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https://github.com/janko/down

Streaming downloads using Net::HTTP, http.rb or HTTPX
https://github.com/janko/down

download http partial-responses ruby streaming tempfile

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Streaming downloads using Net::HTTP, http.rb or HTTPX

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# Down



Down is a utility tool for streaming, flexible and safe downloading of remote

files. It can use [open-uri] + `Net::HTTP`, [http.rb] or [HTTPX] as the backend

HTTP library.



## Installation



```rb

gem "down", "~> 5.0"

```



## Downloading



The primary method is `Down.download`, which downloads the remote file into a

`Tempfile`:



```rb

require "down"



tempfile = Down.download("http://example.com/nature.jpg")

tempfile #=> #

```



### Metadata



The returned `Tempfile` has some additional attributes extracted from the

response data:



```rb

tempfile.content_type      #=> "text/plain"

tempfile.original_filename #=> "document.txt"

tempfile.charset           #=> "utf-8"

```



### Maximum size



When you're accepting URLs from an outside source, it's a good idea to limit

the filesize (because attackers want to give a lot of work to your servers).

Down allows you to pass a `:max_size` option:



```rb

Down.download("http://example.com/image.jpg", max_size: 5 * 1024 * 1024) # 5 MB

# Down::TooLarge: file is too large (max is 5MB)

```



What is the advantage over simply checking size after downloading? Well, Down

terminates the download very early, as soon as it gets the `Content-Length`

header. And if the `Content-Length` header is missing, Down will terminate the

download as soon as the downloaded content surpasses the maximum size.



### Destination



By default the remote file will be downloaded into a temporary location and

returned as a `Tempfile`. If you would like the file to be downloaded to a

specific location on disk, you can specify the `:destination` option:



```rb

Down.download("http://example.com/image.jpg", destination: "/path/to/destination")

#=> nil

```



In this case `Down.download` won't have any return value, so if you need a File

object you'll have to create it manually.



You can also keep the tempfile, but override the extension:



```rb

tempfile = Down.download("http://example.com/some/file", extension: "txt")

File.extname(tempfile.path) #=> ".txt"

```



### Basic authentication



`Down.download` and `Down.open` will automatically detect and apply HTTP basic

authentication from the URL:



```rb

Down.download("http://user:[email protected]")

Down.open("http://user:[email protected]")

```



### Progress



`Down.download` supports `:content_length_proc`, which gets called with the

value of the `Content-Length` header as soon as it's received, and

`:progress_proc`, which gets called with current filesize whenever a new chunk

is downloaded.



```rb

Down.download "http://example.com/movie.mp4",

  content_length_proc: -> (content_length) { ... },

  progress_proc:       -> (progress)       { ... }

```



## Streaming



Down has the ability to retrieve content of the remote file *as it is being

downloaded*. The `Down.open` method returns a `Down::ChunkedIO` object which

represents the remote file on the given URL. When you read from it, Down

internally downloads chunks of the remote file, but only how much is needed.



```rb

remote_file = Down.open("http://example.com/image.jpg")

remote_file.size # read from the "Content-Length" header



remote_file.read(1024) # downloads and returns first 1 KB

remote_file.read(1024) # downloads and returns next 1 KB



remote_file.eof? #=> false

remote_file.read # downloads and returns the rest of the file content

remote_file.eof? #=> true



remote_file.close # closes the HTTP connection and deletes the internal Tempfile

```



The following IO methods are implemented:



* `#read` & `#readpartial`

* `#gets`

* `#seek`

* `#pos` & `#tell`

* `#eof?`

* `#rewind`

* `#close`



### Caching



By default the downloaded content is internally cached into a `Tempfile`, so

that when you rewind the `Down::ChunkedIO`, it continues reading the cached

content that it had already retrieved.



```rb

remote_file = Down.open("http://example.com/image.jpg")

remote_file.read(1*1024*1024) # downloads, caches, and returns first 1MB

remote_file.rewind

remote_file.read(1*1024*1024) # reads the cached content

remote_file.read(1*1024*1024) # downloads the next 1MB

```



If you want to save on IO calls and on disk usage, and don't need to be able to

rewind the `Down::ChunkedIO`, you can disable caching downloaded content:



```rb

Down.open("http://example.com/image.jpg", rewindable: false)

```



### Yielding chunks



You can also yield chunks directly as they're downloaded via `#each_chunk`, in

which case the downloaded content is not cached into a file regardless of the

`:rewindable` option.



```rb

remote_file = Down.open("http://example.com/image.jpg")

remote_file.each_chunk { |chunk| ... }

remote_file.close

```



### Data



You can access the response status and headers of the HTTP request that was made:



```rb

remote_file = Down.open("http://example.com/image.jpg")

remote_file.data[:status]   #=> 200

remote_file.data[:headers]  #=> { "Content-Type" => "image/jpeg", ... } (header names are normalized)

remote_file.data[:response] # returns the response object

```



Note that a `Down::ResponseError` exception will automatically be raised if

response status was 4xx or 5xx.



### Down::ChunkedIO



The `Down.open` performs HTTP logic and returns an instance of

`Down::ChunkedIO`. However, `Down::ChunkedIO` is a generic class that can wrap

any kind of streaming. It accepts an `Enumerator` that yields chunks of

content, and provides IO-like interface over that enumerator, calling it

whenever more content is needed.



```rb

require "down/chunked_io"



Down::ChunkedIO.new(...)

```



* `:chunks` – `Enumerator` that yields chunks of content

* `:size` – size of the file if it's known (returned by `#size`)

* `:on_close` – called when streaming finishes or IO is closed

* `:data` - custom data that you want to store (returned by `#data`)

* `:rewindable` - whether to cache retrieved data into a file (defaults to `true`)

* `:encoding` - force content to be returned in specified encoding (defaults to `Encoding::BINARY`)



Here is an example of creating a streaming IO of a MongoDB GridFS file:



```rb

require "down/chunked_io"



mongo = Mongo::Client.new(...)

bucket = mongo.database.fs



content_length = bucket.find(_id: id).first[:length]

stream = bucket.open_download_stream(id)



io = Down::ChunkedIO.new(

  size: content_length,

  chunks: stream.enum_for(:each),

  on_close: -> { stream.close },

)

```



### Exceptions



Down tries to recognize various types of exceptions and re-raise them as one of

the `Down::Error` subclasses. This is Down's exception hierarchy:



* `Down::Error`

  * `Down::TooLarge`

  * `Down::InvalidUrl`

  * `Down::TooManyRedirects`

  * `Down::NotModified`

  * `Down::ResponseError`

    * `Down::ClientError`

      * `Down::NotFound`

    * `Down::ServerError`

  * `Down::ConnectionError`

  * `Down::TimeoutError`

  * `Down::SSLError`



## Backends



The following backends are available:



* [Down::NetHttp](#downnethttp) (default)

* [Down::Http](#downhttp)

* [Down::Httpx](#downhttpx)



You can use the backend directly:



```rb

require "down/net_http"



Down::NetHttp.download("...")

Down::NetHttp.open("...")

```



Or you can set the backend globally (default is `:net_http`):



```rb

require "down"



Down.backend :http # use the Down::Http backend



Down.download("...")

Down.open("...")

```



### Down::NetHttp



The `Down::NetHttp` backend implements downloads using [open-uri] and

[Net::HTTP] standard libraries.



```rb

gem "down", "~> 5.0"

```

```rb

require "down/net_http"



tempfile = Down::NetHttp.download("http://nature.com/forest.jpg")

tempfile #=> #



io = Down::NetHttp.open("http://nature.com/forest.jpg")

io #=> #

```



`Down::NetHttp.download` is implemented as a wrapper around open-uri, and fixes

some of open-uri's undesired behaviours:



* uses `URI::HTTP#open` or `URI::HTTPS#open` directly for [security](https://sakurity.com/blog/2015/02/28/openuri.html)

* always returns a `Tempfile` object, whereas open-uri returns `StringIO`

  when file is smaller than 10KB

* gives the extension to the `Tempfile` object from the URL

* allows you to limit maximum number of redirects



On the other hand `Down::NetHttp.open` is implemented using Net::HTTP directly,

as open-uri doesn't support downloading on-demand.



#### Redirects



`Down::NetHttp#download` turns off open-uri's following redirects, as open-uri

doesn't have a way to limit the maximum number of hops, and implements its own.

By default maximum of 2 redirects will be followed, but you can change it via

the `:max_redirects` option:



```rb

Down::NetHttp.download("http://example.com/image.jpg")                   # 2 redirects allowed

Down::NetHttp.download("http://example.com/image.jpg", max_redirects: 5) # 5 redirects allowed

Down::NetHttp.download("http://example.com/image.jpg", max_redirects: 0) # 0 redirects allowed



Down::NetHttp.open("http://example.com/image.jpg")                       # 2 redirects allowed

Down::NetHttp.open("http://example.com/image.jpg", max_redirects: 5)     # 5 redirects allowed

Down::NetHttp.open("http://example.com/image.jpg", max_redirects: 0)     # 0 redirects allowed

```



#### Proxy



An HTTP proxy can be specified via the `:proxy` option:



```rb

Down::NetHttp.download("http://example.com/image.jpg", proxy: "http://proxy.org")

Down::NetHttp.open("http://example.com/image.jpg", proxy: "http://user:[email protected]")

```



#### Timeouts



Timeouts can be configured via the `:open_timeout` and `:read_timeout` options:



```rb

Down::NetHttp.download("http://example.com/image.jpg", open_timeout: 5)

Down::NetHttp.open("http://example.com/image.jpg", read_timeout: 10)

```



#### Headers



Request headers can be added via the `:headers` option:



```rb

Down::NetHttp.download("http://example.com/image.jpg", headers: { "Header" => "Value" })

Down::NetHttp.open("http://example.com/image.jpg", headers: { "Header" => "Value" })

```



#### SSL options



The `:ssl_ca_cert` and `:ssl_verify_mode` options are supported, and they have

the same semantics as in `open-uri`:



```rb

Down::NetHttp.open("http://example.com/image.jpg",

  ssl_ca_cert:     "/path/to/cert",

  ssl_verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER)

```



#### URI normalization



If the URL isn't parseable by `URI.parse`, `Down::NetHttp` will

attempt to normalize the URL using [Addressable::URI], URI-escaping

any potentially unescaped characters. You can change the normalizer

via the `:uri_normalizer` option:



```rb

# this skips URL normalization

Down::NetHttp.download("http://example.com/image.jpg", uri_normalizer: -> (url) { url })

```



#### Additional options



Any additional options passed to `Down.download` will be forwarded to

[open-uri], so you can for example add basic authentication or a timeout:



```rb

Down::NetHttp.download "http://example.com/image.jpg",

  http_basic_authentication: ['john', 'secret'],

  read_timeout: 5

```



You can also initialize the backend with default options:



```rb

net_http = Down::NetHttp.new(open_timeout: 3)



net_http.download("http://example.com/image.jpg")

net_http.open("http://example.com/image.jpg")

```



### Down::Http



The `Down::Http` backend implements downloads using the [http.rb] gem.



```rb

gem "down", "~> 5.0"

gem "http", "~> 5.0"

```

```rb

require "down/http"



tempfile = Down::Http.download("http://nature.com/forest.jpg")

tempfile #=> #



io = Down::Http.open("http://nature.com/forest.jpg")

io #=> #

```



Some features that give the http.rb backend an advantage over `open-uri` and

`Net::HTTP` include:



* Low memory usage (**10x less** than `open-uri`/`Net::HTTP`)

* Proper SSL support

* Support for persistent connections

* Global timeouts (limiting how long the whole request can take)

* Chainable builder API for setting default options



#### Additional options



All additional options will be forwarded to `HTTP::Client#request`:



```rb

Down::Http.download("http://example.org/image.jpg", headers: { "Foo" => "Bar" })

Down::Http.open("http://example.org/image.jpg", follow: { max_hops: 0 })

```



However, it's recommended to configure request options using http.rb's

chainable API, as it's more convenient than passing raw options.



```rb

Down::Http.open("http://example.org/image.jpg") do |client|

  client.timeout(connect: 3, read: 3)

end

```



You can also initialize the backend with default options:



```rb

http = Down::Http.new(headers: { "Foo" => "Bar" })

# or

http = Down::Http.new { |client| client.timeout(connect: 3) }



http.download("http://example.com/image.jpg")

http.open("http://example.com/image.jpg")

```



#### Request method



By default `Down::Http` makes a `GET` request to the specified endpoint, but you

can specify a different request method using the `:method` option:



```rb

Down::Http.download("http://example.org/image.jpg", method: :post)

Down::Http.open("http://example.org/image.jpg", method: :post)



down = Down::Http.new(method: :post)

down.download("http://example.org/image.jpg")

```



### Down::Httpx



The `Down::Httpx` backend implements downloads using the [HTTPX] gem, which

supports the HTTP/2 protocol, in addition to many other features.



```rb

gem "down", "~> 5.0"

gem "httpx", "~> 1.0"

```

```rb

require "down/httpx"



tempfile = Down::Httpx.download("http://nature.com/forest.jpg")

tempfile #=> #



io = Down::Httpx.open("http://nature.com/forest.jpg")

io #=> #

```



It's implemented in much of the same way as `Down::Http`, so be sure to check

its docs for ways to pass additional options.



## Development



Tests require that a [httpbin] server is running locally, which you can do via Docker:



```sh

$ docker pull kennethreitz/httpbin

$ docker run -p 80:80 kennethreitz/httpbin

```



Then you can run tests:



```

$ bundle exec rake test

```



## License



[MIT](LICENSE.txt)



[open-uri]: http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.3.0/libdoc/open-uri/rdoc/OpenURI.html

[Net::HTTP]: https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.4.1/libdoc/net/http/rdoc/Net/HTTP.html

[http.rb]: https://github.com/httprb/http

[HTTPX]: https://github.com/HoneyryderChuck/httpx

[Addressable::URI]: https://github.com/sporkmonger/addressable

[httpbin]: https://github.com/postmanlabs/httpbin