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https://github.com/llaisdy/beam_languages

Languages, and about languages, on the BEAM
https://github.com/llaisdy/beam_languages

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Languages, and about languages, on the BEAM

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* Languages, and about languages, on the BEAM



** Contents                                                             :TOC:

- [[#languages-and-about-languages-on-the-beam][Languages, and about languages, on the BEAM]]

  - [[#overview][Overview]]

  - [[#34-languages-on-the-beam][34 Languages on the BEAM]]

  - [[#about-languages][About Languages]]

  - [[#about-the-beam][About the BEAM]]

  - [[#erlang-and-types][Erlang and Types]]



** Overview



This document is intended to list (a) languages implemented to run on the BEAM, the Erlang virtual machine, and (b) documents (articles & presentations) about the hows and whys of writing languages to run on the BEAM.



For the moment, and for want of a better name, I call such languages "BEAM languages" (although I have heard that there are other Erlang VMs, ...).



I would like the document to be comprehensive, or at least "representative".  If I have missed a BEAM language, some noteworthy discussion about a BEAM language, or documentation about implementing languages targetting the BEAM, please let me know through the usual channels (issues, forks, PRs, tweets, emails, etc.).  



Thank you.



** 34 Languages on the BEAM



First Erlang itself,

 then the  5 [[#lisps][Lisp-influenced]] languages,

 then the 15 [[#statically-typed-languages][statically-typed]] languages,

 then the 13 [[#etc][others]].  Including Erlang,

 that's   34 languages in all.



*** erlang itself



- http://www.erlang.org/

- https://github.com/erlang/otp



*** lisps

**** clojerl (2015+)



clojerl - Clojure for the Erlang VM



- http://clojerl.org/

- http://try.clojerl.online/

- https://github.com/clojerl/clojerl



**** joxa (2011+)



- http://joxa.org/

- https://github.com/joxa/joxa

- https://joxa.readthedocs.org/



***** Differences Between Joxa and LFE



- Eric Merritt

- 2012/02/21

- http://blog.ericbmerritt.com/2012/02/21/differences-between-joxa-and-lfe.html



***** Joxa: A Full Featured Lisp on the Erlang VM



- Eric Merritt

- 2012/08/22

- https://vimeo.com/49116180



**** kapok (2015-2018)



- https://github.com/kapok-lang/kapok



**** lfe (2008+)



- http://lfe.io/

- https://github.com/rvirding/lfe



**** 'the concurrent schemer' (2013-2014)



- http://the-concurrent-schemer.github.io/scm-doc/

- https://github.com/the-concurrent-schemer/scm



*** statically-typed languages

**** alpaca (2016+)



- https://github.com/alpaca-lang/alpaca



**** caramel (2020?+)



An Erlang backend to the OCaml compiler



- https://caramel.run/

- https://github.com/AbstractMachinesLab/caramel



**** cuneiform (2013+)



- https://cuneiform-lang.org

- https://github.com/joergen7/cuneiform

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(programming_language)



**** elchemy (2017+)



An Elm syntax front-end for Elixir (i.e., converts Elm-style input language into Elixir source code).



- https://wende.github.io/elchemy/

- https://github.com/wende/elchemy



**** eml (2012)



"eml - Erlang flavored by Some ML"



- https://github.com/etnt/eml



**** fez (2017+)



fez - fsharp to core erlang compiler experiment



- https://github.com/kjnilsson/fez



**** fika (2020)



A statically typed functional programming language for the web



- https://github.com/fika-lang/fika



**** gleam (2016+)



gleam - "A statically typed language for the Erlang VM"



- https://gleam.run

- https://github.com/gleam-lang/gleam



**** hamler (2020)



Haskell-style functional programming language running on Erlang VM.



- https://github.com/hamler-lang/hamler

- https://hamler-lang.org/



**** haskerl et al. (1993-2014)



- https://github.com/etnt/Haskerl



- The Haskerl Index ::

  http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~partain/haskerl.html



- Yhc/Erlang/Proof of concept ::

  https://wiki.haskell.org/Yhc/Erlang/Proof_of_concept



**** idris-erlang (2014-17)



- https://github.com/lenary/idris-erlang



This is an Idris package (therefore requiring Haskell and Idris) which compiles Idris source code into erlang source code.



**** idris2-erlang (2020+)



An Erlang code generator for Idris 2 (eg compiles Idris 2 programs to Erlang source code or to BEAM).



- https://github.com/chrrasmussen/Idris2-Erlang



**** purerl (2016+)



Erlang backend for PureScript



- https://github.com/purerl/purerl

- https://purerl.fun/



- Introducing PureScript Erlang ::

  http://nwolverson.uk/devlog/2016/08/01/introducing-purescript-erlang.html



**** rufus (2018+)



"A general-purpose programming language for the BEAM"



- https://github.com/rufus-lang/rufus



There's website source, but no website.  Some docs, eg here:



- https://github.com/rufus-lang/rufus/blob/main/rufus-lang.org/public/doc/spec.md



Looks like it's implemented in erlang too!



**** sesterl (2020+)



A "Session-Typed Erlang", an ML-inspired statically-typed Erlang



- https://github.com/gfngfn/Sesterl



- [[https://github.com/gfngfn/the_sesterl_book][The Sesterl Book]]

- [[https://blog.michallepicki.com/notes-on-using-sesterl.html][Notes on using Sesterl]]

- [[https://github.com/gfngfn/game_tianjiupai][Sample game reference based on Elm and Sesterl]]



*** etc

**** efene (2009+)



- http://efene.org/

- https://github.com/efene/efene



**** elixir (2011+)



- http://elixir-lang.org/

- https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir



**** ephp (2013+)



An erlang interpreter for PHP



- https://github.com/bragful/ephp



Presumably as used by [[https://bragful.com][Bragful]] --- "A resilient and scalable PHP".



**** erl2 (2012)



- https://github.com/joearms/erl2



- Announcement and ensuing discussion on erlang-questions ::

  http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2012-February/064687.html



- "A Few Improvements to Erlang" (EUC 2012) ::

  http://www.erlang-factory.com/conference/ErlangUserConference2012/speakers/joearmstrong



- A blog post about the above presentation in Chinese ::

  http://www.cnblogs.com/me-sa/archive/2012/06/06/2538941.html



**** erlog (2008-2018)



- https://github.com/rvirding/erlog



***** Backtracking in Erlang, part 1 - control



- Robert Virding

- 2009/03/18

- http://rvirding.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/backtracking-in-erlang-part-1-control.html



**** erlyjs (2008-2013)



The original repo (on Google Code) no longer exists, but there are several forks, e.g.:



- https://github.com/KlausTrainer/erlyjs



A couple of blog posts from 2008 (the second is by the original developer of erlyjs):



- ErlyJS: JavaScript on Erlang ::

  http://ajaxian.com/archives/erlyjs-javascript-on-erlang



- ErlyJS - translating Javascript to Erlang ::

  http://rsaccon.blogspot.co.uk/2008/02/erlyjs-translating-javascript-to-erlang.html



**** ffe: Forth-flavoured Erlang (2014-2016)



- https://github.com/tonyrog/ffe



**** interfix (2015)



- https://github.com/marianoguerra/interfix



**** luerl (2012+)



- https://github.com/rvirding/luerl



**** OTPCL (2017+)



Open Telecom Platform Command Language: "a scripting language designed to integrate with and extend applications written in BEAM-based languages"



- https://otpcl.github.io/

- https://github.com/otpcl/otpcl



**** reia (-2012)



- http://reia-lang.org/

- https://github.com/tarcieri/reia



**** template_compiler (2016-)



This compiler is a complete rewrite of the Erlang Django (ErlyDTL) template language fork used in Zotonic. In contrast with ErlyDTL

the template_compiler generates small Erlang modules which are shared between different templates and sites.



- https://github.com/zotonic/template_compiler

- https://test.zotonic.com/page/1352/templates



**** xerl (2013)



- https://github.com/extend/xerl



Five web articles in 2013 starting with:



- Xerl: empty modules (2013/01/30) ::

  http://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.1-empty-modules/



** About Languages



*** Implementing languages on the BEAM (4)



(video)

- Robert Virding & Mariano Guerra

- 2018/05/17 (Erlang Solutions Webinar)

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MTiqI9v-ck



*** Implementing languages on the BEAM (3)



(video)

- Robert Virding & Mariano Guerra

- 2018/03/06 (CodeBEAM SF)

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkAbwmn5Rv8



*** Efene and the BEAM Community



(slides & video)

- Mariano Guerra

- 2017/06/06 (EUC)

- http://www.erlang-factory.com/euc2017/mariano-guerra



*** How BEAMs are made



Slides with link to github repo



- Mariano Guerra

- 2016/10 (BEAM BA Meetup)

- http://marianoguerra.org/talks/beamba-buenos-aires-meetup/#/how-beams-are-made



*** Eric Merritt, Erlang and distributed systems expert, gives his views on BEAM languages, Hindley–Milner type systems and new technologies



(article/interview, with links to podcast & video)



- Federico Carrone

- 2015/08/11

- https://medium.com/this-is-not-a-monad-tutorial/eric-merritt-erlang-and-distributed-systems-expert-gives-his-views-on-beam-languages-hindley-a09b15f53a2f



*** Create Your Own Language: How to implement a language on top of Erlang Virtual Machine (BEAM)



(slides)

- Hamidreza Soleimani

- 2015/08/06

- https://www.slideshare.net/hamidreza-s/create-your-own-language



*** Implementing Languages on the BEAM (2)



(slides & video)

- Robert Virding

- 2014/11/04 (Codemesh 2014)

- http://www.codemesh.io/codemesh2014/robert-virding



*** Implementing Languages on the BEAM (1)



(video)

- Robert Virding

- 2014/10/29 (London Erlang UG)

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm0mbQbc9Kc



*** Erlang, LFE, Joxa and Elixir: Established and Emerging Languages in the Erlang Ecosystem



(slides)

- Brian Troutwine

- 2014/07/23

- http://www.slideshare.net/BrianTroutwine1/erlang-lfe-elixir-and-joxa-oscon-2014



** About the BEAM



*** The BEAM Book



A description of the Erlang Runtime System ERTS and the virtual Machine BEAM

https://github.com/happi/theBeamBook



*** The BEAM Toolbox



A list of tools and libraries that are useful for BEAM languages like efene, erlang, LFE and Elixir projects.

http://efene.org/toolbox.html



** Erlang and Types



These first two papers are linked from Philip Wadler's erlang page: http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/erlang.html



*** A practical subtyping system for Erlang (1997)



(paper)

- Simon Marlow & Philip Wadler 

- 1997

- http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/papers/erlang/erlang.pdf



*** The great type hope (2002)



(slides)

- Philip Wadler

- 2002

- http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/papers/erlang/erlang-slides.pdf



*** Pure Type System for Erlang (2014+)



- Namdak Tonpa

- 2013

- Paper: http://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5045439

- Code: https://github.com/groupoid/pure



*** Gradualizer: A Gradual Type System for Erlang (2018+)



A gradual typing system and static code analysis tool for Erlang.



- https://github.com/josefs/Gradualizer



The type system is based on "Gradual Typing for Functional Languages" (Siek & Taha, 2006) (see doc/GTLC.hs):



- http://scheme2006.cs.uchicago.edu/13-siek.pdf.



*** ErlT - experimental erlang dialect (2021)



Facebook's abandoned project to add first-class support for static typing to erlang.  Github repo archived and read-only.



- https://github.com/WhatsApp/erlt



*** Bidirectional typing for Erlang (2021)



Erlang Type Checker Prototype Based on Bidirectional Typechecking.



- Nithin Vadukkumchery Rajendrakumar, Annette Bieniusa

- Paper: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3471871.3472966

- Video: https://youtube.com/watch?v=MAerjPQUKQQ

- Code: https://github.com/vrnithinkumar/ETC