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https://github.com/huggingface/datatrove

Freeing data processing from scripting madness by providing a set of platform-agnostic customizable pipeline processing blocks.
https://github.com/huggingface/datatrove

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Freeing data processing from scripting madness by providing a set of platform-agnostic customizable pipeline processing blocks.

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# DataTrove



DataTrove is a library to process, filter and deduplicate text data at a very large scale. It provides a set of prebuilt commonly used processing blocks with a framework to easily add custom functionality.



DataTrove processing pipelines are platform-agnostic, running out of the box locally or on a slurm cluster. Its (relatively) low memory usage and multiple step design makes it ideal for large workloads, such as to process an LLM's training data.



Local, remote and other file systems are supported through [fsspec](https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).



## Table of contents



- [Installation](#installation)

- [Quickstart examples](#quickstart-examples)

- [Terminology](#terminology)

- [Pipeline](#pipeline)

  * [DataTrove Document](#datatrove-document)

  * [Types of pipeline blocks](#types-of-pipeline-blocks)

  * [Full pipeline](#full-pipeline)

- [Executors](#executors)

  * [LocalPipelineExecutor](#localpipelineexecutor)

  * [SlurmPipelineExecutor](#slurmpipelineexecutor)

- [Logging](#logging)

- [DataFolder / paths](#datafolder--paths)

- [Practical guides](#practical-guides)

  * [Reading data](#reading-data)

  * [Extracting text](#extracting-text)

  * [Filtering data](#filtering-data)

  * [Saving data](#saving-data)

  * [Deduplicating data](#deduplicating-data)

  * [Summary Statistics](#summary-statistics)

  * [Custom blocks](#custom-blocks)

    + [Simple data](#simple-data)

    + [Custom function](#custom-function)

    + [Custom block](#custom-block)

- [Contributing](#contributing)

- [Citation](#citation)



## Installation



```bash

pip install datatrove[FLAVOUR]

```

Available flavours (combine them with `,` i.e. `[processing,s3]`):

- `all` installs everything: `pip install datatrove[all]`

- `io` dependencies to read `warc/arc/wet` files and arrow/parquet formats: `pip install datatrove[io]`

- `processing` dependencies for text extraction, filtering and tokenization: `pip install datatrove[processing]`

- `s3` s3 support: `pip install datatrove[s3]`

- `cli` for command line tools: `pip install datatrove[cli]`



## Quickstart examples

You can check the following [examples](examples):

- [fineweb.py](examples/fineweb.py) full reproduction of the [FineWeb dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HuggingFaceFW/fineweb)

- [process_common_crawl_dump.py](examples/process_common_crawl_dump.py) full pipeline to read commoncrawl warc files, extract their text content, filters and save the resulting data to s3. Runs on slurm

- [tokenize_c4.py](examples/tokenize_c4.py) reads data directly from huggingface's hub to tokenize the english portion of the C4 dataset using the `gpt2` tokenizer

- [minhash_deduplication.py](examples/minhash_deduplication.py) full pipeline to run minhash deduplication of text data

- [sentence_deduplication.py](examples/sentence_deduplication.py) example to run sentence level exact deduplication

- [exact_substrings.py](examples/exact_substrings.py) example to run ExactSubstr (requires [this repo](https://github.com/google-research/deduplicate-text-datasets))



## Terminology

- `pipeline`: a list of processing steps to execute (read data, filter, write to disk, etc)

- `executor`: runs a specific pipeline on a given execution environment (slurm, multi cpu machine, etc)

- `job`: the execution of a pipeline on a given executor

- `task`: a `job` is comprised of multiple `tasks`, and these are used to parallelize execution, usually by having each `task` process a `shard` of data. Datatrove keeps track of which tasks have completed and when you relaunch only incomplete tasks will run.

- `file`: an individual input file (.json, .csv, etc).

> [!TIP]

> Note that each file will be processed by a single `task`. Datatrove does not automatically split a file into multiple parts, so to fully parallelize you should have multiple medium sized files rather than a single large file)

- `shard`: a group of input data (usually a group of `file`s), which will be assigned to a specific `task`. Each `task` will process a different non overlapping `shard` of data, from the full list of input files

- `worker`: compute resource that will execute a single task at a time, e.g., if you have 50 cpu cores you can run a LocalPipelineExecutor with `workers=50`, to execute 50 `tasks` simultaneously (one per cpu). Once a `worker` is done with a `task`, it will start processing another waiting `task`



> [!TIP]

> Your number of `tasks` controls how much you can parallelize and also how much time each individual processing unit will take. If you have a small number of tasks (and they each therefore have to process a large number of files) and they fail, you will have to restart from scratch, whereas if you have a larger number of small tasks each failed task will take way less time to rerun.



> [!CAUTION]

> If your `tasks` > `files`, some tasks will not process any data, so there usually isn't a point in setting `tasks` to a number larger than `files.



### Example 

Running a `job` to process **10000** `files`, on a machine with **100** cpu cores (`workers`). If we choose to use **1000** tasks, each one will process a `shard` of 10 files. `workers=100` means that we can process **100** tasks at a time.



## Pipeline

### DataTrove Document

Each pipeline block processes data in the datatrove [`Document`](src/datatrove/data.py) format:

- `text` the actual text content for each sample

- `id` a unique id (string) for this sample

- `metadata` a dictionary where any additional info may be stored



### Types of pipeline blocks

Each pipeline block takes a generator of `Document` as input and returns another generator of `Document`.

- **[readers](src/datatrove/pipeline/readers)** read data from different formats and yield `Document`

- **[writers](src/datatrove/pipeline/writers)** save `Document` to disk/cloud in different formats

- **[extractors](src/datatrove/pipeline/extractors)** extract text content from raw formats (such as webpage html)

- **[filters](src/datatrove/pipeline/filters)** filter out (remove) some `Document`s based on specific rules/criteria

- **[stats](src/datatrove/pipeline/stats)** blocks to collect statistics on the dataset

- **[tokens](src/datatrove/pipeline/tokens)** blocks to tokenize data or count tokens

- **[dedup](src/datatrove/pipeline/dedup)** blocks for deduplication

### Full pipeline

A pipeline is defined as a list of pipeline blocks. As an example, the following pipeline would read data from disk, randomly filter (remove) some documents and write them back to disk:

```python

from datatrove.pipeline.readers import CSVReader

from datatrove.pipeline.filters import SamplerFilter

from datatrove.pipeline.writers import JsonlWriter



pipeline = [

    CSVReader(

        data_folder="/my/input/path"

    ),

    SamplerFilter(rate=0.5),

    JsonlWriter(

        output_folder="/my/output/path"

    )

]

```



## Executors

Pipelines are platform-agnostic, which means that the same pipeline can smoothly run on different execution environments without any changes to its steps. Each environment has its own PipelineExecutor.



Some options common to all executors:

- `pipeline` a list consisting of the pipeline steps that should be run

- `logging_dir` a datafolder where log files, statistics and more should be saved. Do not reuse folders for different pipelines/jobs as this will overwrite your stats, logs and completions.

- `skip_completed` (_bool_, `True` by default) datatrove keeps track of completed tasks so that when you relaunch a job they can be skipped. Set this to `False` to disable this behaviour

- `randomize_start_duration` (_int_, `0` by default) the maximum number of seconds to delay the start of each task to prevent all tasks from starting simultaneously and potentially overloading the system. 



Call an executor's `run` method to execute its pipeline.



> [!TIP]

> Datatrove keeps track of which tasks successfully completed by creating a marker (an empty file) in the `${logging_dir}/completions` folder. Once the job finishes, if some of its tasks have failed, you can **simply relaunch the exact same executor** and datatrove will check and only run the tasks that were not previously completed.



> [!CAUTION]

> If you relaunch a pipeline because some tasks failed, **do not change the total number of tasks** as this will affect the distribution of input files/sharding.



### LocalPipelineExecutor

This executor will launch a pipeline on a local machine.

Options:

- `tasks` total number of tasks to run

- `workers` how many tasks to run simultaneously. If `-1`, no limit. Anything `> 1` will use multiprocessing to execute the tasks.

- `start_method` method to use to spawn a multiprocessing Pool. Ignored if `workers` is 1



  Example executor



```python

from datatrove.executor import LocalPipelineExecutor

executor = LocalPipelineExecutor(

    pipeline=[

        ...

    ],

    logging_dir="logs/",

    tasks=10,

    workers=5

)

executor.run()

```



  Multi-node parallelism



You can have different nodes/machines process different parts of the total tasks by using the `local_tasks` and `local_rank_offset`. For each node/instance/machine, launch with the following options:

- `tasks` the total tasks to be executed (across all machines). **This value must be the same on each machine or the input file distribution may overlap!** Example: 500

- `local_tasks` how many tasks of the total will be executed on this particular machine. Note that you can use different values for each machine. Example: 100

- `local_rank_offset` the rank of the first task to be executed on this machine. If this is the 3rd machine where you are launching a job, and the 2 previous machines each ran 250 and 150 jobs, this would be `400` for the current machine.



To get final merged stats you will have to invoke the `merge_stats` script manually on a path containing the stats from all machines.



### SlurmPipelineExecutor

This executor will launch a pipeline on a slurm cluster, using slurm job arrays to group and manage tasks.

Options:

- `tasks` total number of tasks to run. **required**

- `time` slurm time limit string. **required**

- `partition` slurm partition. **required**

- `workers` how many tasks to run simultaneously. If `-1`, no limit. Slurm will run `workers` tasks at a time. (default: `-1`)

- `job_name` slurm job name (default: "data_processing)

- `depends` another SlurmPipelineExecutor instance, which will be a dependency of this pipeline (current pipeline will only start executing after the depended on pipeline successfully completes)

- `sbatch_args` dictionary with any other arguments you would like to pass to sbatch

- `slurm_logs_folder` where to save the slurm log files. If using a local path for `logging_dir`, they will be saved on `logging_dir/slurm_logs`. If not, they will be saved as a subdir of the current directory.



  Other options



- `cpus_per_task` how many cpus to give each task (default: `1`)

- `qos` slurm qos (default: "normal")

- `mem_per_cpu_gb` memory per cpu, in GB (default: 2)

- `env_command` custom command to activate a python environment, if needed

- `condaenv` conda environment to activate

- `venv_path` path to a python environment to activate

- `max_array_size` the _MaxArraySize_ value in `$ scontrol show config`. If number of tasks exceeds this number, it will split into multiple array jobs (default: 1001)

- `max_array_launch_parallel` if we need multiple jobs due to max_array_size, whether to launch them all in one go (parallel) or sequentially (default: `False`)

- `stagger_max_array_jobs` when max_array_launch_parallel is True, this determines how many seconds to wait between launching each of the parallel jobs (default: `0`)

- `run_on_dependency_fail` start executing when a job we depend on finishes even if it has failed (default: `False`)

- `randomize_start` randomize the start of each task in a job in a ~3 min window. Useful when heavily hitting an s3 bucket for example. (default: `False`)



  Example executor



```python

from datatrove.executor import SlurmPipelineExecutor

executor1 = SlurmPipelineExecutor(

    pipeline=[

        ...

    ],

    job_name="my_cool_job1",

    logging_dir="logs/job1",

    tasks=500,

    workers=100,  # omit to run all at once

    time="10:00:00",  # 10 hours

    partition="hopper-cpu"

)

executor2 = SlurmPipelineExecutor(

    pipeline=[

        ...

    ],

    job_name="my_cool_job2",

    logging_dir="logs/job2",

    tasks=1,

    time="5:00:00",  # 5 hours

    partition="hopper-cpu",

    depends=executor1  # this pipeline will only be launched after executor1 successfully completes

)

# executor1.run()

executor2.run() # this will actually launch executor1, as it is a dependency, so no need to launch it explicitly

```



## Logging

For a pipeline with `logging_dir` **mylogspath/exp1**, the following folder structure would be created:



  See folder structure



```

└── mylogspath/exp1

    │── executor.json ⟵ json dump of the executor options and pipeline steps

    │── launch_script.slurm ⟵ the slurm config created and used to launch this job (if running on slurm)

    │── executor.pik ⟵ the slurm config created and used to launch this job (if running on slurm)

    │── ranks_to_run.json ⟵ list of tasks that are being run

    │── logs/

    │   └──[task_00000.log, task_00001.log, task_00002.log, ...] ⟵ individual logging files for each task

    │── completions/

    │   └──[00004, 00007, 00204, ...] ⟵ empty files marking a task as completed. Using when relaunching/resuming a job (only unfinished tasks will be run)

    │── stats/

    │   └──[00000.json, 00001.json, 00002.json, ...] ⟵ individual stats for each task (number of samples processed, filtered, removed, etc)

    └── stats.json ⟵ global stats from all tasks

```



### Colorization

Log messages support colorization. By default, colorization will be auto detected for console messages and disabled for log files (logs/task_XXXXX.log).

To explicitly enable or disable colorization, you may set the following environment variables:

- `DATATROVE_COLORIZE_LOGS` "1" to add ANSI colors to console log messages and "0" to disable colorization.

- `DATATROVE_COLORIZE_LOG_FILES` set to "1" to add ANSI colors to log messages saved to logs/task_XXXXX.log.



## DataFolder / paths

Datatrove supports a wide variety of input/output sources through [fsspec](https://filesystem-spec.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).



There are a few ways to provide a path to a datatrove block (for `input_folder`, `logging_dir`, `data_folder` and so on arguments):

- `str`: the simplest way is to pass a single string. Example: `/home/user/mydir`, `s3://mybucket/myinputdata`, `hf://datasets/allenai/c4/en/`



- `(str, fsspec filesystem instance)`: a string path and a fully initialized filesystem object. Example: `("s3://mybucket/myinputdata", S3FileSystem(client_kwargs={"endpoint_url": endpoint_uri}))`

- `(str, dict)`: a string path and a dictionary with options to initialize a fs. Example (equivalent to the previous line): `("s3://mybucket/myinputdata", {"client_kwargs": {"endpoint_url": endpoint_uri}})`

- `DataFolder`: you can initialize a [DataFolder](src/datatrove/io.py) object directly and pass it as an argument



Under the hood these argument combinations are parsed by [`get_datafolder`](src/datatrove/io.py#116).



## Practical guides



### Reading data

Usually, pipelines will start with a [Reader](src/datatrove/pipeline/readers) block.

Most readers take a `data_folder` argument — a path to a folder containing the data to be read.



These files will be distributed across each task. If you have `N` tasks, task with rank `i` (0-based) will process files `i, i+N, i+2N, i+3N,...`.



Internally, each reader reads data and converts it into a dictionary before creating a `Document` object.



Some options common to most readers:

- `text_key` the dictionary key containing the text content for each sample. Default: `text`

- `id_key` the dictionary key containing the id for each sample. Default: `id`

- `default_metadata` a dictionary for any default metadata values you would like to add (such as their source, for example)

- `recursive` whether to look for files recursively in `data_folder`'s subdirectories

- `glob_pattern` use this field to match specific files. For instance, `glob_pattern="*/warc/*.warc.gz"` will match files with a `.warc.gz` file extension on the `warc/` folder of each of the `data_folder`'s subdirectories

- `adapter` this function takes the raw dictionary obtained from the reader and returns a dictionary with `Document`'s field names. You may overwrite this function ([_default_adapter](src/datatrove/pipeline/readers/base.py)) if you would like.

- `limit` read only a certain number of samples. Useful for testing/debugging



### Extracting text

You can use [extractors](src/datatrove/pipeline/extractors) to extract text content from raw html. The most commonly used extractor in datatrove is [Trafilatura](src/datatrove/pipeline/extractors/trafilatura.py), which uses the [trafilatura](https://trafilatura.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) library.



### Filtering data

[Filters](src/datatrove/pipeline/filters) are some of the most important blocks of any data processing pipeline. Datatrove's filter blocks take a `Document` and return a boolean (`True` to keep a document, `False` to remove it). Removed samples do not continue to the next pipeline stage. You can also save the removed samples to disk by passing a [Writer](src/datatrove/pipeline/writers) to the `exclusion_writer` parameter.



### Saving data

Once you are done processing your data you will probably want to save it somewhere. For this you can use a [writer](src/datatrove/pipeline/writers/jsonl.py).

Writers require an `output_folder` (the path where data should be saved). You can choose the `compression` to use (default: `gzip`) and the filename to save each file as.

For the `output_filename`, a template is applied using the following arguments:

- `${rank}` replaced with the current task's rank. Note that if this tag isn't present, **different tasks may try to write to the same location**

- `${id}` replaced with the sample id

- metadata: any other `${tag}` will be replaced with the corresponding `document.metadata['tag']` value



An example to separate samples by language based on their `lang` metadata field:

```

JsonlWriter(

    f"{MAIN_OUTPUT_PATH}/non_english/",

    output_filename="${language}/" + DUMP + "/${rank}.jsonl.gz",  # folder structure: language/dump/file

)

```



### Deduplicating data

For deduplication check the examples [minhash_deduplication.py](examples/minhash_deduplication.py), [sentence_deduplication.py](examples/sentence_deduplication.py) and [exact_substrings.py](examples/exact_substrings.py).



### Summary Statistics

For summary statistics on your data you can use the [Stats](src/datatrove/pipeline/stats/summary_stats/) blocks. These blocks provide an easy way to collect data-profiles on your dataset in a distributed manner. It's a two step process in which you first:

1) For each shard iterate over documents and collect stats into of the following groupings `summary` (all docs counted to "summary" key), `fqdn` (fully qualified domain name grouping), `suffix` (the last part of the url path grouping) or `histogram` (value based grouping).

2) Merge the stats from different shards into a single file.

See the [summary_stats.py](examples/summarty_stats.py) for more details.



Each resulting stat is saved in a separate file with following structure: `output_folder/{fqdn,suffix,summary,histogram}/{stat_name}/metric.json`



Each such file is a `MetricStatsDict` object, which you can easily load using:

```python

from datatrove.pipeline.stats.summary_stats import MetricStatsDict

import json

stats = MetricStatsDict.from_dict(json.load(open("fqdn/length/metric.json")))



# E.g for total length of nytimes.com docs

stats["nytimes.com"].total



# Or for mean of cnn.com docs

stats["cnn.com"].mean

```



Following stats are available:

- `contamination_stats.py`: `word_contamination_{words[0]}`: Frequency of words contamination in the document.

- `doc_stats.py`: `length`: Length of the document, `white_space_ratio`: Ratio of whitespace characters, `non_alpha_digit_ratio`: Ratio of non-alphabetic and non-digit characters, `digit_ratio`: Ratio of digits, `uppercase_ratio`: Ratio of uppercase letters, `elipsis_ratio`: Ratio of elipsis characters, `punctuation_ratio`: Punctuation ratio

- `lang_stats.py`: `fasttext_{language}`: Score of document being written in `language`. Score is computed using FastText model.

- `line_stats.py`: `n_lines`: Number of lines per doc, `avg_line_length`: Average length of line per doc, `long_line_ratio_chars_{chars}`: Ratio of lines with more than k chars, `short_line_ratio_chars_{chars}`: Ratio of lines with less than k chars, `bullet_point_lines_ratio`: Ratio of line starting with bullet point, `line_duplicates`: Ratio of lines that are duplicates, `line_char_duplicates`: Ratio of chars in duplicated lines to all chars.

- `paragraph_stats.py`: `n_paragraphs`: Number of paragraphs, `avg_paragraph_length`: Average paragraph length, `short_paragraph_ratio_{chars}`: Ratio of short paragraphs (`<{chars}` chars), `long_paragraph_ratio_{chars}`: Ratio of long paragraphs (`>{chars}` chars)

- `perplexity_stats.py`: `ccnet_perplexity_{model_dataset}_{language}`: Perplexity of the document using the CCNet model for `{model}` on `{dataset}` in `{language}`

- `sentence_stats.py`: `n_sentences`: Number of sentences, `avg_sentence_length`: Average sentence length, `short_sentence_ratio_{chars}`: Ratio of short sentences (`<{chars}` chars), `long_sentence_ratio_{chars}`: Ratio of long sentences (`>{chars}` chars)

- `token_stats.py`:`token_count`: Number of tokens in the document

- `word_stats.py`: `n_words`: Number of words in the document, `avg_word_length`: Average length of words in the document, `avg_words_per_line`: Average number of words per line in the document, `short_word_ratio_{chars}`: Ratio of words shorter than `{chars}` characters, `stop_word_ratio`: Ratio of stop words, `long_word_ratio_{chars}`: Ratio of words longer than `{chars}` characters, `type_token_ratio`: Number of unique words / Number of tokens, `capitalized_word_ratio`: Ratio of capitalized words, `uppercase_word_ratio`: Ratio of uppercase words



### Custom blocks



#### Simple data

You can pass an iterable of [`Document`](src/datatrove/data.py) directly as a pipeline block like so:

```python

from datatrove.data import Document

from datatrove.pipeline.filters import SamplerFilter

from datatrove.pipeline.writers import JsonlWriter



pipeline = [

    [

        Document(text="some data", id="0"),

        Document(text="some more data", id="1"),

        Document(text="even more data", id="2"),

    ],

    SamplerFilter(rate=0.5),

    JsonlWriter(

        output_folder="/my/output/path"

    )

]

```



Do note, however, that this iterable will not be sharded (if you launch more than 1 task they will all get the full iterable).

This is usually useful for small workloads/testing.



#### Custom function

For simple processing you can simply pass in a custom function with the following signature:

```python

from datatrove.data import DocumentsPipeline



def uppercase_everything(data: DocumentsPipeline, rank: int = 0, world_size: int = 1) -> DocumentsPipeline:

    """

        `data` is a generator of Document. You must also return a generator of Document (yield)

        You can optionally use `rank` and `world_size` for sharding

    """

    for document in data:

        document.text = document.text.upper()

        yield document



pipeline = [

    ...,

    uppercase_everything,

    ...

]

```

> [!TIP]

> You might have some pickling issues due to the imports. If this happens, simply move whatever imports you need inside the function body.



#### Custom block

You can also define a full block inheriting from [`PipelineStep`](src/datatrove/pipeline/base.py) or one of its subclasses:



```python

from datatrove.pipeline.base import PipelineStep

from datatrove.data import DocumentsPipeline

from datatrove.io import DataFolderLike, get_datafolder



class UppercaserBlock(PipelineStep):

    def __init__(self, some_folder: DataFolderLike, some_param: int = 5):

        super().__init__()

        # you can take whatever parameters you need and save them here

        self.some_param = some_param

        # to load datafolders use get_datafolder()

        self.some_folder = get_datafolder(some_folder)



    def run(self, data: DocumentsPipeline, rank: int = 0, world_size: int = 1) -> DocumentsPipeline:

        # you could also load data from the `some_folder`:

        for filepath in self.some_folder.get_shard(rank, world_size): # it also accepts a glob pattern, among other things

            with self.some_folder.open(filepath, "rt") as f:

                # do something

                ...

                yield doc



        #

        # OR process data from previous blocks (`data`)

        #



        for doc in data:

            with self.track_time():

                # you can wrap the main processing code in `track_time` to know how much each document took to process

                nr_uppercase_letters = sum(map(lambda c: c.isupper(), doc.text))

                # you can also keep track of stats per document using stat_update

                self.stat_update("og_upper_letters", value=nr_uppercase_letters)

                doc.text = doc.text.upper()

            # make sure you keep the yield outside the track_time block, or it will affect the time calculation

            yield doc



        #

        # OR save data to disk

        #



        with self.some_folder.open("myoutput", "wt") as f:

            for doc in data:

                f.write(doc...)

```



```python

pipeline = [

    ...,

    UppercaserBlock("somepath"),

    ...

]

```



You could also inherit from [`BaseExtractor`](src/datatrove/pipeline/extractors/base.py), [`BaseFilter`](src/datatrove/pipeline/filters/base_filter.py), [`BaseReader`/`BaseDiskReader`](src/datatrove/pipeline/readers/base.py), or [`DiskWriter`](src/datatrove/pipeline/writers/disk_base.py).

## Contributing



```bash

git clone [email protected]:huggingface/datatrove.git && cd datatrove

pip install -e ".[dev]"

```



Install pre-commit code style hooks:

```bash

pre-commit install

```



Run the tests:

```bash

pytest -sv ./tests/

```



## Citation



```bibtex

@misc{penedo2024datatrove,

  author = {Penedo, Guilherme and Kydlíček, Hynek and Cappelli, Alessandro and Sasko, Mario and Wolf, Thomas},

  title = {DataTrove: large scale data processing},

  year = {2024},

  publisher = {GitHub},

  journal = {GitHub repository},

  url = {https://github.com/huggingface/datatrove}

}

```