https://github.com/lwdgit/learngit

for study git
https://github.com/lwdgit/learngit
Last synced: 4 months ago
JSON representation
for study git
Host: GitHub
URL: https://github.com/lwdgit/learngit
Owner: lwdgit
Created: 2015-11-15T12:55:09.000Z (over 9 years ago)
Default Branch: master
Last Pushed: 2015-11-16T09:57:18.000Z (over 9 years ago)
Last Synced: 2025-01-04T19:11:57.142Z (6 months ago)
Size: 0 Bytes
Stars: 0
Watchers: 2
Forks: 0
Open Issues: 0
Metadata Files:
- Readme: readme.html
Awesome Lists containing this project

README

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.markdown-body ol ul {

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}

.markdown-body li>p {

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}

.markdown-body dl {

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}

.markdown-body dl dt {

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  font-style: italic;

  font-weight: bold;

}

.markdown-body dl dd {

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  margin-bottom: 16px;

}

.markdown-body blockquote {

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  border-left: 4px solid #ddd;

}

.markdown-body blockquote>:first-child {

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}

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}

.markdown-body table {

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}

.markdown-body table th {

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.markdown-body table th,

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}

.markdown-body table tr {

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}

.markdown-body table tr:nth-child(2n) {

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}

.markdown-body img {

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}

.markdown-body code,

.markdown-body samp {

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  font-size: 85%;

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.markdown-body .codehilite pre,

.markdown-body pre {

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/* Admonition */

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}

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}

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}

.markdown-body .question>.admonition-title {

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}

.markdown-body .note>.admonition-title {

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}

.markdown-body .admonition:before,

.markdown-body .attention:before,

.markdown-body .caution:before,

.markdown-body .hint:before,

.markdown-body .danger:before,

.markdown-body .question:before,

.markdown-body .note:before {

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}

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}

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}

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}

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}

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}

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}

.markdown-body .admonition::after {

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}

.markdown-body .caution {

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}

.markdown-body .danger {

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}

.markdown-body .question {

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}

.markdown-body .note {

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}

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}

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  float: left;

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  -moz-border-radius: 3px;

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    transparent

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    transparent 52%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 52%,

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    transparent

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    rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 27%, transparent 27%,

    transparent 52%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 52%,

    rgba(255, 255, 255, .4) 77%, transparent 77%,

    transparent

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}

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}

.markdown-body .progress-80plus .progress-bar {

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}

.markdown-body .progress-60plus .progress-bar {

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}

.markdown-body .progress-40plus .progress-bar {

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}

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}

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}

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}

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}

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}

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}

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.codehilite pre .o { font-weight: bold } /* Operator */

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.codehilite pre .sc { color: #df5000 } /* Literal.String.Char */

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.codehilite pre .s2 { color: #df5000 } /* Literal.String.Double */

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.codehilite pre .sh { color: #df5000 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */

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.codehilite pre .ss { color: #8b467f } /* Literal.String.Symbol */

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.codehilite pre .vc { color: #008080 } /* Name.Variable.Class */

.codehilite pre .vg { color: #008080 } /* Name.Variable.Global */

.codehilite pre .vi { color: #008080 } /* Name.Variable.Instance */

.codehilite pre .il { color: #945277 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */readme


Git使用教程与基本原理





Git使用教程与基本原理

认识Git

安装及初步使用

Git仓库



Git基本操作

初始化仓库

添加文件

添加一个版本

推送变更

创建并管理分支

撤消改动







高级用法

在Git中忽略文件

查看代码改动情况

回顾仓库历史

绝不丢失一个提交信息

合并多次提交

保存尚未提交的改动

检查丢失的提交

cherry-pick命令





参考&拓展资料







认识Git

Q: 什么是GIT?



Git是一个强调速度的分布式版本控制软件和源代码管理系统（SCM，source code management）。由Linus Torvalds为方便分布式开发linux而设计的管理软件。每一个Git工作目录都是一个带有完全历史记录和版本信息的仓库，不依赖网络和中央服务器。Git遵从GNU v2协议。



Q: 为什么要用GIT?



更顺畅的工作流程，开发过程中，完全可以离线操作

快速，Git分布式架构使得本地仓库包含所有的历史版本信息，你可以在不同的版本之间快速切换

弹性的本地分支，在SVN下，你建一个分支需要把源代码复制到另一文件夹下，在Git上你只需要一个命令

内容控元数据方式存储，所有的版本信息都位于.git目录下

完整性好，更易于协作开发

用户群大，现在已经有成千上万个开源项目采用Git来做项目管理，github上更是有无数个代码仓库





安装及初步使用

sudo apt-get install git;安装

git config --global user.name "xxx";设置用户名

git config --global user.email "[email protected]";设置用户邮箱

git config --global core.editor vim;指定编辑器

git config --global merge.tool vimdiff;指定比对工作

git config --list;查看配置

ssh-keygen -t rsa;生成ssh连接公密钥，windows下请将文件放在git安装目录下的.ssh目录下

ssh [email protected];测试ssh是否配转置成功





Git仓库

Git做为一个资源管理和跟踪系统，如果想要把自己的文件托管在Git上，那么你得先让Git知道你需要管理的文件在哪。通过cd进入指定目录后，运行git init命令，就会在当前目录下生成.git目录，Git用来进行版本控制和内容跟踪的所有文件都在该文件夹下。


处于Git跟踪下的文件只有三种状态：



Modified(working directory): 被修改过的文件

Staged(staging area): 通过git add添加到暂存区域的文件

Committed(git directory): 通过git commit提交到仓库的文件



所以，一般的git工作流程可能是这样：修改过某些文件，然后把这些文件都添加到暂缓区，再提交到仓库中形成一个版本或快照。最后提交到Git服务器上。而在中间，可能伴随分支管理，分支切换，撤消与合并。

可能有些人会觉得很奇怪，为什么Git会有暂存区域这个概念，直接提交到仓库中这就OK了。其实这是Git为了做版本控制用的。试想如果没有暂存区域，每修改一个文件，就会形成一个版本，太过频繁，不易于管理。暂存区域其实就是下一个版本的文件清单，你可以自由控制该往仓库中提交什么文件，这也可以避免在一个版本中包含一些中间文件，比如编译后的文件。











Git基本操作



初始化仓库

git init;//创建新仓库

git clone [url];//从远程仓库克隆

git clone [path];//从本地仓库克隆，如git clone /home/www/test





添加文件

git add filename1 filename2;按文件名添加

git add -A .;添加所有

git add filename1;在文件被修改后，需要再次使用git add才会被commit





添加一个版本

git commit -m "commit message";只commit本次add过的文件

git commit -am "commit message";//将所有以前添加过并修改过的文件commit进去





关于-a参数的意义

其实git add命令只是指定文件的当前状态添加暂存区域，并不代表一个文件一时旦添加，就会一直存在每个版本中。如果你添加一个文件后对这个又进行了修改，在你commit时候，只会commit这个文件添加时的状态，不会把之后的修改也commit进去，除非你再次添加





推送变更

在你commit完之后，你可能想把自己的代码提交到github或者其他git服务器上，与他人交流共享，这时候就需要和远程服务器打交道了。

如果你是在本地建立起的仓库，默认情况下是没有任何服务器地址的，如果你是从其他服务器复制过来的仓库，这个服务器地址会自动添加到你的仓库中，你可以这样查看：

git remote -v;

git remote;只会列出服务器的别名，不会列出地址



一个仓库可以有多个服务器地址，这就意味着，你可以从不同的人手中复制同一个仓库，但这并不会打乱你自己的分支。

合并其他代码到你的版本中，可以这样做：

git remote add code_a [email protected]:xxx/xxxx

git fetch code_a;也可以用pull code_a master

git merge code_a/master;fetch并不会合并代码

git push origin master





创建并管理分支

在做项目的时候，你可能会想写一些扩展性的功能，或者做一些小实验，但是你又不想影响你现在的项目。这个时候，你可以创建一个分支，然后在这个分支里写东西，当觉得不好的时候，你可以把这个分支删除掉，对你之前的主分支没有任何影响。或者你觉得这个新特性超出了自己的预想，可以合并到主分支里，这时候你只要把工作转回主分支，然后合并分支，最后删除分支，然后就跟没有那个分支一样。具体操作如下：

git branch test;创建一个test分支

git checkout test;切换到test分支,这两步操作也可以用git checkout -b test实现

;edit commit debug util merge

git checkout master;切换回master

git merge test;将test合并进master

git checkout -b test2;创建test2分支，并转到test2分支

git branch -d test;删除分支test

git branch;列出所有分支

git branch -v;列出所有分支及当前commit信息





git merge实质是把两个版本合并在一起，然后在当前分支创建一个新的commit，如果你在两个分支的同一个文件的同一地方都做了修改，这时候merge就会失败，git就不会自动创建一个commit，而是直接停住。你需要手动修改这些冲突的文件，选择这两个分支中的一个版本，或者自己重写这个部分，然后手动添加这些文件到暂存区域，再commit就ok了。要查看哪些文件冲突了，可以用git status查看。





撤消改动

如果你提交太早，忘了添加某些文件，你可以这样做：


git commit -m "add something"

git add file1

git commit --amend -m "fix some bug";修改上一次的commit log



如果你添加了不该添加的文件，你可以这样挽回：

git add -A .

git reset HEAD readme.md;将reame.md中踢出Stage area



如果你编译错了一个文件，你想把它恢复到上一个版本的状态，你可以这样做：

git checkout -- readme.md;撤消这个文件的修改

git reset --hard HEAD^;滚回上一个版本

git reset --hard 版本号;滚回指定版本





高级用法



在Git中忽略文件

如果需要让Git忽略特定文件或目录，只需要简单的创建一个.gitignore文件，然后列出你不想让Git跟踪的文件和目录即可。你可以使用感叹号!来指出例外的情况。

*.pyc

*.exe

my_db_config/

!main.pyc





查看代码改动情况

git blame filename





回顾仓库历史

可以使用git log,它有三个选项，你应该了解。





--oneline   把每次提交间显示的信息压缩成只有hash和提交message的信息，在一行显示



--graph     该选项会在输出界面的左手边用一种基于文本的图形表示法显示历史。如果你只是浏览一个单独分支的历史，那么这个功能是没有用的



--all       显示全部分支的历史





绝不丢失一个提交信息

如果你提交了一个你不想要的代码，并且在之后你通过使用git reset使其回到了之前的状态。那么git log上的信息可能会丢失。而git reflog可以记录你的所有操作。

git reflog显示的是所有head移动的信息。记住，它是在本地的，而不是你仓库的一部分，不会包含推送(push)和合并中(merge)。



合并多次提交

当你提交你的代码进行审核并创建一个pull request时，你经常会在代码被采纳之前，要求修改一些代码。你进行了一些修改，而在下一次审核中，又会被要求进行另外的修改。你不知道还有多少次修改等着你，在你知道之前，你进行了多次额外的提交。理想的状态是，你可以使用rebase命令，把他们都合并成一次提交。

git rebase -i HEAD~2;合并最后两次提交，之后会进入交互界面，按提示操作





保存尚未提交的改动

如果你正在解决一个BUG或是添加某个新功能，这时你突然被要求展示你的工作。而你当前的工作还没完成到进行提交的地步，而且这个阶段你也没办法展示你的工作（如果不回退所有变化的话），那么git stash可以帮到你。stash本质上是保存你全部的改动以供将来使用。保存你的改用，你只需这样做：

git stash;暂存工作

git stash list;查看暂存列表

git stash apply;恢复这些改动

git stash apply stash@{2}恢复指定的序列号





检查丢失的提交

尽管reflog是一种查看丢失提交的方法，但是它在大型仓库中行不能。这时就该fsck(file system check)出场了。

git fsck --lost-found






这里你可以看到丢失的提交，你可以git show [commit hash]来查看这些提交所包含的改动或者是用git merge [commit_hash]来恢复它。

git fsck比git reflog有一个优势，如果你删除了一个远端分支并且克隆了仓库，使用git fsck可以搜索并恢复该远端分支。



cherry-pick命令

cherry-pick是指从不同的分支里选择某次提交并且把它合并到当前的分支来。如果你在并行的开发某两个或多个分支，你可能会注意到有一个bug存在于所有的分支中。如果你在一个分支中解决了它，你可以使用cherry-pick来把这次提交合并进其它的分支而不会搞乱其他的文件或是提交。

用法：


git cherry-pick [commit_hash]





参考&拓展资料

http://backlogtool.com/git-guide/cn/

http://selfcontroller.iteye.com/blog/1786644

http://gitbook.liuhui998.com/index.html

http://blog.csdn.net/qinjienj/article/details/7816047

http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-9185047-id-445215.html

http://blog.csdn.net/herbert5069/article/details/24197825

http://roclinux.cn/?p=622

http://blog.jobbole.com/75348/

http://blog.csdn.net/wengpingbo/article/details/8985132
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撤消改动

高级用法

在Git中忽略文件

查看代码改动情况

回顾仓库历史

绝不丢失一个提交信息

合并多次提交

保存尚未提交的改动

检查丢失的提交

cherry-pick命令

参考&拓展资料
