SAS Software and Examples.](https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v017i06)
_Journal of Statistical Software_, **17**, 1-42.
Friendly, M. (2007). [HE plots for Multivariate General Linear Models](http://datavis.ca/papers/jcgs-heplots.pdf).
_Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics_, **16**(2) 421-444.
DOI: 10.1198/106186007X208407.
Fox, J., Friendly, M. & Monette, G. (2009). [Visualizing hypothesis
tests in multivariate linear models: The heplots package for R](https://datavis.ca/papers/FoxFriendlyMonette-2009.pdf) *Computational Statistics*, **24**, 233-246.
Friendly, M. (2010). [HE plots for repeated measures
designs](http://www.jstatsoft.org/v37/i04/paper). *Journal of
Statistical Software*, **37**, 1--37.
Friendly, M.; Monette, G. & Fox, J. (2013). [Elliptical Insights:
Understanding Statistical Methods Through Elliptical
Geometry](http://datavis.ca/palers/ellipses-STS402.pdf) *Statistical
Science*, **28**, 1-39.
Friendly, M. & Sigal, M. (2017). [Graphical Methods for Multivariate
Linear Models in Psychological Research: An R
Tutorial.](https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.13.1.p020) *The Quantitative
Methods for Psychology*, **13**, 20-45.
Friendly, M. & Sigal, M. (2018): [Visualizing Tests for Equality of
Covariance Matrices](https://www.datavis.ca/papers/EqCov-TAS.pdf), _The American Statistician_, [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2018.1497537)