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https://github.com/librity/ft_fractol
42 São Paulo - fract-ol
https://github.com/librity/ft_fractol
42 42-school 42born2code 42projects 42saopaulo 42school fract-ol fractal fractal-geometry fractal-rendering fractals julia-fractal julia-set mandelbrot-set mandlebrot-fractal newton-fractals newton-raphson
Last synced: about 1 month ago
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42 São Paulo - fract-ol
- Host: GitHub
- URL: https://github.com/librity/ft_fractol
- Owner: librity
- License: mit
- Created: 2021-12-28T17:56:19.000Z (almost 3 years ago)
- Default Branch: master
- Last Pushed: 2022-08-06T19:20:09.000Z (over 2 years ago)
- Last Synced: 2024-10-29T06:33:22.631Z (about 2 months ago)
- Topics: 42, 42-school, 42born2code, 42projects, 42saopaulo, 42school, fract-ol, fractal, fractal-geometry, fractal-rendering, fractals, julia-fractal, julia-set, mandelbrot-set, mandlebrot-fractal, newton-fractals, newton-raphson
- Language: C
- Homepage: https://www.42sp.org.br/
- Size: 20.3 MB
- Stars: 4
- Watchers: 2
- Forks: 0
- Open Issues: 0
-
Metadata Files:
- Readme: README.md
- License: LICENSE
Awesome Lists containing this project
- 42-resources - ft_fractol
README
42 São Paulo - fract-ol
[](https://github.com/librity/ft_fractol/actions/workflows/norminette_v3.yml)
A fractal navigator in pure C.
---
## 📜 Table of Contents
- [About](#about)
- [Checklist](#checklist)
- [Getting Started](#getting_started)
- [Controls](#controls)
- [Gallery](#gallery)
- [Notes](#notes)
- [42 São Paulo](#ft_sp)
- [Resources](#resources)
This is an interactive program
that lets you explore the three fractals:
The Mandelbrot and Julia sets,
and the Newton fractal of the polynomial `z^3 - 1`.
All three produce beautiful geometric structures
that repeat themselves over increasing levels of detail.
It also lets you switch between three different color modes (algorithms):
Escape-Time, Linear Interpolation and Bernstein polynomials.
The first one is the quickest while the last two are the prettiest.
This is my favorite project from the 42 curriculum:
I not only learned a lot,
I now have a folder full of sick desktop background I can show off.
It taught me how to translate mathematical objects and operations
into structures and functions.
I also learned many different C optimizations,
from compiler flags to changes in workflow and logic.
### Mandatory
- [x] Compiles with `-Wall -Wextra -Werror`
- [x] `.linux` file (42 Workspaces)
- [x] Makefile rules: `$(NAME)` `all` `clean` `fclean` `re`
- [x] Follows `norminette 3.3.51`
- [x] Should not quit unexpectedly (segmentation fault, bus error, double
free, etc.)
- [x] All allocated heap memory properly freed, no memory leaks.
- [x] Check memory leaks with `valgrind`
- [x] Program name `fractol`
- [x] Test in workspaces
- [x] Turn in `Makefile`, `*.h`, `*.c` , `.linux` , `.gitignore`
- [x] DON’T turn in libs as submodules.
- [x] Receives the fractal type as arguments
- [x] Bad arguments: exits properly with a help message
- [x] Allowed functions:
- [x] `open`, `close`, `read`, `write`, `malloc`, `free`, `perror`, `strerror`, `exit`
- [x] All `math.h`
- [x] All `mlx.h`
- [x] All `libft.h`
- [x] Your `ft_printf` (may be modified)
- [x] No `printf` from `stdio.h`
- [x] Must use `MiniLibX`
- [x] Make must compile without relinking
- [x] No global variables
- [x] Renders Mandelbrot
- [x] Renders Julia
- [x] Receives Julia factor as arguments
- [x] Handles zoom with mouse wheel
- [x] Renders fractals with colors gradients proportional to iterations
- [x] Smooth window management (minimizing, focus switch, etc.)
- [x] ESC closes the program cleanly
- [x] Clicking the window's `x` button closes the program cleanly
- [x] Must use MiniLibX’s `images` (no `mlx_pixel_put`)
### Bonus
- [x] Render another fractal of your choice
- [x] Zoom follows mouse position
- [x] Arrow keys move the view
- [x] Changes color on keypress
### Extra Features
- [x] Add LERP color mode
- [x] Add Bernstein polynomials color mode
- [x] Save to .bmp on keypress
- [x] Change `max_iterations` on keypress
- [x] Change `infinity` on keypress
- [x] Add tests with `minunit.h`
- [ ] Render with threads (optimization).
- [ ] Change julia parameters on keypress
- [ ] Fullscreen mode on keypress
- [ ] Awaiting Pull Request https://github.com/42Paris/minilibx-linux/pull/45
- [ ] Switch fractal on keypress
- [ ] Random colors on keypress
- [ ] Add anti-aliasing
### ⚙️ Prerequisites
This will only compile on Linux and FreeBSD.
You will need a C compiler (`gcc` or `clang`)
and [minilibx](https://github.com/42Paris/minilibx-linux),
an X-Window API in C made by 42 Paris:
```bash
# Clone the repo
git clone https://github.com/42Paris/minilibx-linux.git
cd minilibx-linux
# Install dependencies and build
sudo apt install libxext-dev libxrandr-dev libx11-dev libbsd-dev libssl-dev
make
# Copy archive and headers to system path
sudo cp libmlx.a /usr/local/lib/
sudo cp mlx.h /usr/local/include/
# Add pages to man (optional)
sudo mkdir /usr/local/man/man1
sudo cp man/man1/* /usr/local/man/man1/
man mlx
```
### 🖥️ Installing
Clone the repo and build with `make`:
```bash
$ git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/librity/ft_fractol.git
$ cd ft_fractol
$ make
$ fractol mandelbrot
```
This should open a new window rendering the mandelbrot fractal.
You can also render the julia set (that requires a complex factor),
and the Newton fractal of the polynomial `z^3 - 1`:
```bash
$ fractol julia -0.391 -0.587
$ fractol newton
```
- `Esc` or `q`: Exit program
- `=` and `-`: Zoom in and out
- `Mouse Wheel`: Zoom in and out
- `Arrow Keys`: Move fractal position
- `Mouse Left Click`: Warp to clicked pixel
- `c`: Switch color mode
- `l` and `.`: Shift color bases up and down
- `i` and `k`: Increase and decrease iterations
- `t` and `g`: Increase and decrease infinity
- `s`: Save viewport to bitmap
[and much, much more...](https://github.com/librity/ft_fractol/tree/main/gallery)
We can understand the basic workflow of the program from its `main.c`:
all its function behave on the program's highest levels of abstraction.
We have a control structure `ctl` of type `t_fractol`
where we inject anything that might change during runtime:
we have the window size,
the mlx instance, window and buffer,
rendering params like the maximum number of iterations,
and function pointers that allow us to dynamically change
which fractal and how color is rendered.
We set all its default settings with `initialize_params`:
this ensures that the program won't crash if you forgot to set a param.
The window buffer is mostly handled by `minilibx`:
we just create it in `initialize_mlx`,
then set the color of its pixels and draw it to the window
whenever we render a fractal.
In `handle_arguments` we verify and parse the strings
we received from the shell.
If the arguments don't match any of the options
we exit the program with a help message.
We then `initialize_mlx`, which safely creates an `mlx` instance,
window and image (a.k.a. the frame buffer).
We always check and exit the program if any of the pointers are `NULL`:
**Not doing this WILL CRASH YOUR COMPUTER AND IT'S REALLY NOT FUNNY**
(mine crashed three times during this project).
We also set the event handlers with `mlx_hooks`:
this will let us interact with the program
with our mouse and keyboard (zoom in/out, move, etc.)
We finally render the first frame of the fractal and draw it to the window.
When we run the function `mlx_loop` we initialize the internal workflow
of `mlx`.
It basically listens for events and runs the handlers functions we set.
All our handlers do basically the same thing:
they change a `ctl` parameter, then render another frame
and draw it to the window.
The renderers is where the magic happens:
1. Iterate through every pixel in the buffer
2. Transform it to a complex number (`pixel(x, y) = x + y*i`)
3. Run the fractal algorithm on that number
4. Run the color algorithm on the number of iterations
5. Draw that color to the buffer's pixel.
The Mandelbrot algorithm iterates the complex number `c`
inside the function `Fn(z) = z^2 + c`,
where `F0(z) = 0`.
The Julia algorithm is very similar to Mandelbrot's:
we iterate the complex number `c` and factor `f`
inside the function `Fn(z) = z^2 + f`,
where `F0(z) = c`.
The Newton fractal iterates the
[Newton–Raphson method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method)
over an arbitrary differentiable function (`z^3 - 1` in this case)
for every pixel on the screen.
Part of the larger [42 Network](https://www.42.fr/42-network/),
[42 São Paulo](https://www.42sp.org.br/) is a software engineering school
that offers a healthy alternative to traditional education:
- It doesn't have any teachers and classes.
- Students learn by cooperating
and correcting each other's work (peer-to-peer learning).
- Its focus is as much on social skills as it is on technical skills.
- It's completely free to anyone that passes its selection process -
[**The Piscine**](https://42.fr/en/admissions/42-piscine/)
It's an amazing school, and I'm grateful for the opportunity.
### minilibx
- https://harm-smits.github.io/42docs/libs/minilibx
- https://gontjarow.github.io/MiniLibX/
- https://aurelienbrabant.fr/blog/managing-events-with-the-minilibx
- https://aurelienbrabant.fr/blog/pixel-drawing-with-the-minilibx
- https://aurelienbrabant.fr/blog/getting-started-with-the-minilibx
- https://github.com/42sp/minilibx-linux
- https://github.com/42Paris/minilibx-linux/issues/24
- http://cyber.dabamos.de/unix/x11/
- https://qst0.github.io/ft_libgfx/man_mlx.html
- https://gontjarow.github.io/MiniLibX/mlx-tutorial-create-image.html
- https://elearning.intra.42.fr/notions/minilibx/subnotions
- https://elearning.intra.42.fr/tags/716/notions
### minilibx functions
```c
void *mlx_init();
void *mlx_new_window(void *mlx_ptr, int size_x, int size_y, char *title);
int mlx_clear_window(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr);
int mlx_pixel_put(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr, int x, int y, int color);
void *mlx_new_image(void *mlx_ptr,int width,int height);
char *mlx_get_data_addr(void *img_ptr, int *bits_per_pixel,
int *size_line, int *endian);
int mlx_put_image_to_window(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr, void *img_ptr,
int x, int y);
int mlx_get_color_value(void *mlx_ptr, int color);
int mlx_mouse_hook (void *win_ptr, int (*funct_ptr)(), void *param);
int mlx_key_hook (void *win_ptr, int (*funct_ptr)(), void *param);
int mlx_expose_hook (void *win_ptr, int (*funct_ptr)(), void *param);
int mlx_loop_hook (void *mlx_ptr, int (*funct_ptr)(), void *param);
int mlx_loop (void *mlx_ptr);
int mlx_loop_end (void *mlx_ptr);
int mlx_string_put(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr, int x, int y, int color,
char *string);
void mlx_set_font(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr, char *name);
void *mlx_xpm_to_image(void *mlx_ptr, char **xpm_data,
int *width, int *height);
void *mlx_xpm_file_to_image(void *mlx_ptr, char *filename,
int *width, int *height);
int mlx_destroy_window(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr);
int mlx_destroy_image(void *mlx_ptr, void *img_ptr);
int mlx_destroy_display(void *mlx_ptr);
int mlx_hook(void *win_ptr, int x_event, int x_mask,
int (*funct)(), void *param);
int mlx_do_key_autorepeatoff(void *mlx_ptr);
int mlx_do_key_autorepeaton(void *mlx_ptr);
int mlx_do_sync(void *mlx_ptr);
int mlx_mouse_get_pos(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr, int *x, int *y);
int mlx_mouse_move(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr, int x, int y);
int mlx_mouse_hide(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr);
int mlx_mouse_show(void *mlx_ptr, void *win_ptr);
int mlx_get_screen_size(void *mlx_ptr, int *sizex, int *sizey);
```
### Fractals
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fractals_by_Hausdorff_dimension
- https://elearning.intra.42.fr/notions/fract-ol/subnotions
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set
- https://pt.mathigon.org/course/fractals/mandelbrot
- https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstream/tede/6343/5/Dissertação - Márcio Vaiz dos Reis - 2016.pdf
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN8e6CJwdZU
- https://docs.ufpr.br/~ewkaras/ensino/fractais/Julia_Mandelbrot.pdf
- https://www.codingame.com/playgrounds/2358/how-to-plot-the-mandelbrot-set/mandelbrot-set
- https://theses.liacs.nl/pdf/2018-2019-JonckheereLSde.pdf
- https://fractalfoundation.org/fractivities/FractalPacks-EducatorsGuide.pdf
- https://discord.com/channels/706206701598277681/854438469614174228/940281570332405760
- https://www.wikihow.com/Plot-the-Mandelbrot-Set-By-Hand
- https://www.geogebra.org/m/jcpvtkhz
### Mandelbrot set
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotting_algorithms_for_the_Mandelbrot_set
- https://github.com/giyeo/giyeo/wiki/O-Conjunto-de-Mandelbrot
### Julia set
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_set
- https://mathworld.wolfram.com/JuliaSet.html
### Tricorn
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricorn_(mathematics)
### **Burning Ship**
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Ship_fractal
### Newton Fractal
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_fractal
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_method
### https://github.com/jcponce
- https://github.com/jcponce/jcponce.github.io
- https://www.dynamicmath.xyz/mandelbrot-julia/
- https://github.com/jcponce/complex
### OneLoneCoder
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBvLs88hvJ8
- https://github.com/OneLoneCoder/olcPixelGameEngine/blob/master/Videos/OneLoneCoder_PGE_Mandelbrot.cpp
### Window Viewport
- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/window-to-viewport-transformation-in-computer-graphics-with-implementation/
### Videos
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gk_8mQuerg
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqbZpur38nw
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFftmWSzgmk
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9U0XVdvQwAI
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovJcsL7vyrk
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8WWodGk9-g
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiAj9WW1OfQ
### Math
- https://fractalfoundation.org/fractivities/FractalPacks-EducatorsGuide.pdf
- http://www.opengl-tutorial.org/beginners-tutorials/tutorial-3-matrices/
### Luc de Jonckheere’s Thesis
- https://theses.liacs.nl/pdf/2018-2019-JonckheereLSde.pdf
- https://gmplib.org/manual/Floating_002dpoint-Functions
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4610935
- https://www.math.univ-angers.fr/~tanlei/papers/similarityMJ.pdf
- https://users.math.yale.edu/~bbm3/web_pdfs/encyclopediaBritannica.pdf
### Fractal Software
- https://github.com/search?o=desc&q=fractal&s=stars&type=Repositories
- https://github.com/fract4d/gnofract4d
- https://fractint.org/
- https://fractalwiki.org/wiki/SuperFractalThing
- https://mathr.co.uk/
- https://github.com/cveld/blazor-mandelbrot-deepzoom
- https://github.com/munrocket/deep-mandelbrot
- https://github.com/JMaio/deep-fractal
- https://jmaio.dev/deep-fractal/
- https://xaos-project.github.io/
- https://github.com/michele-summo/ms-xaos
- https://github.com/xaos-project
- https://github.com/xaos-project/XaoS
- https://github.com/xaos-project/XaoSjs
- https://xaos-project.github.io/XaoSjs/
- https://github.com/HackerPoet/MarbleMarcher
- https://github.com/jonnyhyman/Chaos
- https://github.com/HackerPoet/PySpace
- https://github.com/HackerPoet/FractalSoundExplorer
### Map
- https://github.com/processing/p5.js/blob/main/src/math/calculation.js#L451
### `valgrind`
- https://valgrind.org/
- https://github.com/pmem/valgrind
- https://www.cprogramming.com/debugging/valgrind.html
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/67040349/valgrind-gives-error-memory-still-reachable
- https://www.handlebar-online.com/usefull-tips/what-does-valgrind-still-reachable-mean/
### GCC `-fsanitize=address` `-fsanitize=leak`
- Faster than `valgrind` , but detects less leaks.
- Incompatible with valgrind
- Probably slows down runtime
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11524960/memory-leaks-not-detected-by-crt-memory-leak-detection
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31210053/gcc-and-fsanitize-leak
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65572114/how-does-fsanitize-leak-affect-runtime-performance
```c
// Won't detect this leak
int main(void)
{
void *ptr;
ptr = malloc(8);
return (0);
}
```
### Debug Flag `-g`
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24117063/is-a-program-compiled-with-g-gcc-flag-slower-than-the-same-program-compiled-wit
### Optimization Flags
- `-O3` and `-O2`
- https://www.rapidtables.com/code/linux/gcc/gcc-o.html
### Minilibx close window on red cross click
- https://harm-smits.github.io/42docs/libs/minilibx/events.html#test-your-skills
- https://tronche.com/gui/x/xlib/events/
### X Server/**X11/X Window System**
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
- https://duckduckgo.com/?q=x11+fullscreen+window&t=brave&atb=v1-1&ia=web
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1829706/how-to-query-x11-display-resolution
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9083273/x11-fullscreen-window-opengl
- https://www.tonyobryan.com/index.php?article=9
### Wayland
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)#Differences_between_Wayland_and_X
### Zoom
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixFCsST2pF4
- https://iq.opengenus.org/power-exponential-math-h-c/
### \***\*GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library\*\***
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library
- https://github.com/HowJnB/gmp
- https://gmplib.org/
### Nvidia **Compute Unified Device Architecture**
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaCPrXYOiRE
### C Optimizations
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54297525/fast-way-to-get-a-close-power-of-2-number-floating-point
### Coloring Algorithms
- https://www.mi.sanu.ac.rs/vismath/javier/b1.htm
- https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4035/continuous-coloring-of-a-mandelbrot-fractal
- https://www.uvm.edu/~msargent/fractals/
- https://www.fractalus.com/fractint/dmj-pub.htm
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266018231_Fractals_and_multi_layer_coloring_algorithms
- https://www.ultrafractal.com/help/index.html?/help/coloring/coloring.html
### Escape-Time Algorithm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotting_algorithms_for_the_Mandelbrot_set#Escape_time_algorithm
- https://www.mi.sanu.ac.rs/vismath/javier/b2.htm
### Linear Interpolation (lerp)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_interpolation
- https://github.com/processing/p5.js/blob/main/src/math/calculation.js#L311
- https://p5js.org/reference/#/p5/lerp
- https://github.com/processing/p5.js/blob/aa47d5025162edb66abeb70e9912a50bcb63edaa/src/color/creating_reading.js#L401
### Color Gradients
- https://learncplusplus.org/learn-to-generate-beautiful-color-gradients-in-c-builder/
- https://www.py4u.net/discuss/2538256
- https://www.color-hex.com/
### Bernstein polynomials Color
- https://theses.liacs.nl/pdf/2018-2019-JonckheereLSde.pdf
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_polynomial
```c
r(t) = 9 ∗ (1 − t) ∗ t^3 ∗ 255
g(t) = 15 ∗ (1 − t)^2 ∗ t^2 ∗ 255
b(t) = 8.5 ∗ (1 − t)^3 ∗ t ∗ 255
```
### Graphic Effects
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel-art_scaling_algorithms
### Anti-Aliasing (NOT A FILTER)
- Rendering fractals inevitably causes aliasing (undesirable artifacts)
- We remove aliasing by getting more samples (rendering at a higher resolution), then taking their average to get the final color value for the pixel.
- https://www.fractalus.com/info/antialias.htm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aliasing_filter
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_anti-aliasing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_approximate_anti-aliasing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisample_anti-aliasing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersampling
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3011274/antialiasing-algorithm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist–Shannon_sampling_theorem
### Blur Filters
- They don’t improve the image, they just make it blury.
- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/box-blur-algorithm-with-python-implementation/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_blur
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur
- https://github.com/liamfotheringham/Mandelbrot-Gaussian-Blur
### **Anisotropic filters**
- Enhances texture quality seen at oblique angles.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mipmap
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisotropic_filtering
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolation
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilinear_filtering
### Bitwise Operations
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operations_in_C
### `pthread.h`
- https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/pthread.h.0p.html
- https://iq.opengenus.org/multithreading-and-pthread-in-c/
- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multithreading-c-2/
- https://www.tutorialspoint.com/multithreading-in-c
- https://github.com/samuelpio01/multithreading-in-c/blob/master/pthread_multithreading.c
### `ft_ftoa`, `ft_dtoa`, `ft_ldtoa`
- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convert-floating-point-number-string/
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32659336/getting-the-exponent-from-a-floating-point-in-c
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5589383/extract-fractional-part-of-double-efficiently-in-c
- https://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cmath/modf/
- https://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cmath/remainder/
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4264127/correct-format-specifier-for-double-in-printf
```c
sizeof(int): 4
sizeof(long): 8
sizeof(long long): 8
sizeof(float): 4
sizeof(double): 8
sizeof(long double): 16
```
### `ft_atof`, `ft_atold`
- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/atol-atoll-and-atof-functions-in-c-c/
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52391330/create-a-precise-atof-implementation-in-c
- https://www.tutorialspoint.com/c_standard_library/c_function_atof.htm
- https://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdlib/atof/
- https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/library-function/cstdlib/atof
### Norminette-compliant C formatter
- https://github.com/dawnbeen/c_formatter_42
- https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=keyhr.42-c-format
### Automatically add functions to C header
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34288513/how-to-automatically-generate-function-headers-for-h-file-in-clion
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17961648/fast-way-to-generate-code-functions-from-header-functions-in-visual-studio
- https://robotpy-build.readthedocs.io/en/latest/autowrap.html
### C Multiline String Literal
- https://jameshfisher.com/2016/11/30/c-multiline-literal/
### C Documenting Functions
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3568052/where-to-document-functions-in-c-or-c
### C Testing
- https://github.com/siu/minunit
- https://github.com/AdrianWR/minishell/blob/main/test/src/test.c
### C Function Pointers
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2438539/does-function-pointer-make-the-program-slow
- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/function-pointer-in-c/
- https://www.tutorialspoint.com/function-pointer-in-c
- https://www.educba.com/function-pointer-in-c/
- https://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/function-pointers.html
- https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/function-pointers/
- https://riptutorial.com/c/example/31818/typedef-for-function-pointers
### Makefile `wildcard` `foreach` `patsubst` `addprefix` `filter-out`
- https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Wildcard-Function.html
- https://github.com/LuigiEnzoFerrari/42School_Libft/blob/164a400929/Makefile
- https://github.com/LuigiEnzoFerrari/EasyAsHell/blob/main/Makefile
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28919583/create-directories-when-generating-object-files-in-gcc
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1814270/gcc-g-option-to-place-all-object-files-into-separate-directory
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16144115/makefile-remove-duplicate-words-without-sorting
### Relinking
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29659569/what-is-relinking-warning
### Git
- https://www.gitkraken.com/learn/git/problems/revert-git-commit
### Git `submodule`
- `git clone --recurse-submodule REMOTE_REPO`
- `git submodule add REMOTE_REPO`
- `git submodule foreach git pull`
- `git submodule update --init --recursive`
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33714063/how-to-update-submodules-in-git
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59271919/how-to-clone-public-submodule-in-github-actions
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50254184/git-submodule-and-fetch
- https://www.w3docs.com/snippets/git/how-to-add-a-submodule-in-git.html
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1260748/how-do-i-remove-a-submodule#1260982
### Color Inspirations
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliophis_bivirgatus