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https://github.com/leoz0214/pyriodic-table

A Python package which provides data on the Periodic Table of Elements.
https://github.com/leoz0214/pyriodic-table

chemistry elements periodic-table periodic-table-of-elements physics python science

Last synced: 3 months ago
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A Python package which provides data on the Periodic Table of Elements.

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README 

          
# --- pyriodic_table ---



`pyriodic_table` is a simple Python package which aims to achieve the following:



- Provide *insightful* data (as accurate as possible) on the 118 chemical elements discovered to date,

starting with **hydrogen**, all the way to the super-heavy **oganesson**!

- Make this data easily accessible, in an organised manner.

- Allow easy identification of elements to access their data, through multiple methods.

- Be user-friendly and easy to use.



The PyPi page for the package is:

https://pypi.org/project/pyriodic-table/



The most recent version is 1.0.1.



## About the data



Various data points are provided for each element.



### Data Categories



#### Name



This is simply what the element is called, and is self-explanatory.



For example, the first element is called hydrogen.



#### Symbol



This is the abbrevation for an element, consisting of one or two Latin letters, and

starting with a capital letter. It is much more convenient than having to refer

to an element's name.



For example, the symbol for hydrogen is '**H**', and the symbol

for gold is '**Au**' (*aurum*).



As in the example of gold, element symbols can be misleading and not so obvious as to which element they represent.



#### Atomic number



This is just the number of protons in an atom's nucleus (which also happens to be

the number of electrons in an atom's shells - to cancel out the positive charge of the

protons). In addition, the atomic number indicates the nth element.



For example, hydrogen has an atomic number of **1** and is the **1**st element. And oganesson has an atomic number

of **118** and is the **118**th element.



#### Atomic mass



This is how heavy on average an atom of an element is, compared to the carbon-12 isotope,

which has an atomic mass of exactly 12. For example, if element X has an isotope with mass

number of 25 (50% of element X), and an isotope with mass number of 27 (50% of element X),

element X would have an atomic mass of 26. If an element has no stable isotopes, the mass

number of its longest-lived isotope is considered to be its atomic mass.



For example, hydrogen has an atomic mass of **1.008**, and astatine, the rarest natural element,

has an atomic mass of **210** (astatine-210 has the longest half life of all astatine

radioisotopes).



#### Electrons per shell



This is the number of electrons in each energy level of an atom.

For example, hydrogen has only one electron and thus only 1 shell: **(1,)**.

But potassium has 19 electrons: **(2, 8, 8, 1)**.



#### State



This refers to what form the matter of an element takes at room temperature, either

*solid*, *liquid* or *gas*.



For example, oxygen is obviously a **gas** at room temperature, and

equally unsurprisingly, iron is a **solid** at room temperature.



Surprisingly, only two elements are liquids at room temperature: bromine and mercury.



#### Group



A group in the periodic table is a vertical column of elements. Most elements belong in a group,

but some elements, including certain lanthanides (e.g lanthanum), are not put into one.

Some groups also have special names, including:



- Group 1 - **alkali metals** (e.g sodium) [Be careful, hydrogen is also in group 1 but certainly is not a metal.]

- Group 2 - **alkaline earth metals** (e.g calcium)

- Group 17 - **halogens** (e.g iodine)

- Group 18 - **noble gases** (e.g helium)



#### Period



A period is a horizontal row of elements. For example, hydrogen is in period **1** and

copper is in period **4**.



#### Melting point



This is the temperature at which an element turns from a solid into a liquid. It varies

significantly over different elements. The three temperature units: *Kelvin (K)*,

*Celsius (°C)* and *Fahrenheit (°F)* are all supported.



For example, hydrogen has a melting point of **13.99 K / -259.16 °C / -434.488 °F**;

and titanium has a melting point of **1941 K / 1667.85 °C / 3034.13 °F**.



#### Boiling point



This is the temperature at which an element turns from a liquid into a gas. It varies

significantly over different elements. Like melting point, all three temperature

units are supported.



For example, hydrogen has a boiling point of **20.271 K / -252.897 °C / -423.1822 °F**;

and titanium has a boiling point of **3560 K / 3286.86 °C / 5948.33 °F**.



#### Density



This is the mass per unit volume of an element at room temperature. Gases have an

extremely low density compared to solids and liquids. The unit used by all elements

is nonetheless g/cm³.



For example, hydrogen has a density of only **0.00008988 g/cm³**, whilst

osmium has a whopping density of **22.59 g/cm³**.



#### Natural?



This refers to whether or not an element can be found naturally and is not synthetic (man-made). As long as an element exists in extremely trace quantities, it counts as natural, so this includes technetium and promethium!



For example, carbon is certainly found naturally,

whilst americium is synthetic.



#### Has stable isotope?



This refers to whether or not an element can be stable. If an element does not have at least one stable isotope, it is radioactive. Note that elements which have at least have one stable isotope certainly can also have several radioisotopes.



For example, tin has many stable isotopes, whilst uranium is radioactive.



#### Discovery



This refers to the person/people or place(s) that first found the element, either through

nature or synthetically.



For example, **Henry Cavendish** discovered hydrogen, but **Riken** (a large scientific

research institute in Japan) discovered nihonium.



#### Discovery year



Self-explanatory! This refers to the year of element discovery.

For example, hydrogen was discovered in **1766** (by Cavendish),

and nihonium was discovered relatively recently - in **2004**.



### Data accuracy, completeness and reliability



Element data has been manually obtained and entered carefully, from various sources, including:

- *Wikipedia* pages for each element.

- *Royal Society of Chemistry* - https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table



Unfortunately, many elements have missing data, such as melting/boiling points and density.

Furthermore, particular data for certain elements may be inaccurate.



Nonetheless, the common elements likely have high-quality accurate data, and conveniently, they are the

most used. For example, unsurprisingly oxygen, an abundant element we need for respiration

is much better known than livermorium, a synthetic, radioactive, short-lived element of which

only a few atoms have been produced.



## Compatability



Python 3.9 or greater is supported.