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https://github.com/kittinunf/Result
The modelling for success/failure of operations in Kotlin and KMM (Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile)
https://github.com/kittinunf/Result
functional kotlin kotlin-multiplatform kotlin-multiplatform-library optional result
Last synced: about 2 months ago
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The modelling for success/failure of operations in Kotlin and KMM (Kotlin Multiplatform Mobile)
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/kittinunf/Result
- Owner: kittinunf
- License: other
- Created: 2015-10-28T12:34:53.000Z (about 9 years ago)
- Default Branch: master
- Last Pushed: 2024-07-19T09:08:27.000Z (5 months ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-08-01T01:30:38.108Z (4 months ago)
- Topics: functional, kotlin, kotlin-multiplatform, kotlin-multiplatform-library, optional, result
- Language: Kotlin
- Homepage:
- Size: 605 KB
- Stars: 908
- Watchers: 16
- Forks: 53
- Open Issues: 1
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- Funding: .github/FUNDING.yml
- License: LICENSE.md
Awesome Lists containing this project
- awesome-kotlin-android - Result - This is a tiny framework for modelling success/failure of operations in Kotlin. (Libraries)
- awesome-kotlin-cn - Result - The modelling for success/failure of operations in Kotlin (开源库和框架 / 函数式编程)
- kmp-awesome - Result - success/failure result (Libraries / 🚀 Language extensions)
- awesome-kotlin - Result - The modelling for success/failure of operations. (Libraries / Android)
- awesome-kotlin - Result - This is a tiny framework for modelling success/failure of operations in Kotlin. (Libraries)
README
# Result
[](http://kotlinlang.org)
[](https://search.maven.org/search?q=g:com.github.kittinunf.result)
[](https://codecov.io/gh/kittinunf/Result)
This is a tiny framework for modelling success/failure of operations
in [Kotlin](http://kotlinlang.org). In short, it is a model in type
of `Result`.
## Ideology
`Result` is to provide higher abstraction of operation that can be ended with
result either success or failure. `Result.Success` represents `value` in case of success,
and `Result.Failure` represents `error` in case of failure which is upper bounded with `Throwable`
type.
## Installation
### Gradle
``` Groovy
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
// if you are working on JVM or Android only project
implementation("com.github.kittinunf.result:result-jvm:«version»") //for JVM support
// if you are working in KMM project
implementation("com.github.kittinunf.result:result:«version»") //for Kotlin Multiplatform support
}
```
## TL;DR
This model is highly inspired
by "[Railway Oriented Programming](http://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/rop/#monads)" concept.
`Result` allows one to express series of success/failure operations in Kotlin as;
``` Kotlin
Result.of(doOperation())
.flatMap { normalizedData(it) }
.map { createRequestFromData(it) }
.flatMap { database.updateFromRequest(it) }
```
Work with `Result` is easy
``` Kotlin
//multi-declaration
val (value, error) = result
//get
val value: Int = result.get() // throw exception if error
//terminal operator
//success
result.success {
}
//failure
result.failure {
}
//fold is there, if you want to handle both success and failure
result.fold({ value ->
//do something with value
}, { err ->
//do something with err
})
```
## Why
`Result` is suitable whenever there is a need to represent an operation that has the possibility of
failure. Error handling can be cumbersome to work with.
`Result` helps process the operations in a nice, functional way, while maintaining readability to
your code.
Let's consider a need to read data from `foo`, and to perform some further validation
``` Kotlin
fun process(): String {
try {
val foo = File("/path/to/file/foo.txt").readText()
val isSuccessful = processData(foo)
if (!isSuccessful) {
return "Data is corrupted and cannot be processed"
}
} catch (e: Throwable) {
//do something if error
Logger.log(ERROR, e.message())
}
}
```
However, things start getting ugly when we have chain of operations being run sequentially, such as
``` Kotlin
fun process(): String {
try {
val foo = File("/path/to/file/foo.txt").readText()
val isSuccessful = normalizedData(foo)
if (!isSuccessful) {
return "Data cannot be processable"
}
val request = createRequestFromData(foo)
try {
val result = database.updateFromRequest(request)
if (!result) {
return "Record in DB is not found"
}
} catch (dbEx: DBThrowable) {
return "DB error, cannot update"
}
} catch (e: Throwable) {
//do something if error
Logger.log(ERROR, e.message())
}
}
```
Ouch, it looks pretty bleak.
Let's see how `Result` can help us.
First, we break things down into a small set of model in `Result`.
* Read a file
``` Kotlin
val operation = { File("/path/to/file/foo.txt").readText() }
Result.of { operation() } // Result
```
* Normalize a data
``` Kotlin
fun normalizedData(foo): Result {
Result.of { foo.normalize() }
}
```
* Create a request from data
``` Kotlin
fun createRequestFromData(foo): Request {
return createRequest(foo)
}
```
* Update DB with Request
``` Kotlin
fun database.updateFromRequest(request): Result {
val transaction = request.transaction
return Result.of {
db.openTransaction {
val success = db.execute(transaction)
if (!success) {
throw DBThrowable("Error")
}
return success
}
}
}
```
The whole operation can be chained by the following;
``` Kotlin
Result.of { doOperation() }
.flatMap { normalizedData(it) }
.map { createRequestFromData(it) }
.flatMap { database.updateFromRequest(it) }
```
The creates a nice "happy path" of the whole chain, also handle error as appropriate. It looks
better and cleaner, right?.
## Never Fail Operation
In some case, one wants to model an always successful operation. `Result` is a
good idea for that.
`NoException` is to indicate that there is no exception to throw. E.g.
``` Kotlin
// Add operation can never be failure
fun add(i: Int, j: Int) : Result
```
Nice thing about modelling in this way is to be able to compose it with others "fail-able"
operations in `Result`.
## High Order functions
### Success
`map` and `flatMap`
`map` transforms `Result` with given transformation `(V) -> U`. As a result, we are able to
transform `V` into a new `V` in the case where `Result` is `Result.Success`. When `Result`
is `Result.Failure`, `error` is re-wrapped into a new `Result`.
`flatMap` is similar to `map`, however it requires transformation in type of `(V) -> Result`
.
### Failure
`mapError` and `flatMapError`
`mapError` (`(E) -> E2`) and `flatMapError` (`(E) -> Result`) are counterpart of `map`
and `flatMap`. However, they are operate on `Result.Failure`. It is quite handy when one needs to do
some transformation on given `Throwable` into a custom type of `Throwable` that suits ones' need.
## More features
Please check out more features in
the [ResultTest](./result/src/commonTest/kotlin/com/github/kittinunf/result/ResultTest.kt)
## Railway Oriented Programming
If interested, here are more articles that one might enjoy.
* [Recipe Part 2](http://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/posts/recipe-part2/)
* [Approach Error Handing](https://speakerdeck.com/swlaschin/railway-oriented-programming-a-functional-approach-to-error-handling)
* [Example](https://github.com/swlaschin/Railway-Oriented-Programming-Example)
Credit to Scott Wlaschin
## Credits
Result is brought to you by [contributors](https://github.com/kittinunf/Result/graphs/contributors).
## License
Result is released under the [MIT](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) license.