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https://github.com/makstyle119/php

PHP from beginner to advanced
https://github.com/makstyle119/php

begginer-friendly makstyle119 php tutorial

Last synced: 8 months ago
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PHP from beginner to advanced

Awesome Lists containing this project

README 

          
# PHP



this is my journey to learn and understand PHP



## Folder Structure:



```

├── 📂 php-revision

    ├── 📂 src

      |- 001_output.php

      |- 002_variables.php

      |- 003_arrays.php

      |- 004_conditionals.php

      |- 005_loops.php

      |- 006_functions.php

      |- 007_array_functions.php

      |- 008_string_functions.php

      |- 009_super_globals.php

      |- 010_get_post.php

      |- 011_sanitizing_inputs.php

      |- 012_cookies.php

      |- 013_sessions.php

      |- 014_file_handling.php

      |- 015_file_upload.php

      |- 016_exception.php

      |- 017_oop.php

docker-compose.yml

Dockerfile

README.md

```



## Code Explaining



- 000/folder-structure

```

Nothing much just basic folder structure

```



- php-revision/src/001_output.php

  - `echo` most common thing use for printing (specially for debugging) - with `echo` you can print multiple values using as comma separated values - only string and numbers

  - `print` same as `echo` but only print single value

  - `print_r()` use a lot with arrays

  - `var_dump()` against use a lot with array but can use with anything - return type as well

  - `var_export()` similar with `var_dump()` but not as efficient as `var_dump()` is

  - `= 'Some Text' ?>` single line only - same as `echo`

```



  

  

  

  01_output



  


    

  


  


    ='Post Two' ?>

  



```



- php-revision/src/002_variables.php

  - `Variables`

    - `String` - A string is a series of characters surrounded by quotes

    - `Integer` - Whole numbers

    - `Float` - Decimal numbers

    - `Boolean` - true or false

    - `Array` - An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value

    - `Object` - A class

    - `NULL` - Empty variable

    - `Resource` - A special variable that holds a resource

  - `Data Types`

    - `Variables` must be prefixed with $

    - `Variables` must start with a letter or the underscore character

    - `variables` can't start with a number

    - `Variables` can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )

    - `Variables` are case-sensitive ($name and $NAME are two different variables)

```

" . $name . ' is ' . $age . ' year old. and have ' . $has_on_hand . ' money'; // this is how you can do contact in php

echo "
 $name is $age year old. and have $has_on_hand money 
"; // this is another way



$x = '5' + '5'; // php will still consider it as int;

var_dump($x);



echo "\t" . 10 - 5 . "\t";

echo 10 * 5 . "\t";

echo 10 / 5 . "\t";

echo 10 % 5 . "\t";



echo "
";



// constant

define('HOST', 'localhost'); // never change



echo HOST;

```



- php-revision/src/003_arrays.php

  - `Arrays`

    - `Simple Array` - anything between two large brackets with a comma to separate them is a simple array.

    - `Associate Array` - in associate array we will set key and value just like object in js.

    - `Multi Dimension Array` - here we will have array inside another array

```

 '#000',

        'white' => '#fff'

    ];



    echo $color['black'];



    // Multi Dimension Array

    $people = [

        [

            'first_name' => 'Moiz',

            'last_name' => 'Ali',

            'email' => 'some.email@cool.com'

        ],

        [

            'first_name' => 'Maria',

            'last_name' => 'Khan',

            'email' => 'some.email2@cool.com'

        ]

    ];



    echo $people[1]['email'];



    // convert an array into json

    var_dump(json_encode($people));

```



- php-revision/src/04_conditionals.php

  - If else

    - `if (condition)` - check if the statement is true

    - `elseif (condition)` - same as if check for second or more condition - optional

    - `else` - this will run if no condition match - optional

  - Ternary operator

    - `?` this is if statement

    - `-` this is else

    - `?` and `-` should run together

    - `&&` this is and operator

    - `??` this will check for first value and if not exist then go for second

  - Switch cases

    - `switch(condition)` - switch case are same as if else here you start with passing the parameter then check if on every case

    - `case value` - check if provided value is same as parameter

    - `break` - to break the switch case

    - `default` - it will run if no other case match - optional

```

 Greater than

    <= Less than or equal to

    >= Greater than or equal to

    == Equal to

    === Identical to

    != Not equal to

    !== Not identical to

*/



/* ---------- If & If-Else Statements --------- */



/*

** If Statement Syntax

if (condition) {

  // code to be executed if condition is true

} 

*/



$age = 20;



if ($age > 18) 

{

    echo 'you are old enough' + "\n";

} 

elseif ($age < 100) // elseif is adding a second or more conditions

{

    echo 'too much old' + "\n";

} 

else // else is a default which will run if no condition match

{

    echo 'you are not old enough' + "\n";

}



$sports = ['Cricket'];



if (empty($sports)) // empty is a built in function to check is array is empty or not 

{

    echo 'no sports exist' + "\n";

}



/* -------- Ternary Operator -------- */

/*

    The ternary operator is a shorthand if statement.

    Ternary Syntax:

        condition ? true : false;

*/



echo empty($sports) ? 'no sports exist' :  $sports[0] + "\n";



echo empty($sports) && 'no sports exist' + "\n";



$first_post = $sports[0] ?? null; //  ?? will check for first value if not exist add second value



/* -------- Switch Statements ------- */



$fav_color = 'red';



switch($fav_color) // switch case are same as if else here you start with passing the parameter then check if on every case

{

    case 'red': // check if provided value is same as parameter

        echo 'Your Favorite color is red';

        break; // to break the switch case

    case 'blue':

        echo 'Your Favorite color is blue';

        break;

    default: // it will run if no other case match

        echo 'I don\'t recognized your favorite color';

        break;

}



?>

```



- php-revision/src/005_loop.php

  - `for loop`

    - `for($a = 0; $a <= 10; $a++)` - for loop have 3 parts - 1. initialize the variable - 2. add the condition (how much you want to run this loop) - 3. increment or decrement the value

  - `while Loop`

    - `while ($b <= 0)` - same as for loop you put your condition and it will run until condition become true

    - `$b -= 1;` - here we will pu increment or decrement

  - `do while loop`

    - `do {}` - in do while loop we perform the task first then check condition - in other words if you want to run condition at least one time use this

    - `$c++;` - increment or decrement

    - `while ($c < 0);` - checking the condition here

  - `foreach loop`

    - `foreach ($posts as $index => $post)` - we use this for array - you can use above loops for arrays as well it just it more common to use - we can get index and individual value from the array using foreach

```

" . "
";



for($a = 0; $a <= 10; $a++) // for loop have 3 parts - 1) initialize the variable - 2) add the condition (how much you want to run this loop) - 3) increment or decrement the value

{

    echo $a . "
"; // do whatever you like here

}



echo  "
" . "for loop ends here" . "
";



/* ------------ While Loop ------------ */



/*

** While Loop Syntax

    while (condition) {

        // code to be executed

    }

*/



echo "
" . "while loop start here" . "
" . "
";



$b = 15;

while ($b <= 0) // same as for loop you put your condition and it will run until condition become true

{

    echo $b . "
";

    $b -= 1; // here we will pu increment or decrement

}



echo "
" . "while loop ends here" . "
";



/* ---------- Do While Loop --------- */



/*

** Do While Loop Syntax

    do {

        // code to be executed

    } while (condition);



do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, even if the condition is false.

*/



echo "
" . "do while loop start here" . "
" . "
";



$c = 0;



do { // in do while loop we perform the task first then check condition - in other words if you want to run condition at least one time use this

    echo $c . "
";

    $c++; // increment or decrement

} while ($c < 0); // checking the condition here



echo "
" . "do while loop ends here" . "
";



/* ---------- Foreach Loop ---------- */



/*

** Foreach Loop Syntax

    foreach ($array as $value) {

        // code to be executed

    }

*/



echo "
" . "foreach loop start here" . "
" . "
";



$posts = ['first post', 'second post', 'third post'];



foreach ($posts as $index => $post) // we use this for array - you can use above loops for arrays as well it just it more common to use - we can get index and individual value from the array using foreach

{

    echo "(" . $index . ")" . " " .$post . "
";

}



echo "
" . "foreach loop ends here" . "
";



?>

```



- php-revision/src/006_functions.php

  - `function` - Functions are reusable blocks of code that we can call to perform a specific task. We can pass values into functions to change their behavior. Functions have their own local scope as opposed to global scope

    - `normal function` 

      - `function register_user($email)` - to create a function you need to use function key word and then function name and the open brackets - you can use argument in the function - argument can be use to get user input or value which can help function functionality

      - `echo $name . ' registered with ' . $email;` // function have strict scope you can't use anything outside or don't use any variable which you declare inside the function outside

      - `global $name;` // using global keyword we can add global scope variable into local scope

      - `register_user('makstyle119@gmail.com');` // function doesn't run by their own you have to run the manually by calling their name

      - `$sum_value = sum(2, 3);` // function can run by them self or can be assign to a variable

    - `anonymous function`

      - `$subtraction = function($a, $b) {` // when you assign function directly to a variable like this - this is called anonymous function

    - `arrow function`

      - `$multiplication = fn($a, $b) => $a * $b;` // this is how you can create a arrow function use fn to create a function and if it's a single line function you don't need return or brackets

```

" . "
";



$name = 'MAK';



function register_user($email) // to create a function you need to use function key word and then function name and the open brackets - you can use argument in the function - argument can be use to get user input or value which can help function functionality 

{

    global $name; // using global keyword we can add global scope variable into local scope

    echo $name . ' registered with ' . $email . "
"; // function have strict scope you can't use anything outside or don't use any variable which you declare inside the function outside

}



register_user('makstyle119@gmail.com'); // function doesn't run by their own you have to run the manually by calling their name



function sum($a, $b = 4) {

    return $a + $b; // function can return and can be void - your argument can have a default value so you if you don't pass the parameter while calling the function default value will be use

}



$sum_value = sum(2, 3); // function can run by them self or can be assign to a variable



echo $sum_value . "
";



echo "
" . "normal function ends here" . "
";



echo "
" . "anonymous function start here" . "
";



$subtraction = function($a, $b) // when you assign function directly to a variable like this - this is called anonymous function

{  

    return $a - $b;

};



echo $subtraction(3, 1) . "
";



echo "
" . "anonymous function ends here" . "
";



echo "
" . "arrow function start here" . "
";



$multiplication = fn($a, $b) => $a * $b . "
"; // this is how you can create a arrow function use fn to create a function and if it's a single line function you don't need return or brackets



echo $multiplication(3, 4) . "
";



echo "
" . "arrow function ends here" . "
";



?>



```



- php-revision/src/007_array_functions.php

  - `count($fruits);` // count array length

  - `var_dump(in_array('apple', $fruits));` // search in array

  - `$fruits[] = 'grape';` // add in the last

  - `array_push($fruits, 'blueberry', 'strawberry');` // add in the last

  - `array_unshift($fruits, 'mango');` // add in the first

  - `array_pop($fruits);` // remove last

  - `array_shift($fruits);` // remove first

  - `unset($fruits[2]);` // remove by index and also the index

  - `$chunked_array` = array_chunk($fruits, 2); // second argument is the n

  - `$arr3 = array_merge($arr1, $arr2);` // merge two arrays

  - `$arr4 = [...$arr1, ...$arr2];` // merge two arrays

  - `$combineColorAndFruitArray = array_combine($color, $fruit);` // combine two arrays

  - `$keys = array_keys($combineColorAndFruitArray);` // return keys of an array

  - `$flipped = array_flip($combineColorAndFruitArray);` // flip the array

  - `$numbersTillTwenty = range(0, 20);` // make range in form of array

  - `$numbersTillTwentyWithString = array_map(function($number) {`

    `return "Number $number";`

  `}, $numbersTillTwenty);` // run a map in the array

  - `$lessThenTen = array_filter($numbersTillTwenty, fn($number) => $number < 10);` // run a map and return where condition match 

  - `$sum = array_reduce($numbersTillTwenty, fn($carry, $number) => $carry + $number);` // run a reducer in a array

```

" . "
";



echo count($fruits); // count array length



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== count end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== search start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



var_dump(in_array('apple', $fruits)); // search in array



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== search end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== add in the array  start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$fruits[] = 'grape'; // add in the last



print_r($fruits);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== add in the array end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array_push start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



array_push($fruits, 'blueberry', 'strawberry'); // add in the last



print_r($fruits);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array_push end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array_unshift start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



array_unshift($fruits, 'mango'); // add in the first



print_r($fruits);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array_unshift end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array_pop start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



array_pop($fruits); // remove last



print_r($fruits);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array_pop end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array_shift start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



array_shift($fruits); // remove first



print_r($fruits);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array_shift end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== unset start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



unset($fruits[2]); // remove by index and also the index



print_r($fruits);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== unset end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== split the array into n number - start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$chunked_array = array_chunk($fruits, 2); // second argument is the n



print_r($chunked_array);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== split the array into n number - end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array merge start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$arr1 = [1, 2, 3];

$arr2 = [4, 5, 6];



$arr3 = array_merge($arr1, $arr2); // merge two arrays



print_r($arr3);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== array merge end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== split operator start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$arr1 = [1, 2, 3];

$arr2 = [4, 5, 6];



$arr4 = [...$arr1, ...$arr2]; // merge two arrays



print_r($arr4);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== split operator end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== combine two array with key value pair - start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$color = ['green', 'red', 'yellow'];

$fruit = ['avocado', 'apple', 'banana'];



$combineColorAndFruitArray = array_combine($color, $fruit); // combine two arrays



print_r($combineColorAndFruitArray);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== combine two array with key value pair - end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== get only keys of an array - start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$keys = array_keys($combineColorAndFruitArray); // return keys of an array



print_r($keys);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== get only keys of an array - end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== flip the array - value become key and key become value - start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$flipped = array_flip($combineColorAndFruitArray); // flip the array



print_r($flipped);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== flip the array - value become key and key become value - end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== create a range from n to m - start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$numbersTillTwenty = range(0, 20); // make range in form of array



print_r($numbersTillTwenty);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== create a range from n to m - end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== create a range with adding more data in return - start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$numbersTillTwentyWithString = array_map(function($number) {

    return "Number $number";

}, $numbersTillTwenty); // run a map in the array



print_r($numbersTillTwentyWithString);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== create a range with adding more data in return - end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== filter start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$lessThenTen = array_filter($numbersTillTwenty, fn($number) => $number < 10); // run a map and return where condition match



print_r($lessThenTen);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== filter end ==================================================";

echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== reduce start ==================================================" . "
" . "
";



$sum = array_reduce($numbersTillTwenty, fn($carry, $number) => $carry + $number); // run a reducer in a array



var_dump($sum);



echo "
" . "
" . "================================================== reduce end ==================================================";



?>



```



- php-revision/src/008_string_functions.php

  - `strlen($string);` // Get the length of a string

  - `strpos($string, 'o');` // Find the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string

  - `strrpos($string, 'o');` // Find the position of the last occurrence of a substring in a string

  - `strrev($string);` // Reverse a string

  - `strtolower($string);` // Convert all characters to lowercase

  - `strtoupper($string);` // Convert all characters to uppercase

  - `ucwords($string);` // Uppercase the first character of each word

  - `str_replace('World', 'Everyone', $string);` // String replace

  - `substr($string, 0, 5);` // Return portion of a string specified by the offset and length

  - `substr($string, 5);` // Return portion of a string specified by the offset and length

  - `str_starts_with($string, 'Hello')` // Starts with

  - `str_ends_with($string, 'Hello')` // Starts with

  - `htmlentities($string2);` // HTML Entities

  - `printf('%s is a %s', 'Brad', 'nice guy');` // Formatted Strings - useful when you have outside data - Different specifiers for different data types

```

Hello World';

echo htmlentities($string2);



// Formatted Strings - useful when you have outside data

// Different specifiers for different data types

printf('%s is a %s', 'Brad', 'nice guy');

printf('1 + 1 = %f', 1 + 1); // float



?>

```



- php-revision/src/009_super_globals.php

  - `$GLOBALS` // A superglobal variable that holds information about any variables in global scope.

  - `$_GET` // Contains information about variables passed through a URL or a form.

  - `$_POST` //  Contains information about variables passed through a form.

  - `$_COOKIE` // Contains information about variables passed through a cookie.

  - `$_SESSION` // Contains information about variables passed through a session.

  - `$_SERVER` // Contains information about the server environment.

  - `$_ENV` // Contains information about the environment variables.

  - `$_FILES` //  Contains information about files uploaded to the script.

  - `$_REQUEST` // Contains information about variables passed through the form or URL.

```



    

    

    

    Document



    
    

            
  • Host: 
    • 

            
  • Document Root: 
    • 

            
  • System Root: 
    • 

            
  • Server Name: 
    • 

            
  • Server Port: 
    • 

            
  • Current File Dir: 
    • 

            
  • Request URI: 
    • 

            
  • Server Software: 
    • 

            
  • Client Info: 
    • 

            
  • Remote Address: 
    • 

            
  • Remote Port: 
    • 

        



```



- php-revision/src/010_get_post.php

```

';

// echo $_GET['age'] . '
';



if ($_POST['submit'])

{

    echo $_POST['name'] . '
';

    echo $_POST['age'] . '
';

}



?>





    Click




    


        Name: 

        

    


    


        Age: 

        

    


    



```



- php-revision/src/011_sanitizing_inputs.php

  - `htmlspecialchars()` // Convert special characters to HTML entities

  - `filter_var()` // Sanitize data

  - `filter_input()` // Sanitize inputs

  - `FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING` // Convert string to string with only alphanumeric, whitespace, and the following characters - _.:/

    - `FILTER_SANITIZE_EMAIL` // Convert string to a valid email address

    - `FILTER_SANITIZE_URL` // Convert string to a valid URL

    - `FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT` // Convert string to an integer

    - `FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_FLOAT` // Convert string to a float

    - `FILTER_SANITIZE_FULL_SPECIAL_CHARS` // HTML-encodes special characters, keeps spaces and most other characters



```





    Name: 

    









Email: 

    






    



```



- php-revision/src/012_cookies.php

  - `$_COOKIE` // get cookie

  - `setcookie('name', 'MAK', time() + 86400);` // set a cookie - first parameter is name second is value and third is expiry - time() = current time (86400 second are equal to one minute)

```



```



- php-revision/src/013_sessions.php

  - `$_SESSION` // get session

  - `$_SESSION['username'] = $username;` // set a session - simple assign it to any value

  - `header('Location: some-page');` // redirect to other page

  - `session_start();` // to start a session - must use if you want to use a session

  - `session_destroy();` // to end a session

```



    


    Username: 

    

    


    


    


    Password: 

    

    


    


    



```



- php-revision/src/014_file_handling.php

  - `file_exists` // if file exist

  - `fopen` // open a file - required file path and permission - 'r' Read | 'w' Write

  - `fread` // read a file;

  - `fclose` // close a file

  - `fwrite` // write a file



```



```



- php-revision/src/015_file_upload.php

  - `$_FILES` // get a file

  - `$_FILES['upload']['name']` // file name

  - `$_FILES['upload']['size']` // file size

  - `$_FILES['upload']['tmp_name']` // file tmp_name

  - `move_uploaded_file` // upload a file in the folder structure

```

File uploaded!';

        } else {

            echo '
File too large!
';

        }

        } else {

            $message = '
Invalid file type!
';

        }

    } else {

        $message = '
Please choose a file
';

    }

}

?>



    

    

    

    File Upload



    



    Select image to upload:



```



- php-revision/src/016_exception.php

  - `throw new Exception` // add a new error

  - `try` // we will try things here - code which we want to run

  - `catch (Exception $e)` // only if code break it will get here

  - `finally` // always run no matter what you do in try or catch - optional

```

getMessage(). ' ';

} finally {

    echo 'first finally';

}



echo 'hello world';



?>



```



- php-revision/src/017_oop.php

  - `class` // class are like object we can create them to use them multiple times

  -  `Access Modifiers` // public, private, protected

  - `public` // can be accessed from anywhere

  - `private` // can only be accessed from inside the class

  - `protected` // can only be accessed from inside the class and by inheriting classes

  - `extends` // you can Inherit any class using extends keyword and you can now use protected and public method here

  - `parent::` // access any parent method

```

name = $name;

        $this->email = $email;

        $this->password = $password;

    }



    // Methods are functions that belong to a class.

    public function set_name($name) {

        $this->name = $name;

    }



    function get_name() {

        return $this->name;

    }

}



$user1 = new User('Moiz', 'moiz@test.com', 'some-password');

$user2 = new User('Maria', 'moiz@test.com', 'some-password');



// $user1->name = 'MAK'; // you can't access a protected property

$user2->set_name('MAK');



var_dump($user1);



echo $user2->get_name();



// Inheritance



class employee extends User {



    private $title;



    public function __construct($name, $email, $password, $title)

    {

        parent::__construct($name, $email, $password);



        $this->title = $title;

    }



    public function get_title()

    {

        return $this->title;

    }

}



$employ1 = new employee('moiz ali', 'moiz.ali@test.com', 'someCoolPassword123!', 'Software Engineer'); 



// var_dump($employ1);



echo $employ1->get_title();



```



- `includes` // use to include a file - no error if file not found

- `require` // use to include a file - error if file not found

- `require_one` // use to include a file - if already include then doesn't include twice



## Logical Operators

- `<` = less than

-  `>` = greater than

-  `<=` = less than or equal to

-  `>=` = greater than or equal to

-  `==` = equal to

-  `===` = identical to

-  `!` = not comparison

-  `!=` = mot equal to

-  `!==` = not identical to

-  `?` = (in ternary operator) if

-  `:` = (in ternary operator) else

-  `??` = or comparison

-  `&&` = and comparison

-  `||` = or comparison



## Style Guide

- `//` this is a single line comment = use for single line comments

- `/*

    this is a multi-line

    comment

  */` = use for multi line comments

- `kabab case` is recommended in `PHP`, eg: my_app.

- `PHP` ignore `white spaces` so you can hit the enter button as much as you want - ( not recommended )

- `inc` use for component folder



## Resources

I start my journey using this cool stuff so shout to them:

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUCiSSyIGGU