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https://github.com/meteoritt/gentleman

Linux desk minibook
https://github.com/meteoritt/gentleman

bash linux ubuntu windows windows-10 wsl

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README 

          
# i'M DEVOPS @ gk lanit



![visitors](https://visitor-badge.laobi.icu/badge?page_id=CSRedRat.gentleman)



[English/Английский](README.md) \| [Русский/Russian](README.ru-RU.md) \| [Translate](https://github.com/rhysd/translate-markdown)



What is Gentleman git repository:



- A Linux Beginner's Handbook for quick immersion, convenience and end-to-end learning skills for easy console operation. You will save a lot of time and reduced learning curve 🐱‍👤

- Linux Performance Tip's & Tools for Fast Work 👨‍💻

- Instrument for reduce the time spent on comparison and selection among a variety of tools, providing a list of relevant solutions, trying to reduce the number of associated errors and increase a positive interaction experience

- Highlights for a long time way in OpenSource world

- Platform for start automated bootstrap with you working environment at new system without history

- Community for sharing experience that are common, affordable and time-saving



What is not Gentleman:



- Not [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux), [Google](https://www.google.com/search?q=how+to+learn+linux), [StackOverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/linux), [Man pages](https://tldr.sh/assets/tldr-book.pdf), new [GNU/Linux distributive](https://distrowatch.com/)



## Menu



- [gentleman minibook - [Dive into Pinguin]](#gentleman-minibook---dive-into-pinguin)

  - [Menu](#menu)

  - [Ubuntu](#ubuntu)

  - [Terminal](#terminal)

  - [Console](#console)

  - [Shell](#shell)

    - [Bash](#bash)

    - [Zsh](#zsh)

      - [History](#history)

      - [Color](#color)

      - [Autocomplete](#autocomplete)

      - [Aliases](#aliases)

    - [Modern console utils](#modern-console-utils)

    - [File Manager](#file-manager)

    - [Search](#search)

    - [Disk](#disk)

    - [Network](#network)

    - [Monitoring](#monitoring)

    - [Log](#log)

    - [Man](#man)

    - [git](#git)

      - [git-lifehacks](#git-lifehacks)

      - [Git-flow](#git-flow)

    - [Managers](#managers)

    - [Automation](#automation)

      - [Text processor](#text-processor)

      - [Parsers:](#parsers)

      - [Ansible](#ansible)

      - [Interactive](#interactive)

    - [Text editor](#text-editor)

      - [nano](#nano)

      - [emacs](#emacs)

      - [vim (vi)](#vim-vi)

    - [Archive](#archive)

    - [Web Browser](#web-browser)

    - [Solution](#solution)

    - [Naked](#naked)

    - [Tip's 💡](#tips-)

  - [Scripts](#scripts)

    - [sed](#sed)

  - [Configs](#configs)

  - [Filesystem](#filesystem)

  - [Soft](#soft)

    - [Packages](#packages)

      - [APT/deb](#aptdeb)

      - [Snap](#snap)

    - [Repos](#repos)

    - [Store](#store)

    - [GUI/Desktop](#guidesktop)

      - [Tools](#tools)

      - [App](#app)

    - [cli](#cli)

    - [Web](#web)

    - [Browser](#browser)

    - [Addons](#addons)

    - [Games](#games)

    - [Server](#server)

  - [Performance](#performance)

    - [Kernel](#kernel)

  - [Hardware](#hardware)

    - [Info](#info)

    - [Drivers](#drivers)

      - [CPU Microcode](#cpu-microcode)

      - [GPU](#gpu)

    - [Support & Compability](#support--compability)

    - [Manufacturers](#manufacturers)

      - [Intel](#intel)

      - [Dell](#dell)

      - [Asus](#asus)

      - [Lenovo](#lenovo)

      - [HP](#hp)

      - [Raspberry Pi](#raspberry-pi)

      - [System76](#system76)

      - [KDE Slimbook](#kde-slimbook)

    - [Routers](#routers)

  - [Cheatsheets](#cheatsheets)

  - [Education](#education)

    - [OpenSource](#opensource)

    - [LFS](#lfs)

    - [GNU](#gnu)

    - [Philosophy](#philosophy)

  - [Docker](#docker)

    - [docker-compose](#docker-compose)

  - [Kubernetes](#kubernetes)

  - [Windows user](#windows-user)

    - [Package Manager](#package-manager)

    - [PowerShell Core (PS Core)](#powershell-core-ps-core)

      - [Repository](#repository)

    - [PowerShell Core (PS Core)](#powershell-core-ps-core-1)

    - [Windows Terminal](#windows-terminal)

    - [Remote client](#remote-client)

      - [KiTTY](#kitty)

      - [MobaXterm](#mobaxterm)

      - [KRDC](#krdc)

      - [Reminna](#reminna)

    - [Linux way](#linux-way)

      - [Git Bash](#git-bash)

    - [Problems](#problems)

    - [Advantages](#advantages)

    - [Console](#console-1)

      - [WSL](#wsl)

    - [Hotkeys](#hotkeys)

    - [App](#app-1)

      - [Tools](#tools-1)

      - [Server](#server-1)

  - [Explanations and interesting facts](#explanations-and-interesting-facts)

  - [Thinking out](#thinking-out)

  - [Top Bugs](#top-bugs)

  - [Criticism](#criticism)

  - [Requests/Wishes/Ideas](#requestswishesideas)

  - [Participation](#participation)

    - [Translating](#translating)

    - [Testing](#testing)

    - [Develop OpenSource](#develop-opensource)

      - [GitHub](#github)

      - [GitLab](#gitlab)

    - [Promotion](#promotion)

    - [Wiki](#wiki)

  - [History](#history-1)

  - [Forums](#forums)

  - [People](#people)

    - [Fathers](#fathers)

    - [Developers](#developers)

    - [Guru](#guru)

    - [Popular](#popular)

  - [Specified](#specified)

  - [Other](#other)

    - [Statistic](#statistic)

    - [Poll](#poll)

    - [Infographics](#infographics)

    - [Presentation](#presentation)

    - [Installation](#installation)

    - [Boot](#boot)

    - [Restoring](#restoring)

    - [Stabilization](#stabilization)

    - [Security](#security)

    - [Telemetry](#telemetry)

  - [Glossary](#glossary)

  - [ToDo](#todo)

    Need fork and finish: https://github.com/willklein/markdown-menu



## [Ubuntu](https://ubuntu.com/download)



One of most popular Linux distributive for servers and desktop (see [Kubuntu with KDE](kubuntu/README.md)). Best for typical server infrastructure without graphics, Docker practice and recommended for beginners. Largest package repository based on Debian + [PPA](kubuntu/README.md#PPA) + [snap](snap/README.md) and flatpak + any popular software support only Ubuntu.



Developed by: [Canonical](https://canonical.com/#partners)

Creator: [Mark Shuttleworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth) (also Space Adventures Tourist)

Support ([LTS](https://ubuntu.com/about/release-cycle)): 5 year base + 5 extended

Users: Goobuntu with KDE in Google, Wikipedia at servers, NASA, MIT, CERN, LIGO, DARPA, Uber, Tesla, Audi, Mercedes, etc.



## Terminal



Console interface where input commands and see outputs.



```markdown

Ctrl+Alt+F1-F9 - change real TTY output to monitor. Default F1 (RHEL) or F7 (Ubuntu). Can be helpfull if console busy or frozen GUI.

```



- [Magic SysRq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key):



```bash

echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq

echo "kernel.sysrq = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf

```



- Magickeys:

-



```

Alt+SysRq+k - **K**ills all programs on the current virtual console, including X.

Alt+SysRq+b - re**B**oot. Or command `echo "b" > /proc/sysrq-trigger

```



## Console



```bash

Ctrl+D # exit, close most popular consoles

cat /etc/*-release # print OS release information

hostnamectl # show hostname info with virtualization info

uname -a # show linux kernel version

cd - # return to previous directory

whereis ls # return binary path

which ls # return path to file

groups # list groups of current user

cat /etc/passwd # list system users

./file.sh # run file.sh in current dir

```



Parameters for human use utils with most popular cases:



```bash

util -v # view util version or verbose output

util --version

util version

util -h # or -? # print help or human format view: ls -hal; df -h; free -h

util --help # or --usage

util help # often no print help

```



## Shell



Change user default shell:



```bash

chsh -s /bin/bash user

```



### Bash



Most popular unix-shell for execute command language. Bash scripts starts with #! (shebang) symbols in file and have .sh extension.



```bash

chmod +x script.sh # make file executable

bash -x script.sh # debug script with print runned command

```



color, l, ll, hh, enhanced history, recursive search, autocomplete



- \~/.bashrc - init file for bash session. Mora about [bash](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bash) and [Prompt](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bash/Prompt_customization) (console invitation). Default [~/.bashrc](.bashrc) file with human and colored output system standard utils:



```bash

sed -i "s/#force_color_prompt/force_color_prompt/; s/#export GCC_COLORS/export GCC_COLORS/; s/#alias dir/alias dir/; s/#alias vdir/alias vdir/; s/-alF'/-alFh'/; s/-A'/-Ah'/; s/-CF'/-CFh'/" ~/.bashrc

```



### [Zsh](https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/)



Powerful shell that operates as both an interactive shell and as a scripting language interpreter.



- Installation:



```bash

sudo apt install zsh powerline fonts-powerline -y # zsh-syntax-highlighting zsh-theme-powerlevel9k

sh -c "$(wget -O- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh/master/tools/install.sh)"



# Oh My Zsh plugin installation (better use zinit plugin manager):

#git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting.git ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-syntax-highlighting

#git clone https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions ${ZSH_CUSTOM:-~/.oh-my-zsh/custom}/plugins/zsh-autosuggestions

#echo "source /usr/share/powerlevel9k/powerlevel9k.zsh-theme" >> ~/.zshrc

```



- [Plugin Manager](https://github.com/zdharma/zinit)



```bash

sh -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zdharma/zinit/master/doc/install.sh)"

```

Restart shell for install zinit.



- [Theme](https://github.com/romkatv/powerlevel10k)



```bash

echo "zinit ice depth=1; zinit light romkatv/powerlevel10k" >> ~/.zshrc

```



To run Powerlevel10k configuration wizard:

```bash

p10k configure

```



- [Plugins](https://github.com/unixorn/awesome-zsh-plugins)



```bash

zinit load zsh-users/zsh-autosuggestions

zinit load zdharma/fast-syntax-highlighting

```



- [Syntax Hightlighting](https://github.com/zsh-users/zsh-syntax-highlighting/blob/master/INSTALL.md)



#### History



```bash

history

history -c # clean

 command # with space at first symbol command will not write to history

! - will run command from history with selected number

!! - run last command in history

sudo !! - run last command in history with substitute user (default as root with admin privileges)

```



- Arrow Up & Down - command history scroll

- Ctrl+R - recursive command history search

- Add timestamp, remove dublicates, sync with any console session:



```bash

cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF

export HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F %T '

export HISTIGNORE='ls -l:ls -la:pwd:date:ll:ls:l:'

export HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

export PROMPT_COMMAND="${PROMPT_COMMAND:+$PROMPT_COMMAND$'\n'}history -a; history -c; history -r;"

EOF

```



#### Color



- Prompt - add red color for root session, print command execute result code:



```bash

cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF

if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then

  . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion

elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then

  . /etc/bash_completion

fi



Last_Command=$? # Must come first!

Blue='\[\e[01;34m\]'

White='\[\e[01;37m\]'

Red='\[\e[01;31m\]'

Green='\[\e[01;32m\]'

Reset='\[\e[00m\]'

FancyX='\342\234\227'

Checkmark='\342\234\223'

## Add a bright white exit status for the last command

PS1="$White\$? "

## If it was successful, print a green check mark. Otherwise, print

## a red X.

if  $Last_Command == 0 ; then

    PS1+="$Green$Checkmark "

else

    PS1+="$Red$FancyX "

fi

## If root, just print the host in red. Otherwise, print the current user

## and host in green.

if  $EUID == 0 ; then

    PS1+="$Red\\h "

else

    PS1+="$Green\\u@\\h "

fi

## Print the working directory and prompt marker in blue, and reset

## the text color to the default.

PS1+="$Blue\\w \\\$$Reset "

EOF

```



- [grc](https://github.com/garabik/grc) - add more color to console output:



```bash

sudo apt install grc -y



cat >> ~/.bash_aliases << EOF

alias cvs='grc --colour=auto cvs'

alias diff='grc --colour=auto diff'

alias esperanto='grc --colour=auto esperanto'

alias gcc='grc --colour=auto gcc'

alias irclog='grc --colour=auto irclog'

alias ldap='grc --colour=auto ldap'

alias log='grc --colour=auto log'

alias netstat='grc --colour=auto netstat'

alias ping='grc --colour=auto ping'

alias proftpd='grc --colour=auto proftpd'

alias traceroute='grc --colour=auto traceroute'

alias wdiff='grc --colour=auto wdiff'

alias dig='grc --colour=auto dig'

alias ll='grc --colour=auto ls -laFh --color=always'

alias cat='grc --colour=auto cat'

alias zcat='grc --colour=auto zcat'

alias make='grc --colour=auto make'

alias gcc='grc --colour=auto gcc'

alias g++='grc --colour=auto g++'

alias head='grc --colour=auto head'

alias mount='grc --colour=auto mount'

alias ps='grc --colour=auto ps'

alias mtr='grc --colour=auto mtr'

alias zgrep='grc --colour=auto zgrep'

alias l='grc --colour=auto ls -lah --color=always'

EOF

```



#### Autocomplete



Check in your system:



```bash

cat ~/.bashrc | grep completion

```



Default already in Ubuntu:



```bash

sudo apt install bash-completion -y

cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF

if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then

  . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion

elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then

  . /etc/bash_completion

fi

EOF

```



- For [kubectl]: see [Kubernetes](./#Kubernetes) partition.



- https://github.com/cloudnativelabs/kube-shell

- kail



#### Aliases



Add alias for command to \~/.bash_aliases:



```bash

cat >> ~/.bash_aliases << EOF

alias upd="sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y"

alias tcp="ss -altp"

EOF

```



Add more useful aliases based on all you shell command history with [topalias](https://github.com/CSRedRat/topalias):



```bash

pip install --user topalias

topalias # add -z flag for zsh

```



### Modern console utils



- [bat](https://github.com/sharkdp/bat) \- cat clone with syntax highlighting and Git integration \+ [delta](https://github.com/dandavison/delta) for Git and diff + [bat-extras](https://github.com/eth-p/bat-extras/blob/master/README.md#installation) (batwatch, batdiff, prettybat).



```bash

sudo apt install bat delta -y

```



- [peep](https://github.com/ryochack/peep) \- less and more alternative

- exa - better than ls

- [f\*\*\*](https://github.com/nvbn/thefuck) \- magnificent app\, that corrects errors in previous console commands. You can add safe fast [aliases](#Aliases) 'f' and 'F' to force -y without confirmation.



```bash

sudo apt install python3-dev python3-pip python3-setuptools -y

pip3 install --user thefuck



puthon #example

#No command 'puthon' found, did you mean

fuck

#python [enter/↑/↓/ctrl+c]

```



- Run any command in one line without check execute result - separate command with **;** (semicolons): touch \$(date).txt; ls -lah

- Run next command in line if previous was successfully completed (exit code: 0) - separate command with **&&** (ampersand): sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y



### File Manager



- [mc](https://github.com/MidnightCommander/mc) - dual-panel visual (working from console without GUI) file manager with SFTP/SMB client, mceditor, archive navigator.Like hotkeys:



```

Ctrl+O - switch panels to console and back to mc

Ctrl+\ - open path bookmarks

Ctrl+X+S - create simlink

Ctrl+X+T - print filename to bottom console line

F3 - view file

F4 - edit file

F4 (in mcedit) - find and replace

Shift+Mouse select - copy selected text text

Shift+RightClick or Shift+Insert - paste clipboard

Shift+Del - cut selected text

F10 - exit

Ctrl+S - search file

Insert - mark file for multiple action

F5 - copy selected or marked files

```



- Full list hotkeys/shortcuts: [panels](https://midnight-commander.org/wiki/doc/filePanels/hotkeys), [actions](https://midnight-commander.org/wiki/doc/common/actions), [text editor](https://midnight-commander.org/wiki/doc/editor/hotkeys) (mcedit).

- [Midnight Commander hotkeys](https://midnight-commander.org/rufork/docs/mc_hotkeys_en.pdf).

- Switch to mcedit for default editor (optional):



```bash

select-editor

sudo update-alternatives --config editor

EDITOR=mcedit mc

cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF

EDITOR=mcedit mc

export EDITOR

EOF

```



In panels mode:



- **F9** Activates the top menu.

- **o** Selects the Option menu.

- **c** Opens the configuration dialog.

- **i** Toggles the use internal edit option.

- **s** Saves your preferences.



### Search



- [fd](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd) \- simple\, fast and user\-friendly alternative to find



```bash

sudo apt install fd-find -y

```



- [fzf](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf) \- fuzzing search



```bash

sudo apt install fzf -y

```



- [mlocate](https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Mlocate)



```bash

sudo apt install mlocate -y

sudo updatedb # update file index, autoupdate every night

sudo locate root | grep txt # search all system

locate root | grep txt # search with user permissions

```



### Disk



```bash

df -h # list volumes, free space, mount points

mount # list mounted points

```



- [pydf](https://github.com/k4rtik/pydf-pypi) - better than df



```bash

pip install --user pydf

```



- [ncdu](https://github.com/rofl0r/ncdu) # or nnn



```bash

sudo apt install ncdu -y

```



- [vifm](https://github.com/vifm/vifm)

- [diskonaut](https://github.com/imsnif/diskonaut) # better than ncdu



### Network



```bash

ip a # show network address, instead legacy "ipconfig" - short and doesn't need sudo

ss -altp # show open tcp ports, instead "netstat -lnp" - short and doesn't need sudo

```



### Monitoring



- [htop](https://github.com/htop-dev/htop) - console interactive process viewer with resources load visualisation (analog Windows task manager)



```bash

sudo apt install htop

```



View IOWAIT: F2 -> display options → detailed CPU time



- [bashtop](https://github.com/aristocratos/bashtop)



```bash

 sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bashtop-monitor/bashtop

 sudo apt update

 sudo apt install bashtop -y

```



- Search proccess:



```bash

ps -A aux | grep 

```



### Log



```bash

tail -f /var/log/dpkg.log # print real-time log or other file

sudo tail -f /var/log/* # printing multiple file logs

```



- [lnav](https://github.com/tstack/lnav)

  _TODO: log rotation_

  _TODO: systemd-journald_



### Man



```bash

man -k login # search mans with login context

PgDown/PgUp # scroll page

/ # in opened man search text  in all man (need Enter for command).

/ # search next (Enter)

q # exit

```



- [tldr](https://github.com/tldr-pages/tldr) \- short manual from internet

- [ealdeer](https://github.com/dbrgn/tealdeer) \- fаst implementation of tldr in Rust

- pinfo - curses based lynx-style info browser, better than man



```bash

cargo install tealdeer

```



- batman # see [Console](./#Console)



### [git](git/README.md)



```bash

git add -A # add to index all files in foler/subfolder and hiden (name start with dot) too

```



- lazygit - console client

- [tig](https://github.com/jonas/tig) \- text\-mode interface for git



#### git-lifehacks



- [BFG](https://github.com/rtyley/bfg-repo-cleaner) \- removes large or troublesome blobs like git\-filter\-branch does

- git commit --amend -m "an updated commit message"

- rebase -i



#### Git-flow



_TODO: Presentation_



### Managers



- screen



```bash

screen pstree # start new session with command pstree

screen -S build ninja # start session "build" with command "ninja"

screen -r build # restore session "build", remove session name to restore last session

screen -ls # list opened session

```



- tmux (default installed in Ubuntu)



```bash

tmux new -s session_name # create new named session

tmux ls # show opened session

tmux attach-session -t 0 # attach for session with number 0

Ctrl+b (Action mode) **c** # create a new window (with shell)

Ctrl+b **w** Choose window from a list

Ctrl+b **0** Switch to window 0 (by number )

Ctrl+b **%** Split current pane horizontally into two panes

Ctrl+b **"** Split current pane vertically into two panes

Ctrl+b **o** Go to the next pane

Ctrl+b **x** Close the current pane

```



Session manager: [tmuxp](https://github.com/tmux-python/tmuxp)



- byobu (default installed in Ubuntu)



```bash

byobu - run new or restore last session

Shift+F6 - deattach session without exit

F2 - add new tab window

F3 - previous tab window

F4 - next tab window

Ctrl+F2 - split vertical windows

Shift+F2 - split horizontal windows

Shift+F3 - next window zone

Ctrl+a+k - close current window

Ctrl-A [ - scroll window

```



### Automation



- cron:



```bash

crontab -e # edit cron jobs for current user

sudo crontab -e -u root # edit root cron jobs

## min (0-59) # hour (0-23) # day of month (date 1-31) # month (1-12) # day of week (1-7) # use '*' in these fields (for 'any')

30             22            31                         12             7                 # cron job format example



cat /etc/crontab # print sheduled tasks

```



_TODO: apt autoupdate_

_TODO: e-mail notification_



#### Text processor



- ack - better than grep

- [ag](https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher) \- better than ack

  awk, sed (ed), grep

- [ripgrep](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep) \- better then ag

- [batgrep](https://github.com/eth-p/bat-extras/blob/master/doc/batgrep.md) \- better then grep\, ack\, ag\, ripgrep \(best\)



```

grep -H # print search string with file path

```



#### Parsers:



- JSON



```bash

sudo apt install jq -y

jq '.parameter[0].next_param'

```



[jged](https://github.com/Wazzaps/jqed/) \- interactive query generator for jq



```bash

pip3 install --user urwid urwid-readline

cd ~/Downloads

git clone https://github.com/Wazzaps/jqed

sudo install -o root -g root ./jqed/jqed /usr/bin/

```



[fx](https://github.com/antonmedv/fx) \- better than jq



- XML



```bash

sudo apt install xmlstarlet -y # user xml command for XPath action

xml val file.xml

xml sel -t -v "/xml/..xpath.." file.xml

```



#### Ansible



Automation and orchestration.



- Installation:



```bash

pip3 install --user ansible

```



#### Interactive



- [percol](https://github.com/mooz/percol)

- aptitude - ncursed Apt shell



### Text editor



#### nano



- When you open file without Write-access privileges (root file from user without sudo) - on bottom printed warning "unwritable".



```bash

nano +42 file.txt # open text file on 42 line number

F2 - save and exit from nano

Ctrl+O - save file

Ctrl+X - exit from editor

Ctrl+W - search

Alt+R - find and replace

Ctrl+C - show current position line/row

```



- Add syntax hightlight without internet and extended formats:



```bash

find /usr/share/nano/ -iname "*.nanorc" -exec echo include {} \; >> ~/.nanorc

```



Improved [Nano Syntax Highlighting](https://github.com/scopatz/nanorc):



```bash

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/scopatz/nanorc/master/install.sh -O- | sh

#wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/scopatz/nanorc/v2.9/install.sh -O- | sh # for nano <= v2.9

```



#### emacs



- [spacemacs](https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs)



F10 - Menu



#### vim (vi)



- [neovim](https://github.com/neovim/neovim)



Exit:



- Without saving changes: Esc (for Command mode) -> :q! -> Enter

- With saveing changes: Esc (for Command mode) -> :q -> Enter or ZZ (capital with Shift) in Text mode for Save and Exit.

- Edit Mode: I (without Shift)

- Text Mode: Esc from Edit Mode or Command mode)

- Search: in Command mode type /text -> Enter



Plugin Manager:



- https://github.com/junegunn/vim-plug

- https://github.com/Shougo/dein.vim



Plugins:



```bash

vimv - better than vim rename & thameera

```



```bash

sudo apt install neovim -y

sudo apt install python3-neovim -y

pip3 install --user neovim

nvim

```



### Archive



```bash

tar xvfz archive.tar.gz # unpack tar.gz archive

unzip archive.zip # unpack ZIP-archive

sudo apt install p7zip p7zip -y

7z x myfile.7z; 7z x archive.rar # uncompress an 7-zip/RAR archive

```



### Web Browser



```bash

sudo apt install elinks -y

sudo apt install w3m -y # with emacs integration

```



### Solution



_TODO: Useful complex commands with explanation._



### Naked



Helpful command to look around



```bash

help help # reference

man man # manuals

env # environment variables

- # list all executable command from autocomplite

ps; ls -la; cat; top

```



### Tip's 💡



```bash

sudo hostnamectl  # correct change hostname, need argument short hostname, not fqdn

apt # use one instead apt-get & apt-cache commands

sudo hwclock # real hardware time on machine

```



## Scripts



1. Mass rename files - replace "name_start" and "name_finish":



```bash

for f in *.name_start; do

    mv -- "$f" "${f%.name_start}.name_finish"

done

```



### sed



- sed1line: http://sed.sourceforge.net/sed1line.txt



## Configs



## Filesystem



- ext4 - default for Ubuntu and for most volumes on linux OS devices (mobile, network, multimedia, etc.).

- XFS - default for RHEL/CentOS

- Btrfs - default for [openSUSE](https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:BTRFS). zypper (snapper) and apt ([apt-btrfs-snapshot](https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/apt-btrfs-snapshot)) with Btrfs on system colume can save installed system package snapshot and rollback if system was damaged. Supported in Ubuntu, Oracle Linux, Fedora. Active developer: Facebook.

- exFAT - filesystem for flash-drive memory. Limited support on some devices. Can't be used for boot device.

- [NTFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS-3G) \- Linux support NT\-filesystem on read/write\.



## Soft



### Packages



#### APT/deb



```bash

dpkg -l | grep  # find installer package and version:

apt search  | grep  # find package in repository

apt show  # package about info

sudo apt -f install # fix broken install packages

```



- [apt-fast](https://github.com/ilikenwf/apt-fast) \- shellscript wrapper for apt\-get and aptitude that can drastically improve apt download times by downloading packages in parallel



```bash

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:apt-fast/stable

sudo apt update

sudo apt install apt-fast -y

```



- apt-file



```bash

sudo apt install apt-file -y

sudo apt-file update

apt-file search libmp3lame.so.0

```



- aptitude - console interactive package manager

- synaptic - GUI package manager



#### [Snap](snap/README.md)



Package management without dependency hell as well as Docker for services. Not replacement deb/rpm system, supported in [20+ popular distributives](https://snapcraft.io/docs/installing-snapd). Use latest GUI app version in any distros and developers no need to compile a separate package for each distribution. Provide All-in-One containerised app will work on [most Desktop Linux OS](https://snapcraft.io/docs/installing-snapd). [Secure](https://snapcraft.io/blog/where-eagles-snap-snap-security-overview) and other isolation ([AppArmor & Seccomp](https://core.docs.ubuntu.com/en/guides/intro/security)) features.



- Install on Kubuntu:



```bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt install snapd -y

sudo apt install plasma-discover-snap-backend -y # KDE Discover integration

sudo snap install snap-store

sudo snap set system refresh.retain=2 # storage limit for previous app versions on disk

```



- Install Snap Application from web [Snap Store](https://snapcraft.io/store) (One Click install), KDE Discovery, GNOME Software or [console](https://snapcraft.io/docs/getting-started).

- Install snapd in other Linux distributives (similar simple): [snapd](https://snapcraft.io/docs/installing-snapd) and [Snap Store](https://snapcraft.io/snap-store).



### Repos



- Google Chrome:



```bash

sudo bash -c 'cat >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/google-chrome.list << EOF

deb [arch=amd64] http://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/ stable main

EOF'

```



### Store



- Steam



```bash

sudo add-apt-repository multiverse

sudo apt update

sudo apt install steam -y

```



### GUI/Desktop



#### Tools



- [CopyQ](https://github.com/hluk/CopyQ) \- advanced clipboard manager with editing and scripting features\.



```bash

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hluk/copyq

sudo apt update

sudo apt install copyq

```



#### App



- WPS Office - proprietary free office suite with hight MS Office compability and similar design from China.



```bash

sudo snap install wps-2019-snap

sudo snap connect wps-2019-snap:cups-control :cups-control

sudo snap connect wps-2019-snap:alsa :alsa

sudo snap connect wps-2019-snap:pulseaudio :pulseaudio

sudo snap connect wps-2019-snap:removable-media :removable-media

```



- [Telegram Desktop](https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop) \- cross\-platfrom quick online messenger\, works with poor connection and low internet speed\.



### cli



- [neofetch](https://github.com/dylanaraps/neofetch)



```bash

sudo apt install neofetch -y

```



- [telegram-cli](https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop) \- cross\-platfrom quick online messenger\, works with poor connection and low internet speed\.



```

sudo snap install telegram-cli

telegram-cli -k 

telegram-cli msg  text - sends message to this peer

```



### Web



- ExplainShell parse linux command: https://explainshell.com/

- [SpellCheck](https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck) \- check bash script: https://www\.shellcheck\.net/



### Browser



### Addons



### Games



### Server



- Lab - Source Code Management (vcs:git), DevOps platform (CI/CD, Monitoring, Kubernetes integration), Project Management and other with more service support (YouTrack, JIRA, oAuth, Gmail, Trello, Slack, Mattermost, HipChat, TeamCity, Jenkins, Bamboo, GitHub, [other](gitlab/README.md))

- Sourcegraph - code search system (GitHub, GitLab, other)



## Performance



### Kernel



- [Liquorix](https://liquorix.net/) \- distro kernel replacement built using custome configuration and kernel sources for desktop\, multimedia\, and gaming workloads\. May be not working with proprietary drivers and not really stable\. Installing \(not recommended\, at your peril\):



```bash

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:damentz/liquorix

sudo apt update

sudo apt install linux-image-liquorix-amd64 linux-headers-liquorix-amd64

```



zram, filesystem, kernel (liquorix), grub, initramfs, preload, sysctl (vm.swappiness)



## Hardware



### Info



### Drivers



[fwupd](https://github.com/fwupd/fwupd) \- Linux Vendor Firmware Service for Autoupdates BIOS and drivers\, integrated with KDE Discover and GNOME Software\. [Vendors support](https://fwupd.org/lvfs/vendors/) lot of [devices](https://fwupd.org/lvfs/devices/).



#### CPU Microcode



#### GPU



Proprietary vs OpenSource



### Support & Compability



### Manufacturers



#### Intel



NUC



#### Dell



XPS 13 Developers Edition



#### Asus



Laptops



#### Lenovo



Thinkpad



#### HP



Servers



#### Raspberry Pi



#### System76



#### [KDE Slimbook](https://kde.slimbook.es/)



### Routers



- Prometheus

- OpenSource firmware



## Cheatsheets



Print hotkey/command/syntaxis tips of the product, that you are currently studying/use more, add magnetically or tape attach to the Hardware system unit or wall. In few months you can give to someone who has not yet had time to learn hotkeys or place the smoking room.



- [Midnight Commander]

- [Linux commands cheat sheet](https://www.improgrammer.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/linux-cheat-sheet.png) – popular linux commands

- [Markdown](https://guides.github.com/pdfs/markdown-cheatsheet-online.pdf)



## Education



### OpenSource



### LFS



### GNU



### Philosophy



## Docker



- lazydocker

- Portainer



### docker-compose



```bash

pip3 install --user docker-compose

```



## Kubernetes



- Installer: Rancher/Kubespray

- Enable kubectl autocompletion:



```bash

echo 'source <(kubectl completion bash)' >>~/.bashrc

kubectl completion bash >/etc/bash_completion.d/kubectl

```



- [kube-shell](https://github.com/cloudnativelabs/kube-shell)



## Windows user



### Package Manager



- [Chocolatey](https://github.com/chocolatey/choco) - [repository](https://chocolatey.org/packages) package manager with console and [GUI client](https://github.com/chocolatey/ChocolateyGUI). Run in CMD.exe as Administrator:



```Batchfile

@powershell -NoProfile -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command "[Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12; iex ((new-object net.webclient).DownloadString('https://chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))" && SET PATH=%PATH%;%ALLUSERSPROFILE%\chocolatey\bin

choco feature enable -n allowGlobalConfirmation

choco install ChocolateyGUI

choco install nuget.commandline --pre

```



Usage:



```

choco search # find package, alias for choco list

choco install notepadplusplus # install package

choco uninstall  # delete/remove

choco upgrade  # update program

choco info  # show about

choco -h # help

```



- [winget](https://github.com/microsoft/winget-cli) \- Microsoft powered cli tools for package management\, distributed with [App Install](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/app-installer/9nblggh4nns1?activetab=pivot:overviewtab). _In development and gathering packages_ ([manifest list](https://github.com/microsoft/winget-pkgs/tree/master/manifests)).



- [Microsoft Store](https://www.microsoft.com/ru-ru/store/apps/windows?icid=CNavAppsWindowsApps) - applicaion software & themes marketpalace for Windows.



Free program examples:



- Slack: https://www.microsoft.com/ru-ru/p/slack/9wzdncrdk3wp

- DBeaver CE: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9PNKDR50694P

- Python 3.9: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9P7QFQMJRFP7

- Windows Terminal: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N0DX20HK701

- Sticky Notes: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NBLGGH4QGHW

- Power BI Desktop: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NTXR16HNW1T

- Ubuntu Linux (WSL): https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NBLGGH4MSV6

- App Installer: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NBLGGH4NNS1

- AIDA64: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NBLGGH2WNWH

- Rufus: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9PC3H3V7Q9CH



Fonts:



- Verdana Pro: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N8D67VHHDC2

- Arial Nova: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NS5CT1MZ7M8



Hardware:



- Intel Graphics Command Center: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9PLFNLNT3G5G

- OpenCL & OpenGL: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9NQPSL29BFFF

- Kyocera Print Center: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFJ2V4

- Samsung Printer Experience: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFHWGG

- Epson Print and Scan: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFJ4P8

- Realtek Audio Control: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9P2B8MCSVPLN

- Dolby Access: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N0866FS04W8

- MyASUS: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N7R5S6B0ZZH



Codecs:



- Raw Image Extension: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/raw-image-extension/9nctdw2w1bh8

- AV1 Video Extension: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/av1-video-extension/9mvzqvxjbq9v

- Web Media Extension: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N5TDP8VCMHS

- Webp Image Extension: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9PG2DK419DRG

- MPEG-2 Video Extension: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N95Q1ZZPMH4

- VP9 Video Extension: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N4D0MSMP0PT

- Photos Media Engine Add-on: https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9PLK42WD0RC0



Microsoft Office

- Templates: https://templates.office.com

- Plug-in apps: https://store.office.com



### PowerShell Core (PS Core)



```

choco install powershell-core

```



#### Repository



Open PowerShell as Administrator:



```

Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned

Install-PackageProvider -Name NuGet -Force

Register-PSRepository -Name PSGallery -SourceLocation https://www.powershellgallery.com/api/v2/ -PublishLocation https://www.powershellgallery.com/api/v2/package/ -ScriptSourceLocation https://www.powershellgallery.com/api/v2/items/psscript/ -ScriptPublishLocation https://www.powershellgallery.com/api/v2/package/ -InstallationPolicy Trusted -PackageManagementProvider NuGet # Add PSGallery for Powershell with version less than v5

Set-PackageSource -Name PSGallery -Trusted # If registered, but Untrusted

Register-PSRepository -Default -InstallationPolicy Trusted # Register PSGallery for PS5+

Register-PackageSource -Name Nuget -Location "http://www.nuget.org/api/v2" –ProviderName Nuget -Trusted

Install-Module -Name PowerShellGet -Force

Install-Module -Name PackageManagement

```



### PowerShell Core (PS Core)



```

choco install powershell-core

```



### Windows Terminal



https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/windows-terminal/9n0dx20hk701



- Fonts: https://github.com/microsoft/cascadia-code/releases

- Themes: https://windowsterminalthemes.dev/



PowerShell Core:



```

Install-Module posh-git -Scope CurrentUser

Install-Module oh-my-posh -Scope CurrentUser

```



Run:



```

notepad $PROFILE

```



Add and save:



```

Import-Module posh-git

Import-Module oh-my-posh

Set-Theme Paradox

```



Tips:



```

cd D:\ # if doesn't change directory try:

D:

```



### Remote client



Install command in cmd as Administrator:



```bash

choco install kitty winscp mobaxterm

```



#### [KiTTY](https://github.com/cyd01/KiTTY)



PuTTY-based SSH client.



- Installation path: C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\lib\kitty\tools\kitty.exe

- If you uses SSH keys - run SSH-agent and you no need enter passphrase every new session: C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\lib\kitty\tools\kageant.exe

- WinSCP - SFTP/FTP client with Kitty integration



#### [MobaXterm](https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html)



Proprietary free integrated SSH/RDP-client with session manager. Multi-protocol client & server All-in-One combine.



Client support network protocols: RDP, SSH, VNC, SFTP, FTP, AWS S3, WSL, XDMCP, Telnet, Mosh, Rsh (Rlogin) and Serial COM-port.

Server tools (all it run in Windows): HTTP server, FTP server, SFTP server, TFTP server, NFS server, SSH server, Telnet server, VNC server, Iperf server, X server for Windows (display Linux X11 GUI app).

Integrated tools: ZSH shell for Windows, Cron sheduler and other Network, System, Office, Linux and Console utilities



- X server for Windows - view Linux GUI X11 app in Windows over network. Command for Linux after start X server in MobaXterm:



```bash

DISPLAY=:0 gedit # IP - network address Windows machine

```



#### [KRDC](https://github.com/KDE/krdc)



RDP/VNC client for [KDE](https://kde.org/applications/en/internet/org.kde.krdc).



#### [Reminna](https://gitlab.com/Remmina/Remmina)



RDP/VNC client, default in Ubuntu.



```

sudo snap install remmina

```



### Linux way



Console utilities, Git/Bash for Windows, cmder shell (based on ConEmu & clink & FAR), Chocolatey/winget.



- Commandline utils installation comman for chocolatey (as Administrator):



```bash

choco install git.install bat ag fzf delta clink cmder curl openssl.light python3 wget less neovim

```



#### Git Bash



```

ipconfig /all # doestn't work

ipconfig -all # parameter

ipconfig //all # dublicate slash

ipconfig \/all # escape slash

```



- [Sampler](https://github.com/sqshq/sampler)



### Problems



### Advantages



### Console



#### WSL



### Hotkeys



```

Win+D - hide all windows

Win+E - open my computer folder

Win+V - clipboard manager

Ctrl+Shift+` - open Task Manager

```



### App



- [7-zip]https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/7-zip-file-manager-unofficial/9mz81rmk8jfd - [Open Source](https://github.com/szcnick/p7zip) de facto stanard all format archiver.

- [Notepad++](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/notepad-unofficial/9phsctzmkc27) - [Open Source](https://github.com/notepad-plus-plus/notepad-plus-plus) fast modern text editor with syntax hightlightind and plugins.

- [Sticky Notes](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-sticky-notes/9nblggh4qghw)(UWP app from MS Store) - text notes on screen sticks with online sync.

- CopyQ - [Open Source](https://github.com/hluk/CopyQ) advanced clipboard manager with editing and scripting features (or you can enable modern clipboard in Start -> Settings -> System -> Clipboard -> Clipboard history -> Win+V).



```

choco install copyq

```



- PowerToys - [Open Source](https://github.com/microsoft/PowerToys) Microsoft utilities for power users to tune and streamline their Windows experience for greater productivity (Open Source alternative: [ImageGlass](https://github.com/d2phap/ImageGlass).



```

Long press Win - show hotkeys

Shift+Arrow - snap window to FancyZones.

```



- digiKam - [Open Source](https://github.com/KDE/digikam) KDE powered image organizer.

- FS Image Viewer - [proprietary](https://www.faststone.org/FSIVDownload.htm) free all-screen image viewer with 4 screen-sides tools panel and integrated editor.

- [VLC](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/vlc/9nblggh4vvnh) - [Open Source](https://github.com/videolan/vlc) cross-platform video player.

- qBittorrent - [Open Source](https://github.com/qbittorrent/qBittorrent) Qt-based bittorrent client.

- [Telegram](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/telegram-desktop/9nztwsqntd0s) - [Open Source](https://github.com/telegramdesktop/tdesktop) cross-platfrom quick online messenger, works with poor connection and low internet speed.

- [Bitwarden](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/bitwarden/9pjsdv0vpk04) \- \[Open Source\] cross\-platform password manager with online sync\.

- PyCharm - [Open Source](https://github.com/JetBrains/intellij-community/tree/master/python) JetBrains powered IDE with [plugins](https://plugins.jetbrains.com/pycharm_ce).

- Visual Studio Code - [Open Source] cross-platfrom Microsoft powered modern Atom-based code editor with [extensions](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/extension-gallery). Features include support for debugging, syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, code refactoring, and embedded Git. More languages, debuggers, and tools in [Marketplace](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/VSCode).

- SourceTree - [proprietary](https://www.sourcetreeapp.com/) Atlassian powered Git/Mercurial GUI client with Git-flow and Bitbucket integration, visual merge conflic and graph, large commit information, interactive rebase.

- Fiddler - [proprietary](https://www.telerik.com/download/fiddler-everywhere) cross-platform debugging proxy HTTP(S) traffic sniffer for web developers.

- Rufus - [OpenSource](https://github.com/pbatard/rufus) utility that format and create from ISO bootable USB flash drives with Linux/Windows/other installation & live disk image.

- [Slack](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/slack/9wzdncrdk3wp) \- proprietary cross\-platform business communication messenger platform with [GitHub](https://slack.github.com) integration.



#### Tools



Autoruns, Fiddler, Hunspell



#### Server



Docker

Heroku

pgAdmin4



## Explanations and interesting facts



- RPM5

-



## Thinking out



## Top Bugs



## Criticism



## Requests/Wishes/Ideas



## Participation



### Translating



### Testing



### Develop OpenSource



#### GitHub



Repository list, star, fork, pet



#### GitLab



### Promotion



### Wiki



## History



## Forums



## People



### Fathers



### Developers



### Guru



### Popular



## Specified



## Other



### Statistic



- [Ubuntu internal statistics](https://ubuntu.com/desktop/statistics)

- [All GNU/Linux distributives list](https://distrowatch.com/search.php?ostype=Linux&category=All&origin=All&basedon=All&notbasedon=None&desktop=All&architecture=All&package=All&rolling=All&isosize=All&netinstall=All&language=All&defaultinit=All&status=Active#simple).



### Poll



### Infographics



### Presentation



### Installation



### Boot



### Restoring



### Stabilization



### Security



- Disable read/executable flags for other at home directory:



```bash

chmod 750 ~

```



- sudo vs su

-



### Telemetry



## Glossary



## [ToDo](todo.md)