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https://github.com/kjd/idna

Internationalized Domain Names for Python (IDNA 2008 and UTS #46)
https://github.com/kjd/idna

dns hacktoberfest idna python unicode

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Internationalized Domain Names for Python (IDNA 2008 and UTS #46)

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README 

        
Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)

=====================================================



Support for the Internationalized Domain Names in

Applications (IDNA) protocol as specified in `RFC 5891

`_. This is the latest version of

the protocol and is sometimes referred to as “IDNA 2008”.



This library also provides support for Unicode Technical

Standard 46, `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing

`_.



This acts as a suitable replacement for the “encodings.idna”

module that comes with the Python standard library, but which

only supports the older superseded IDNA specification (`RFC 3490

`_).



Basic functions are simply executed:



.. code-block:: pycon



    >>> import idna

    >>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')

    b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'

    >>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))

    ドメイン.テスト



Installation

------------



This package is available for installation from PyPI:



.. code-block:: bash



    $ python3 -m pip install idna



Usage

-----



For typical usage, the ``encode`` and ``decode`` functions will take a

domain name argument and perform a conversion to A-labels or U-labels

respectively.



.. code-block:: pycon



    >>> import idna

    >>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')

    b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'

    >>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))

    ドメイン.テスト



You may use the codec encoding and decoding methods using the

``idna.codec`` module:



.. code-block:: pycon



    >>> import idna.codec

    >>> print('домен.испытание'.encode('idna2008'))

    b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'

    >>> print(b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'.decode('idna2008'))

    домен.испытание



Conversions can be applied at a per-label basis using the ``ulabel`` or

``alabel`` functions if necessary:



.. code-block:: pycon



    >>> idna.alabel('测试')

    b'xn--0zwm56d'



Compatibility Mapping (UTS #46)

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++



As described in `RFC 5895 `_, the

IDNA specification does not normalize input from different potential

ways a user may input a domain name. This functionality, known as

a “mapping”, is considered by the specification to be a local

user-interface issue distinct from IDNA conversion functionality.



This library provides one such mapping that was developed by the

Unicode Consortium. Known as `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing

`_, it provides for both a regular

mapping for typical applications, as well as a transitional mapping to

help migrate from older IDNA 2003 applications.



For example, “Königsgäßchen” is not a permissible label as *LATIN

CAPITAL LETTER K* is not allowed (nor are capital letters in general).

UTS 46 will convert this into lower case prior to applying the IDNA

conversion.



.. code-block:: pycon



    >>> import idna

    >>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen')

    ...

    idna.core.InvalidCodepoint: Codepoint U+004B at position 1 of 'Königsgäßchen' not allowed

    >>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True)

    b'xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'

    >>> print(idna.decode('xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'))

    königsgäßchen



Transitional processing provides conversions to help transition from

the older 2003 standard to the current standard. For example, in the

original IDNA specification, the *LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S* (ß) was

converted into two *LATIN SMALL LETTER S* (ss), whereas in the current

IDNA specification this conversion is not performed.



.. code-block:: pycon



    >>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True, transitional=True)

    'xn--knigsgsschen-lcb0w'



Implementers should use transitional processing with caution, only in

rare cases where conversion from legacy labels to current labels must be

performed (i.e. IDNA implementations that pre-date 2008). For typical

applications that just need to convert labels, transitional processing

is unlikely to be beneficial and could produce unexpected incompatible

results.



``encodings.idna`` Compatibility

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++



Function calls from the Python built-in ``encodings.idna`` module are

mapped to their IDNA 2008 equivalents using the ``idna.compat`` module.

Simply substitute the ``import`` clause in your code to refer to the new

module name.



Exceptions

----------



All errors raised during the conversion following the specification

should raise an exception derived from the ``idna.IDNAError`` base

class.



More specific exceptions that may be generated as ``idna.IDNABidiError``

when the error reflects an illegal combination of left-to-right and

right-to-left characters in a label; ``idna.InvalidCodepoint`` when

a specific codepoint is an illegal character in an IDN label (i.e.

INVALID); and ``idna.InvalidCodepointContext`` when the codepoint is

illegal based on its positional context (i.e. it is CONTEXTO or CONTEXTJ

but the contextual requirements are not satisfied.)



Building and Diagnostics

------------------------



The IDNA and UTS 46 functionality relies upon pre-calculated lookup

tables for performance. These tables are derived from computing against

eligibility criteria in the respective standards. These tables are

computed using the command-line script ``tools/idna-data``.



This tool will fetch relevant codepoint data from the Unicode repository

and perform the required calculations to identify eligibility. There are

three main modes:



* ``idna-data make-libdata``. Generates ``idnadata.py`` and

  ``uts46data.py``, the pre-calculated lookup tables used for IDNA and

  UTS 46 conversions. Implementers who wish to track this library against

  a different Unicode version may use this tool to manually generate a

  different version of the ``idnadata.py`` and ``uts46data.py`` files.



* ``idna-data make-table``. Generate a table of the IDNA disposition

  (e.g. PVALID, CONTEXTJ, CONTEXTO) in the format found in Appendix

  B.1 of RFC 5892 and the pre-computed tables published by `IANA

  `_.



* ``idna-data U+0061``. Prints debugging output on the various

  properties associated with an individual Unicode codepoint (in this

  case, U+0061), that are used to assess the IDNA and UTS 46 status of a

  codepoint. This is helpful in debugging or analysis.



The tool accepts a number of arguments, described using ``idna-data

-h``. Most notably, the ``--version`` argument allows the specification

of the version of Unicode to be used in computing the table data. For

example, ``idna-data --version 9.0.0 make-libdata`` will generate

library data against Unicode 9.0.0.



Additional Notes

----------------



* **Packages**. The latest tagged release version is published in the

  `Python Package Index `_.



* **Version support**. This library supports Python 3.5 and higher.

  As this library serves as a low-level toolkit for a variety of

  applications, many of which strive for broad compatibility with older

  Python versions, there is no rush to remove older interpreter support.

  Removing support for older versions should be well justified in that the

  maintenance burden has become too high.



* **Python 2**. Python 2 is supported by version 2.x of this library.

  While active development of the version 2.x series has ended, notable

  issues being corrected may be backported to 2.x. Use "idna<3" in your

  requirements file if you need this library for a Python 2 application.



* **Testing**. The library has a test suite based on each rule of the

  IDNA specification, as well as tests that are provided as part of the

  Unicode Technical Standard 46, `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing

  `_.



* **Emoji**. It is an occasional request to support emoji domains in

  this library. Encoding of symbols like emoji is expressly prohibited by

  the technical standard IDNA 2008 and emoji domains are broadly phased

  out across the domain industry due to associated security risks. For

  now, applications that need to support these non-compliant labels

  may wish to consider trying the encode/decode operation in this library

  first, and then falling back to using `encodings.idna`. See `the Github

  project `_ for more discussion.