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https://github.com/joric/oneliners
A brilliant repository of fantastic, killer one-liners
https://github.com/joric/oneliners
leetcode one-liners python
Last synced: 5 days ago
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A brilliant repository of fantastic, killer one-liners
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/joric/oneliners
- Owner: joric
- Created: 2022-10-14T02:26:38.000Z (about 2 years ago)
- Default Branch: main
- Last Pushed: 2024-10-29T11:59:29.000Z (17 days ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-10-29T13:37:22.057Z (17 days ago)
- Topics: leetcode, one-liners, python
- Language: Python
- Homepage: https://leetcode.com/joric
- Size: 3.72 MB
- Stars: 53
- Watchers: 6
- Forks: 3
- Open Issues: 0
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
Awesome Lists containing this project
README
## Oneliners
Just FYI, this repository isn't just README.md, it's also about a thousand solutions [here](./leetcode).
### Leetcode-specific
Leetcode imports modules as wildcards, so you don't have to specify module names. There are some exceptions:
* Single `bisect()` without a prefix triggers `object is not callable`, use `bisect.bisect()` or `bisect_left()`.
* You have to specify `re.sub` because `sub` without a prefix is `operator.sub`.
* Default `pow` is `__builtins__['pow']` (supports up to 3 arguments, including the modulus), not `math.pow`.
For example, Leetcode header has `import * from itertools`, so we use `comb()` instead of `itertools.comb()`:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/unique-paths
```python
class Solution:
def uniquePaths(self, m: int, n: int) -> int:
return comb(m+n-2, n-1)
```
You can also use `__import__('module').func` for unlisted modules (namely, `numpy`, `scipy`, and `sortedcontainers`).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/check-if-it-is-a-straight-line
```python
class Solution:
def checkStraightLine(self, p):
return __import__('numpy').linalg.matrix_rank([[1]+x for x in p])<3
```
Sometimes you can save on casting of the return type, e.g. Leetcode autoconverts keys and mixed types to lists.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/top-k-frequent-elements
```python
class Solution:
def topKFrequent(self, nums: List[int], k: int) -> List[int]:
return dict(Counter(nums).most_common(k))
```
It also automatically evaluates generators:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/counting-bits
```python
class Solution:
def countBits(self, n: int) -> List[int]:
return map(int.bit_count,range(n+1))
```
You can also return linked list of values as `ListNode('a,b,...')`. This one is really specific, but sometimes useful.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/add-two-numbers
```python
class Solution:
def addTwoNumbers(self, a: Optional[ListNode], b: Optional[ListNode]) -> Optional[ListNode]:
f=lambda n:n and n.val+10*f(n.next)or 0;return ListNode(','.join([*str(f(a)+f(b))][::-1]))
```
Leetcode also has `serialize` and `deserialize` functions for lists and trees:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/reverse-linked-list
```python
class Solution:
def reverseList(self, h: Optional[ListNode]) -> Optional[ListNode]:
return h and h.deserialize(str(eval(h.serialize(h))[::-1]))
```
There is also `has_sycle` function:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-cycle
```python
class Solution:
def hasCycle (self, h: Optional[ListNode]) -> bool:
return ListNode.has_cycle(h)
```
There are also `_*_node_to_array` and `_array_to_*_node` functions:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/palindrome-linked-list
```python
class Solution:
def isPalindrome(self, h: ListNode) -> bool:
return(s:=type(h)._list_node_to_array(h))==s[::-1]
```
You can also dump the entire preprocessed solution file to check all the imports for yourself (see [gist](https://gist.github.com/joric/90422e5c4729581a465a9904e4c292db)):
```python
with open(__file__, 'rt') as f:
print(f.read())
```
The solution driver code writes all results to the `user.out` file, so we can use it like this:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/two-sum
```python
class Solution:
def twoSum(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
from zlib import decompress
from base64 import b64decode
open('user.out', 'wb').write(decompress(b64decode('eJzdkMEVwCAIQ++dggFyEKi2zuLr/mtItZb63KAc\
kpfwuVAYFK6tCIjNPH1KncodJMuBTqWTYUGe89hNX1Kd/K2Nh1iM3mYbkMlpIaFrvvcCaVwCH+YB3FSHVu5xXDc='))),exit(0)
```
There is no approved method to get all the test cases for problems in LeetCode.
You can, however, leverage the fact that LeetCode reveals the test case that causes your code to fail.
The solution above is not very reliable, because tests and environment may change, but it's pretty fast.
* https://leetcode.com/discuss/feedback/4643730/a-python-solution-that-contain-malicious-payload-in-your-website
You can explore the sandbox using shell commands, e.g. (see [gist](https://gist.github.com/joric/66d5598a912ce76cbba8bacab2d350ad)):
```python
import subprocess
print(subprocess.run(["ls", "-la", "/"]))
```
### Minus-two-liners
Some leetcode problems may be solved at the function declaration level.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/search-insert-position
```python
class Solution:searchInsert=bisect_left
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/permutations
```python
class Solution:permute=permutations
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-an-array
```python
class Solution:sortArray=sorted
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/bulb-switcher
```python
class Solution:bulbSwitch=isqrt
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/search-in-rotated-sorted-array-ii
```python
class Solution:search=contains
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/powx-n
```python
class Solution:myPow=pow
```
Note that it only works for the built-in functions, they can omit `self` parameter.
It's a built-in CPython feature:
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10729909/convert-builtin-function-type-to-method-type-in-python-3
You cannot use your own function like that, without skipping the first argument.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/reverse-words-in-a-string-iii
```python
class Solution:reverseWords=lambda _,s:' '.join(w[::-1]for w in s.split())
```
It's not necessarily shorter, because lambdas can't use semicolons.
In some cases you don't even have to write "class Solution:", e.g:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/serialize-and-deserialize-binary-tree
```python
Codec=TreeNode
```
### Shortest
Let's consider function declaration is zero lines.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/account-balance-after-rounded-purchase
```python
class Solution:
def accountBalanceAfterPurchase(self, x: int) -> int:
return(104-x)//10*10
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/majority-element
```python
class Solution:
def majorityElement(self, n: List[int]) -> int:
return mode(n)
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/count-of-matches-in-tournament
```python
class Solution:
def numberOfMatches(self, n: int) -> int:
return~-n
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/stone-game
```python
class Solution:
def stoneGame(self, piles: List[int]) -> bool:
return 1
```
You can also write:
```python
class Solution:stoneGame=truth
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/strictly-palindromic-number
```python
class Solution:
def isStrictlyPalindromic(self, n: int) -> bool:
0
```
Notice no return operator here, can be anything (e.g. `pass`), as the function returns None. You can also write:
```python
class Solution:isStrictlyPalindromic=not_
```
### Lambdas
Fictitious (anonymous) lambdas may be nested. E.g. you can use lambdas as parameters:
* `(lambda a,b,c: code)(a,b,c)` becomes `(lambda a,b,c: code)(lambda a: code, lamda b: code, lambda c: code)`
You can't unpack lambda tuples in Python 3 since [PEP 3113](https://peps.python.org/pep-3113/), however, if your lambda is flat, there is an upgrade path:
* `lambda (x, y): x + y` in Python 2 becomes `lambda xy:(lambda x,y: x+y)(*xy)` in Python 3.
You can also unpack multiple tuples as `lambda xy,ab:(lambda x,y,a,b: x+y+a+b)(*(xy+ab))`.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/count-vowels-permutation
```python
class Solution:
def countVowelPermutation(self, n: int) -> int:
return sum(reduce(lambda x,_:(lambda a,e,i,o,u:(e+i+u,a+i,e+o,i,i+o))(*x),[0]*(n-1),[1]*5))
%(10**9+7)
```
### Generators
Generator expressions `(x for y in z)` are memory efficient since they only require memory for
the one value they yield. If you don't care about memory you can use square brackets to make it a list comprehension that automatically runs the loop.
You can also exhaust a generator using `all()`, `any()` or `sum()`, depending on the return values.
You can also save a few chars using `[*g]` syntax instead of `list(g)` where g is a generator function.
Generator length `len(list(g))` can be calculated in constant memory as `sum(1 for _ in g)`.
### Iterators
Generators provide an easy, built-in way to create instances of Iterators.
Iterators are objects that have an `__iter__` and a `__next__` method.
The `iter()` method returns an iterator for the given argument.
Each access iterator advances one step.
May be useful, e.g. this solution would not work without converting a string to an iterator:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/append-characters-to-string-to-make-subsequence
```python
class Solution:
def appendCharacters(self, s: str, t: str) -> int:
s=iter(s);return sum(c not in s for c in t)
```
You can also use `iter()` to split a list into chunks. The `[iter(s)]*n` trick breaks a list into pieces of size n:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-number-of-changes-to-make-binary-string-beautiful
```python
class Solution:
def minChanges(self, s: str) -> int:
return sum(map(ne,s[::2],s[1::2]))
class Solution:
def minChanges(self, s: str) -> int:
return sum(map(ne,s:=iter(s),s))
class Solution:
def minChanges(self, s: str) -> int:
return sum(map(ne,*[iter(s)]*2))
```
### Counters
Counters (`collections.Counter()`) can be updated, similar to `dict.update()`, it's much faster than a sum of counters.
E.g. `c[i]+=1` is equivalent to `c.update([i])`, `c[i]-=1` is `c.update({i:-1})`.
To delete a key you can use the `.pop` method (same as `del`), it's shorter than `popitem()`.
You can easily remove zero and negative values from a counter (it's the official way, see [documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.Counter)):
```python
c = Counter({1:1,2:0,3:-1}); print(c:=+c) #{1: 1}, same as c += Counter()
```
Since python 3.7, as a dict subclass, Counter inherited the capability to remember insertion order.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/reduction-operations-to-make-the-array-elements-equal
```python
class Solution:
def reductionOperations(self, n: List[int]) -> int:
return sum(i*v for i,(_,v)in enumerate(sorted(Counter(n).items())))
class Solution:
def reductionOperations(self, n: List[int]) -> int:
return sum(i*v for i,v in enumerate(Counter(sorted(n)).values()))
```
Since Python 3.10 you can use `total()` to compute sum of the counts.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-number-of-steps-to-make-two-strings-anagram
```python
class Solution:
def minSteps(self, s: str, t: str) -> int:
return sum((Counter(s)-Counter(t)).values())
class Solution:
def minSteps(self, s: str, t: str) -> int:
return(Counter(s)-Counter(t)).total()
```
### Walrus operator
The controversial walrus operator (`:=`) added in Python 3.8 ([PEP-572](https://peps.python.org/pep-0572/)
that resulted in [Guido's resign](https://www.infoworld.com/article/3292936/guido-van-rossum-resigns-whats-next-for-python.html)),
can be used to define or update a variable or a function (mostly used for recursive functions).
You can define and call a recursive function in a single line with Y-combinator, e.g.:
```python
return (lambda y,x:y(y,x))(lambda f,x:1 if x==0 else x*f(f,x-1),5)
```
But the walrus operator syntax is much more concise:
```python
return (f:=lambda x:1 if x==0 else x*f(x-1))(5)
```
Many oneliners would be impossible to do without it (or rather, very hard, with nested lambdas).
Sometimes you don't even need extra brackets, e.g. in `map(f:=x,y)` or `next(g,f:=x)` so it may be shorter than operators separated by semicolons.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/time-needed-to-inform-all-employees
```python
class Solution:
def numOfMinutes(self, n: int, h: int, m: List[int], t: List[int]) -> int:
return max(map(f:=cache(lambda i:~i and t[i]+f(m[i])),m))
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/guess-number-higher-or-lower
```python
class Solution(object):
def guessNumber(self, n: int) -> int:
l,r = 1, n
while l <= r:
m = (l + r) // 2
res = guess(m)
if res == 0:
return m
elif res > 0:
l = m + 1
else:
r = m - 1
return 0
class Solution:
def guessNumber(self, n: int) -> int:
return (f:=lambda l,h:h if l+1==h else f(m,h) if guess(m:=(l+h)//2)>0 else f(l,m))(0,n)
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/reverse-integer
```python
class Solution:
def reverse(self, x: int) -> int:
r, x = 0, abs(x)
while x:
r = r*10 + x%10
x //= 10
return ((x>0)-(x<0))*min(2**31, r)
class Solution:
def reverse(self, x: int) -> int:
return ((x>0)-(x<0))*min(2**31,(f:=lambda r,x:f(r*10 + x%10, x//10) if x else r)(0,abs(x)))
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/top-k-frequent-words/discuss/573662/Python-2-lines-heap/1650650
```python
class Solution:
def topKFrequent(self, words: List[str], k: int) -> List[str]:
return nsmallest(k,(f:=Counter(words)).keys(),lambda x:(-f[x],x))
```
### Setting values
You can't use walrus operator for structures, however, you can use `__setattr__` for dictionaries or `__setitem__` for lists if you need an assignment
(functions return `None`). To set a key for the list or for the dictionary, you can also use `setattr` or `setitem` functions from the `operator` module,
e.g. `c[x]=1` is the same as `setitem(c,x,1)`.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/add-one-row-to-tree/discuss/764593/Python-7-lines
```python
class Solution:
def addOneRow(self, root: TreeNode, v: int, d: int, isLeft: bool = True) -> TreeNode:
if d == 1:
return TreeNode(v, root if isLeft else None, root if not isLeft else None)
if not root:
return None
root.left = self.addOneRow(root.left, v, d - 1, True)
root.right = self.addOneRow(root.right, v, d - 1, False)
return root
class Solution:
def addOneRow(self, root: TreeNode, v: int, d: int, isLeft: bool = True) -> TreeNode:
return TreeNode(v, root if isLeft else None, root if not isLeft else None) if d==1 else \
setattr(root,'left', self.addOneRow(root.left, v, d - 1, True)) or \
setattr(root,'right', self.addOneRow(root.right, v, d - 1, False)) or root if root else None
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/delete-the-middle-node-of-a-linked-list/discuss/1685130/Python-Recursive-with-comments
```python
class Solution(object):
def deleteMiddle(self, head):
def f(a, b):
if not b:
return a.next
a.next = f(a.next, b.next.next) if b.next else f(a.next, b.next)
return a
return f(head, head.next)
class Solution(object):
def deleteMiddle(self, head):
return (f:=lambda a,b:setattr(a,'next',f(a.next, b.next.next) if b.next
else f(a.next, b.next)) or a if b else a.next)(head, head.next)
```
Note that `setitem` also supports slices:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/count-primes/discuss/111420/Python3-solution-using-Sieve-of-Eratosthenes-time-is-O(n)
```python
class Solution:
def countPrimes(self, n):
a = [0,0]+[1]*(n-2)
for i in range(2,int(n**0.5)+1):
if a[i]:
a[i*i:n:i] = [0]*len(a[i*i:n:i])
return sum(a)
class Solution:
def countPrimes(self, n):
return sum(reduce(lambda a,i:a[i] and setitem(a,slice(i*i,n,i),[0]*len(a[i*i:n:i])) or a,
range(2,int(n**0.5)+1), [0,0]+[1]*(n-2)))
```
Note slices can extend the list implicitly, e.g.:
```python
a = [0,1,2]
a[3:4] = [3] # the result is [0,1,2,3]
```
Be careful though, slicing doesn't extend list beyond the slice size:
```python
a = [0,1]
a[3:4] = [3,4] # the result is [0,1,3,4], NOT [0,1,?,3,4] (!)
```
Examples:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/find-the-longest-valid-obstacle-course-at-each-position
```python
class Solution:
def longestObstacleCourseAtEachPosition(self, o: List[int]) -> List[int]:
d = []
for e in o:
i = bisect_right(d,e)
if i==len(d):
d.append(0)
d[i] = e
yield i+1
class Solution:
def longestObstacleCourseAtEachPosition(self, o: List[int]) -> List[int]:
d = []
for e in o:
i = bisect_right(d,e)
d[i:i+1] = [e]
yield i+1
class Solution:
def longestObstacleCourseAtEachPosition(self, o: List[int]) -> List[int]:
d=[];return[setitem(d,slice(i:=bisect_right(d,e),i+1),[e])or i+1for e in o]
```
Sometimes `exec` is shorter than `setitem`.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/design-parking-system
```python
ParkingSystem=type('',(),{'__init__':lambda s,a,b,c:setattr(s,'p',[0,a,b,c]),'addCar':lambda s,t:\
setitem(s.p,t,s.p[t]-1)or s.p[t]>=0})
ParkingSystem=type('',(),{'__init__':lambda s,a,b,c:setattr(s,'p',[0,a,b,c]),'addCar':lambda s,t:\
exec('s.p[t]-=1')or s.p[t]>=0})
```
### Classes
You can write a class or a subclass implementation in one line.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/design-hashset
```python
MyHashSet=type('',(set,),{'remove':set.discard,'contains':set.__contains__})
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/implement-stack-using-queues
```python
MyStack=type('',(list,),{'push':list.append,'top':lambda s:s[-1],'empty':lambda s:not s})
```
Counter subclassing fails since Python 3.7, `type() doesn't support MRO entry resolution; use types.new_class()`.
When you try to use `types.new_class()` it says `TypeError: .__init_subclass__() takes no keyword arguments')`.
This can be avoided by creating the class first, then adding the methods to it separately, e.g.:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/insert-delete-getrandom-o1
```python
с=Counter;с.insert=lambda s,x:s.update({x})or s[x]<2;с.remove=lambda s,x:s.pop(x,0);
с.getRandom=lambda s:choice([*s]);RandomizedSet=с
```
Sometimes (not always) you can skip `__init__` and use static attributes.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/design-underground-system
```python
UndergroundSystem=type('',(),{'h':{},'m':{},'checkIn':lambda s,i,v,t:setitem(s.m,i,(v,t)),
'checkOut':lambda s,i,d,w:(v:=s.m[i][0])and setitem(s.h,(v,d),[*map(sum,zip(s.h.pop((v,d),
(0,0)),(w-s.m[i][1],1)))]),'getAverageTime':lambda s,v,d:truediv(*s.h[v,d])})
```
### Bisect
Binary search can be replaced by the built-in `bisect` methods.
Custom binary search can use either an item getter object or a key function (since Python 3.10).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/guess-number-higher-or-lower
```python
class Solution:
def guessNumber(self, n: int) -> int:
l,r = 1, n
while l <= r:
m = (l + r) // 2
res = guess(m)
if res == 0:
return m
elif res > 0:
l = m + 1
else:
r = m - 1
return 0
class Solution:
def guessNumber(self, n: int) -> int:
return bisect_left(type('',(),{'__getitem__':lambda _,i: -guess(i)})(), 0, 1, n)
class Solution:
def guessNumber(self, n: int) -> int:
return bisect_left(range(n), 0, key=lambda num: -guess(num))
```
Note that built-in methods don't support negative left margin, so you have to subtract it from the result:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/kth-smallest-product-of-two-sorted-arrays.py
```python
class Solution:
def kthSmallestProduct(self, a: List[int], b: List[int], k: int) -> int:
f=lambda x:sum(bisect_right(b,x//y)if y>0 else len(b)-bisect_left(b,ceil(x/y))if y<0 else
(x>=0)*len(b)for y in a)
l,r = -10**10-1, 10**10+1
while l < r:
m = (l + r)//2
if f(m) >= k:
r = m
else:
l = m + 1
return l
class Solution:
def kthSmallestProduct(self, a: List[int], b: List[int], k: int) -> int:
f=lambda x:sum(bisect_right(b,x//y)if y>0 else len(b)-bisect_left(b,ceil(x/y))if y<0 else
(x>=0)*len(b)for y in a)
return bisect_left(range(2*(r:=10**10)),k,key=lambda i:f(i-r))-r
```
Bisect implementation for reference:
* https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Lib/bisect.py
### While loops
While loops are not very oneliner-friendly. You can use `count()` generator with `next()`.
Note that `next` default parameter gets initialized first so you can use it for the startup code (but can't use to calculate result).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/two-sum
```python
class Solution:
def twoSum(self, nums: List[int], target: int) -> List[int]:
seen = {}
for i,x in enumerate(nums):
if target-x in seen:
return seen[target-x], i
seen[x] = i
return False
class Solution:
def twoSum(self, n: List[int], t: int) -> List[int]:
return next(((m[t-x],i)for i,x in enumerate(n)if t-x in m or setitem(m,x,i)),m:={})
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/break-a-palindrome/discuss/1481905/Python-3-one-line
```python
class Solution:
def breakPalindrome(self, s: str) -> str:
for i in range(len(s) // 2):
if s[i] != 'a':
return s[:i] + 'a' + s[i + 1:]
return s[:-1] + 'b' if s[:-1] else ''
class Solution:
def breakPalindrome(self, s: str) -> str:
return next((s[:i]+'a'+s[i+1:]for i in range(len(s)//2)if s[i]!='a'),s[:-1]and s[:-1]+'b')
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/construct-target-array-with-multiple-sums
```python
class Solution:
def isPossible(self, target: List[int]) -> bool:
s = sum(target)
q = [-a for a in target]
heapify(q)
while True:
x = -heappop(q)
if x==1:
return True
if s==x:
return False
d = 1 + (x-1) % (s-x)
if x==d:
return False
s = s - x + d
heappush(q, -d)
class Solution:
def isPossible(self, target: List[int]) -> bool:
return (s:=sum(target),q:=[-a for a in target],heapify(q)) and next((x==1 for _ in count()
if (x:=-heappop(q))==1 or s==x or (d:=1+(x-1)%(s-x))==x or not (s:=s-x+d,heappush(q,-d))),1)
```
You can also use `takewhile()`, it's also a generator, so you need to expand it (e.g. with `repeat(0)`).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/sliding-window-maximum
```python
class Solution:
def maxSlidingWindow(self, nums: List[int], k: int) -> List[int]:
r, d = [], deque()
for i, n in enumerate(nums):
while d and n>=nums[d[-1]]:
d.pop()
d.append(i)
if d[0] == i-k:
d.popleft()
r.append(nums[d[0]])
return r[k-1:]
class Solution:
def maxSlidingWindow(self, nums: List[int], k: int) -> List[int]:
return (d:=deque()) or reduce(lambda r,p:(
any(takewhile(lambda _:d and p[1]>=nums[d[-1]] and d.pop(), repeat(0))),
d.append(p[0]), d[0]==p[0]-k and d.popleft(), r.append(nums[d[0]])) and r,
enumerate(nums), [])[k-1:]
```
You could also try `any()` or `all()` as a while loop instead of `next()`, it may be shorter.
You can assure that expression never returns `None`, using `[]` (`[None]` evaluates to `True`).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/last-stone-weight
```python
class Solution:
def lastStoneWeight(self, stones: List[int]) -> int:
stones.sort()
while len(stones) > 1:
insort(stones,stones.pop() - stones.pop())
return stones[0]
class Solution:
def lastStoneWeight(self, s: List[int]) -> int:
return next((s[0] for _ in count() if not s[1:] or insort(s,s.pop()-s.pop())),s.sort())
class Solution:
def lastStoneWeight(self, s: List[int]) -> int:
return (s.sort(),all(s[1:] and [insort(s,s.pop()-s.pop())] for _ in count()),s[0])[2]
```
You can also evalulate multiline code with `exec`. Unlike `eval`, is not limited to a single string.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-one-bit-operations-to-make-integers-zero
```python
class Solution:
def minimumOneBitOperations(self, n: int) -> int:
return next((r for _ in count()if not(n and(r:=r^n,n:=n//2))),r:=0)
class Solution:
def minimumOneBitOperations(self, n: int) -> int:
r=[0];exec('while n:\n r[0]^=n\n n//=2');return r[0]
class Solution:
def minimumOneBitOperations(self, n: int) -> int:
return(f:=lambda n:n and n^f(n//2))(n)
```
### Swapping values
To swap values you can use either `exec` (inline version of `a,b=b,a`) or a temporary variable (`t:=a,a:=b,b:=t`).
Note that `eval` accepts only a single expression, and returns the value of the given expression,
whereas `exec` ignores the return value from its code, and always returns `None`, its use has no effect
on the compiled bytecode of the function where it is used. It does however affect existing variables.
Example:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-colors
```python
class Solution:
def sortColors(self, nums: List[int]) -> None:
def fn(t,b):
red, white, blue = t
return (swap:=lambda a,x,y:exec('a[x],a[y]=a[y],a[x]'),(swap(nums,red,white),
(red+1,white+1,blue))[1] if nums[white]==0 else ((red,white+1,blue) if nums[white]==1
else (swap(nums,white,blue),(red,white,blue-1))[1]))[1]
reduce(fn, nums, [0,0,len(nums)-1])
class Solution:
def sortColors(self, nums: List[int]) -> None:
(s:=lambda a,x,y:(t:=a[x],setitem(a,x,a[y]),setitem(a,y,t),a)[3],
f:=lambda a,i,j,k:(f(s(a,i,j),i+1,j+1,k) if a[j]==0 else f(a,i,j+1,k) if a[j]==1
else f(s(a,j,k),i,j,k-1)) if i<=j<=k else None)[1](nums,0,0,len(nums)-1)
```
Also you can try a swap function here (but it's pretty long, I don't use it):
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4362153/lambda-returns-lambda-in-python
```python
swap = lambda a,x,y:(lambda f=a.__setitem__:(f(x,(a[x],a[y])),f(y,a[x][0]),f(x,a[x][1])))()
```
### Map
You can use `map` for a lot of things, for example to traverse through adjacent cells.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/max-area-of-island
```python
class Solution:
def maxAreaOfIsland(self, grid: List[List[int]]) -> int:
def dfs(i,j):
if 0<=i int:
return max((f:=lambda i,j:setitem(g[i],j,0) or 1 + sum(map(f,(i+1,i,i-1,i),(j,j+1,j,j-1)))
if 0<=i bool:
z=0;return len(p)>=len({0,*{z:=z+1j**'NESW'.find(c)for c in p}})
```
You can convert lists or tuples to `True` with `!=0` instead of `bool()` (3 chars shorter).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/number-of-islands
```python
class Solution:
def numIslands(self, grid: List[List[str]]) -> int:
grid = {i + j*1j:int(val) for i,row in enumerate(grid) for j,val in enumerate(row)}
def f(z):
return grid.pop(z,0) and bool([f(z + 1j**k) for k in range(4)])
return sum(map(f, set(grid)))
class Solution:
def numIslands(self, grid: List[List[str]]) -> int:
return sum(map(f:=lambda z:g.pop(z,0) and [f(z + 1j**k) for k in range(4)]!=0,
set(g:={i + j*1j:int(x) for i,row in enumerate(grid) for j,x in enumerate(row)})))
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/number-of-closed-islands
```python
class Solution:
def closedIsland(self, grid: List[List[str]]) -> int:
g = {i+j*1j:1-x for i,r in enumerate(grid) for j,x in enumerate(r)}
f = lambda z:g.pop(z,0) and [f(z+1j**k) for k in range(4)]!=0
sum(f(z) for z in set(g) if not(0 int:
return (g:={i+j*1j:1-x for i,r in enumerate(grid) for j,x in enumerate(r)},
f:=lambda z:g.pop(z,0) and [f(z+1j**k) for k in range(4)]!=0,[f(z) for z in set(g)
if not(0 int:
def f(z,r):
if x:=g.pop(z,0):
if x==3 and not g:
r = r + 1
for k in range(4):
r = f(z + 1j**k, r)
g.update({z:x})
return r
g = {i + j*1j:x+1 for i, row in enumerate(grid) for j,x in enumerate(row) if x!=-1}
return f(next(z for z,x in g.items() if x==2),0)
class Solution:
def uniquePathsIII(self, grid: List[List[int]]) -> int:
return (g:={i + j*1j:x+1 for i, row in enumerate(grid) for j,x in enumerate(row)
if x!=-1}) and (f:=lambda z,r:[(x:=g.pop(z,0)) and (x==3 and not g and (r:=r+1),
[r:=f(z + 1j**k,r) for k in range(4)],g.update({z:x}))] and r)
(next(z for z,x in g.items() if x==2), 0)
```
### Unicode Find
Unicode find (NOT Union Find) is the greatest trick of all time to solve graph problems.
The idea is to use string replace in a Unicode space. Introduced by Stephan Pochmann.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/redundant-connection/discuss/108002/Unicode-Find-(5-short-lines)
```python
class Solution:
def findRedundantConnection(self, edges: List[List[int]]) -> List[int]:
t = ''.join(map(chr, range(1001)))
for u,v in edges:
if t[u]==t[v]:
return [u,v]
t = t.replace(t[u],t[v])
class Solution:
def findRedundantConnection(self, e: List[List[int]]) -> List[int]:
t=''.join(map(chr,range(1001)));
return next((u,v)for u,v in e if t[u]==t[v]or not(t:=t.replace(t[u],t[v])))
```
Another example:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/swim-in-rising-water
```python
class Solution:
def swimInWater(self, g: List[List[int]]) -> int:
n = len(g)
t,r = ''.join(map(chr,range(n*n))),range(n)
for w,i,j in sorted((g[i][j],i,j)for i,j in product(r,r)):
for x,y in ((i+1,j),(i-1,j),(i,j+1),(i,j-1)):
if n>y>=0<=x int:
n=len(g);t,r=''.join(map(chr,range(n*n))),range(n);return next((w for w,i,j in
sorted((g[i][j],i,j)for i,j in product(r,r))if[t:=t.replace(t[i*n+j],t[x*n+y]) for x,y
in((i+1,j),(i-1,j),(i,j+1),(i,j-1)) if n>y>=0<=x List[int]:
t,c = ''.join(map(chr,range(n))),{}
for u,v,w in edges:
t = t.replace(t[u],t[v])
for u,v,w in edges:
c[t[u]] = c.get(t[u],w)&w
return [0 if u==v else c[t[u]] if t[u]==t[v] else -1 for u,v in query]
class Solution:
def minimumCost(self, n: int, e: List[List[int]], q: List[List[int]]) -> List[int]:
t,c=''.join(map(chr,range(n))),{};all(t:=t.replace(t[u],t[v])for u,v,_ in e);
[setitem(c,t[u],c.get(t[u],w)&w)for u,v,w in e];
return[u!=v and t[u]!=t[v]and-1or c[t[u]]for u,v in q]
```
### Cache
Cache decorator, `@lru_cache` or `@cache` (since Python 3.9) may be used as an inline function `cache(lambda ...)`.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/best-time-to-buy-and-sell-stock-iv/discuss/2555929/python-oneliner-dfs-with-a-cache-decorator
```python
class Solution:
def maxProfit(self, k: int, prices: List[int]) -> int:
@cache
def dfs(i, k, sell):
return 0 if k==0 or i==len(prices) \
else max(dfs(i+1, k-1, 0) + prices[i], dfs(i+1, k, 1)) if sell \
else max(dfs(i+1, k, 1)-prices[i], dfs(i+1, k, sell))
return dfs(0, k, 0)
class Solution:
def maxProfit(self, k: int, prices: List[int]) -> int:
return (f:=cache(lambda i,k,s:0 if k==0 or i==len(prices)
else max(f(i+1,k-s,1-s)+prices[i]*(2*s-1),f(i+1,k,s))))(0,k,0)
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/coin-change
```python
class Solution:
def coinChange(self, coins: List[int], amount: int) -> int:
@cache
def f(n):
return min([1 + f(n-c) for c in coins]) if n>0 else 0 if n==0 else inf
x = f(amount)
return x if x!=inf else -1
class Solution:
def coinChange(self, coins: List[int], amount: int) -> int:
return (lambda x:x if x!=inf else -1)((f:=cache(lambda n:
min([1+f(n-c) for c in coins]) if n>0 else 0 if n==0 else inf))(amount))
```
It is sometimes necessary to reset cache with `cache_clear` between tests to avoid Memory Limit Exceeded error.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/length-of-the-longest-subsequence-that-sums-to-target
```python
class Solution:
def lengthOfLongestSubsequence(self, a: List[int], t: int) -> int:
return(a.sort(),r:=(f:=cache(lambda i,b:b and -inf if b<0 or i<0 else
max(1+f(i-1,b-a[i]),f(i-1,b))))(len(a)-1,t),f.cache_clear())and(-1,r)[r>0]
```
You can also specify maxsize option as `f=lru_cache(maxsize)(lambda ...)` in case of memory issues:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/shortest-common-supersequence
```python
class Solution:
def shortestCommonSupersequence(self, a: str, b: str) -> str:
return(f:=lru_cache(9**5)(lambda i,j:a[i:]and b[j:]and(a[i]==b[j]and a[i]+f(i+1,j+1)
or min(a[i]+f(i+1,j),b[j]+f(i,j+1),key=len))or a[i:]or b[j:]))(0,0)
```
### Reduce
Use it to flatten a loop.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/longest-substring-without-repeating-characters/discuss/1006208/python-oneliner-hashmap
```python
class Solution:
def lengthOfLongestSubstring(self, s):
start, res, h = 0, 0, {}
for i, c in enumerate(s):
start = max(start, h.get(c,0))
res = max(res, i - start + 1)
h[c] = i + 1
return res
class Solution:
def lengthOfLongestSubstring(self, s):
def fn(a,b):
start, res, h = a
i, c = b
start = max(start, h.get(c,0))
res = max(res, i - start + 1)
h[c] = i + 1
return start,res,h
return reduce(fn,enumerate(s),[0,0,{}])[1]
class Solution:
def lengthOfLongestSubstring(self, s):
return reduce(lambda a,b:(s:=max(a[0],a[2].get(b[1],0)),max(a[1],b[0]-s+1),
{**a[2],b[1]:b[0]+1}),enumerate(s),(0,0,{}))[1]
class Solution:
def lengthOfLongestSubstring(self, s):
return reduce(lambda a,b:(lambda t,r,h,i,c:(s:=max(t,h.get(c,0)),max(r,i-s+1),
{**h,c:i+1}))(*a,*b),enumerate(s),(0,0,{}))[1]
```
Another example:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/longest-valid-parentheses
```python
class Solution:
def longestValidParentheses(self, s: str) -> int:
def fn(a,b):
r, s = a
i, p = b
return (max(r,i-s[-2][0]), s[:-1]) if p==')' and s[-1][1]=='(' else (r, s+[(i,p)])
return reduce(fn, enumerate(s), (0,[(-1, ')')]))[0]
class Solution:
def longestValidParentheses(self, s: str) -> int:
return reduce(lambda a,b:(max(a[0],b[0]-a[1][-2][0]),a[1][:-1]) if b[1]==')'
and a[1][-1][1]=='(' else (a[0],a[1]+[b]),enumerate(s),(0,[(-1,')')]))[0]
```
### Product
The product function (and all of the itertools) is sometimes handy.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/ugly-number-ii
```python
class Solution:
def nthUglyNumber(self, n: int) -> int:
return sorted(2**a*3**b*5**c for a in range(32)for b in range(20)for c in range(14))[n-1]
class Solution:
def nthUglyNumber(self, n: int) -> int:
return sorted(2**a*3**b*5**c for a,b,c in product(*map(range,(32,20,14))))[n-1]
class Solution:
def nthUglyNumber(self, n: int) -> int:
return sorted(2**a*3**b*5**c for a,b,c in product(*[range(32)]*3))[n-1]
```
### Semicolons
Nobody will stop you from using semicolons, but you'd still have to convert while and for loops.
Example:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/swapping-nodes-in-a-linked-list
```python
class Solution:
def swapNodes(self, h: Optional[ListNode], k: int) -> Optional[ListNode]:
q = h
i = 1
d = {}
while q:
d[i] = q
q = q.next
i += 1
d[k].val, d[i-k].val = d[i-k].val, d[k].val
return h
class Solution:
def swapNodes(self, h: Optional[ListNode], k: int) -> Optional[ListNode]:
q=h;i=1;d={};all(q and(setitem(d,i,q),q:=q.next,i:=i+1) for _
in count());d[k].val,d[i-k].val=d[i-k].val,d[k].val;return h
class Solution:
def swapNodes(self, h: Optional[ListNode], k: int) -> Optional[ListNode]:
l=[h]+[h:=h.next for _ in[1]*10**5if h];a,b=l[k-1],l[~k];a.val,b.val=b.val,a.val;return l[0]
```
### Math tricks
Many leetcode problems use Fibonacci sequence that can be calculated using a variety of different methods:
* https://r-knott.surrey.ac.uk/Fibonacci/fibFormula.html
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function
* https://mathworld.wolfram.com/TribonacciNumber.html
Examples:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/fibonacci-number
```python
class Solution:
def fib(self, n: int) -> int:
a,b = 0,1
for _ in range(n):
a,b = b,a+b
return a
class Solution:
def fib(self, n: int) -> int:
r=5**.5;return round(((1+r)/2)**n/r)
class Solution:
def fib(self, n: int) -> int:
return pow(x:=2< int:
a=b=1
for _ in range(n):
a,b = b,a+b
return a
class Solution:
def climbStairs(self, n):
return pow(x:=2< int:
return round((599510/325947)**n*39065/116186)
class Solution:
def tribonacci(self, n: int) -> int:
return pow(x:=2< str:
return re.sub(t:='(?i)[aeiou]',lambda m,v=sorted(findall(t,s)):heappop(v),s)
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/valid-word
```python
class Solution:
def isValid(self, w: str) -> bool:
return match('^(?=.*[aeiou])(?=.*[^0-9aeiou])[a-z0-9]{3,}$',w,I)
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/make-the-string-great
```python
class Solution:
def makeGood(self, s: str) -> str:
[s:=re.sub(r'(.)(?!\1)(?i:\1)','',s)for _ in s];return s
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/circular-sentence
```python
class Solution:
def isCircularSentence(self, s: str) -> bool:
return not re.search('(.) (?!\\1)',s+' '+s)
```
### Misc
Note that `key=itemgetter(n)` is the same length as `key=lambda x:x[n]` but a little bit clearer to read.
The performance of itemgetter is also better (up to 2x, because of the creation of the lambda).
Sometimes you can skip `key=itemgetter(0)` in comparison operations by converting an argument
to a tuple (15 characters shorter).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/maximum-profit-in-job-scheduling
```python
class Solution:
def jobScheduling(self, s: List[int], e: List[int], p: List[int]) -> int:
a=sorted(zip(s,e,p));return(f:=cache(lambda i:i-len(a)and max(f(
bisect_left(a,a[i][1],key=itemgetter(0)))+a[i][2],f(i+1))))(0)
class Solution:
def jobScheduling(self, s: List[int], e: List[int], p: List[int]) -> int:
a=sorted(zip(s,e,p));return(f:=cache(lambda i:i-len(a)and max(f(
bisect_left(a,(a[i][1],)))+a[i][2],f(i+1))))(0)
```
You could also use `map(list.pop, v)` instead of `[x[-1] for x in v]` to collect the last elements of the list.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/diagonal-traverse-ii
```python
class Solution:
def findDiagonalOrder(self, n: List[List[int]]) -> List[int]:
return map(list.pop,sorted([i+j,j,t]for i,r in enumerate(n)for j,t in enumerate(r)))
```
Using `zip` to get elements from the list of tuples is usually shorter, but not always:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-number-of-vertices-to-reach-all-nodes
```python
class Solution:
def findSmallestSetOfVertices(self, n: int, edges: List[List[int]]) -> List[int]:
return {*range(n)}-{*[*zip(*edges)][1]}
class Solution:
def findSmallestSetOfVertices(self, n: int, edges: List[List[int]]) -> List[int]:
return {*range(n)}-{j for _,j in edges}
```
You can can use `a!=b!=c` in a single boolean condition, similar to `0<=ij>=0<=i int:
def f(v,w,j=0):
for i in range(len(v)):
if j int:
return sum((f:=lambda v,w,j=0:next((0 for i in range(len(v)) if not(j bool:
return n>0 and log(n,4)%1==0
class Solution:
def isPowerOfFour(self, n: int) -> bool:
return n>0==log(n,4)%1
```
`~` reverts every bit. Therefore, `~x` means `-x-1`. You can use it as reversed index, i.e. for `i=0`, `a[~i]` means `a[-1]`, etc. or just replace `-x-1` with `~x`.
For integer n, you can write `n+1` as `-~n`, `n-1` as `~-n`. This uses the same number of characters, but can indirectly cut spaces or parens for operator precedence.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/spiral-matrix-ii/
```python
class Solution:
def generateMatrix(self, n: int) -> List[List[int]]:
r=range(n);return[[4*(n-(a:=min(min(i,n-i-1),min(j,n-j-1))))
*a+(i+j-2*a+1,4*(n-2*a-1)-(i+j-2*a)+1)[i>j] for j in r] for i in r]
class Solution:
def generateMatrix(self, n: int) -> List[List[int]]:
r=range(n);return[[4*(n-(a:=min(i,j,~i+n,~j+n)))
*a+(i+j-2*a+1,4*n-6*a-i-j-3)[i>j]for j in r]for i in r]
```
You can replace `0 if x==y else z` with `x-y and z`, it's a little bit counterintuitive, but shorter.
Condition `x if c else y` can be written as `c and x or y`, it's shorter but depends on x (x should not be 0).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/snakes-and-ladders/discuss/173378/Diagram-and-BFS
```python
class Solution:
def snakesAndLadders(self, board: List[List[int]]) -> int:
n,v,q = len(board),{1:0},[1]
def f(i):
x = (i - 1)%n
y = (i - 1)//n
c = board[~y][~x if y%2 else x]
return c if c>0 else i
for i in q:
for j in range(i+1, i+7):
k = f(j)
if k==n*n:
return v[i]+1
if k not in v:
v[k] = v[i]+1
q.append(k)
return -1
class Solution:
def snakesAndLadders(self, board: List[List[int]]) -> int:
return (n:=len(board),v:={1:0},q:=[1]) and next((v[i]+1 for i in q for j in range(i+1,i+7)
if (k:=(x:=(j-1)%n,y:=(j-1)//n) and ((c:=board[~y][y%2 and ~x or x])>0 and c or j))==n*n
or (k not in v and (v.update({k:v[i]+1}) or q.append(k)))),-1)
```
You can check if any of the numbers is negative as `x|y<0` or if both numbers are non-zero as `x|y`.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-path-sum
```python
class Solution:
def minPathSum(self, grid: List[List[int]]) -> int:
return (f:=cache(lambda i,j:i|j<0 and inf or grid[i][j]+(i|j and min(f(i,j-1),f(i-1,j)))))
(len(grid)-1,len(grid[0])-1)
```
You can use bitwise `&`,`|` instead of `and`,`or` where possible. You can use `x&1` instead of `x==1`, if 0<=x<=2.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/scramble-string
```python
class Solution:
def isScramble(self, s1: str, s2: str) -> bool:
return (f:=cache(lambda a,b:a==b or any((f(a[:i],b[:i]) and f(a[i:],b[i:]))
or (f(a[i:],b[:-i]) and f(a[:i],b[-i:])) for i in range(1,len(a)))))(s1,s2)
class Solution:
def isScramble(self, s1: str, s2: str) -> bool:
return (f:=cache(lambda a,b:a==b or any((f(a[:i],b[:i])&f(a[i:],b[i:]))
|(f(a[i:],b[:-i])&f(a[:i],b[-i:])) for i in range(1,len(a)))))(s1,s2)
```
You can use booleans as indexes in lists, even nested: `(a,(b,c)[u==w])[x==y]`, or you can multiply by a boolean.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/removing-stars-from-a-string
```python
class Solution:
def removeStars(self, s: str) -> str:
return reduce(lambda r,c:(r[:-1],r+c)[c>'*'],s)
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/simplify-path
```python
class Solution:
def simplifyPath(self, path: str) -> str:
return'/'+'/'.join(reduce(lambda r,p:(r+[p]*('.'!=p!=''),r[:-1])[p=='..'],path.split('/'),[]))
```
Python 3 lacks `cmp` (3-way compare) and sign function (`copysign(bool(x),x)` is too long), but you can use `(x>0)-(x<0)` for `sign(x)`
and `(a>b)-(a str:
f=cache(lambda i:i0)-(x<0)]
# return(('Tie','Bob')[x<0],'Alice')[x>0] # or like this (1 char shorter)
```
You can replace `cmp` written as `lambda x:(x>0)-(x<0)` with `0..__le__` or `.0.__le__` (11 characters shorter).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/rearrange-array-elements-by-sign
```python
class Solution:
def rearrangeArray(self, n: List[int]) -> List[int]:
n.sort(key=lambda x:(x>0)-(x<0));return chain(*zip(n[len(n)//2:],n))
class Solution:
def rearrangeArray(self, n: List[int]) -> List[int]:
n.sort(key=0..__le__);return chain(*zip(n[len(n)//2:],n))
```
You can replace `x>0` predicate with `0..__lt___` function and replace `x!=0` with `operator.truth` or just `bool`:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/merge-nodes-in-between-zeros
```python
class Solution:
def mergeNodes(self, h: Optional[ListNode]) -> Optional[ListNode]:
return h.deserialize(str([sum(v)for k,v in groupby(eval(h.serialize(h)),bool)if k]))
```
You can save a few characters using asterisk operator `*`.
One `*` means "expand this as a list", two `**` means "expand this as a dictionary".
* https://leetcode.com/problems/check-if-it-is-a-straight-line
```python
class Solution:
def checkStraightLine(self, p):
(a,b),(c,d)=p[:2];return all((x-a)*(d-b)==(c-a)*(y-b)for x,y in p)
class Solution:
def checkStraightLine(self, p):
(a,b),(c,d),*_=p;return all((x-a)*(d-b)==(c-a)*(y-b)for x,y in p)
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/maximum-average-subarray-i
```python
class Solution:
def findMaxAverage(self, n: List[int], k: int) -> float:
s=[0]+[*accumulate(n)];return max(map(sub,s[k:],s))/k
class Solution:
def findMaxAverage(self, n: List[int], k: int) -> float:
s=[0,*accumulate(n)];return max(map(sub,s[k:],s))/k
```
Quite a few things become shorter with `statistics.mode` (most common value of discrete or nominal data).
* https://leetcode.com/problems/set-mismatch
```python
class Solution:
def findErrorNums(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[int]:
t=sum({*nums});return sum(nums)-t,comb(len(nums)+1,2)-t
class Solution:
def findErrorNums(self, nums: List[int]) -> List[int]:
return mode(nums),comb(len(nums)+1,2)-sum({*nums})
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/majority-element
```python
class Solution:
def majorityElement(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
return sorted(nums)[len(nums)//2]
class Solution:
def majorityElement(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
return mode(nums)
```
* https://leetcode.com/problems/find-the-duplicate-number
```python
# https://youtu.be/pKO9UjSeLew (Joma Tech: If Programming Was An Anime)
class Solution:
def findDuplicate(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
tortoise = hare = nums[0]
while True:
tortoise = nums[tortoise]
hare = nums[nums[hare]]
if tortoise == hare:
break
tortoise = nums[0]
while tortoise != hare:
tortoise = nums[tortoise]
hare = nums[hare]
return hare
class Solution:
def findDuplicate(self, nums: List[int]) -> int:
return mode(nums)
```
You can use `s.encode()` instead of `map(ord,s)` It's the same length but doesn't need generation evaluation.
* https://leetcode.com/problems/score-of-a-string
```python
class Solution:
def scoreOfString(self, s: str) -> int:
return sum(abs(x-y)for x,y in pairwise(map(ord,s)))
class Solution:
def scoreOfString(self, s: str) -> int:
return sum(map(abs,map(sub,s:=s.encode(),s[1:])))
```
Applying a function to an iterable with `starmap` and `pairwise` may be done with `map` (12 chars shorter):
* https://leetcode.com/problems/find-the-original-array-of-prefix-xor
```python
class Solution:
def findArray(self, p: List[int]) -> List[int]:
return starmap(xor,pairwise([0]+p))
class Solution:
def findArray(self, p: List[int]) -> List[int]:
return map(xor,p,[0]+p)
```
Very often you can replace `zip` with `map`, it evaluates iterables the same way:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/minimum-number-of-moves-to-seat-everyone[
```python
class Solution:
def minMovesToSeat(self, s: List[int], t: List[int]) -> int:
return sum(abs(a-b)for a,b in zip(*map(sorted,(s,t))))
class Solution:
def minMovesToSeat(self, s: List[int], t: List[int]) -> int:
return sum(map(abs,map(sub,*map(sorted,(s,t)))))
```
You can use `numpy.convolve` for sliding windows, it's usually shorter than reduce or list comprehension:
* https://leetcode.com/problems/grumpy-bookstore-owner
```python
class Solution:
def maxSatisfied(self, c: List[int], g: List[int], m: int) -> int:
t,a=0,[*map(mul,c,g)];[t:=(t,w:=sum(a[i:i+m]))[w>t]for i in range(len(c)-m+1)];return t\
+sum(c)-sum(a)
class Solution:
def maxSatisfied(self, c: List[int], g: List[int], m: int) -> int:
return max(__import__('numpy').convolve(a:=[*map(mul,c,g)],[1]*m))+sum(c)-sum(a)
```
You can use `count()` and `map` to replace an `enumerate` list comprehension (a few characters shorter):
* https://leetcode.com/problems/maximum-total-importance-of-roads
```python
class Solution:
def maximumImportance(self, n: int, r: List[List[int]]) -> int:
return sum(v*(n-i)for i,(_,v)in enumerate(Counter(chain(*r)).most_common()))
class Solution:
def maximumImportance(self, n: int, r: List[List[int]]) -> int:
return-sum(map(mul,count(-n),sorted(Counter(chain(*r)).values())[::-1]))
```
You can replace `ceil(x/k)` with `-(-x//k)` (1 character shorter):
* https://leetcode.com/problems/maximal-score-after-applying-k-operations
```python
class Solution:
def maxKelements(self, a: List[int], k: int) -> int:
a.sort();return sum((x:=a.pop(),insort(a,ceil(x/3)))[0]for _ in range(k))
class Solution:
def maxKelements(self, a: List[int], k: int) -> int:
a.sort();return sum((x:=a.pop(),insort(a,-(-x//3)))[0]for _ in range(k))
```
### Notes
* An expression like `x&(x-1)==0` is useful to check if unsigned `x` is power of 2 or 0 (Kernighan, rightmost bit).
* Unless the following token starts with e or E, you can remove the space following a number. E.g. `i==4 and j==4` becomes `i==4and j==4`.
* There's a nice way to convert an iterable to list using star operator, e.g. `x=[*g]` equals `*x,=g` (1 char shorter).
You can also use this syntax to unpack iterables, e.g. `a,*b,c=range(5)` means `a=1;b=[2,3,4];c=5`.
* Instead of range(x), you can use the * operator on a list of anything, e.g. `[1]*8` can replace `range(8)` (unless you really need the counter value).
* Conditions like `if ii>=0<=ji>-1